Current Domestic and International Markets For Solar PV Panels - Example

International business and global change Name Course Name and Code Institution Name Instructor’s Name Date Introduction Energy crisis is so severe globally, that it causes the rise and rapid fluctuations of rates of inflations, increased interest rates and increased prices on consumer goods (Tiwari, 2002). Therefore, use of alternative energy supply has never been greater. Among such alternative sources of energy is solar energy. To tap solar energy, there is need for solar panels (Mahaney, 2007). This report will explicitly analyze two new markets comprising of a market in a high-income economy and a market from a low-income economy for the products of solar PV panels made by Friendly Energy Company. In addition, the report will describe the present local and international market for solar PV panels, it will outline the process of screening the new markets by highlighting the factors that influences the selection, and it will undertake the screening process and finally, it will provide a detailed profile of the two economies the two new markets belong. Current Domestic and International Markets For Solar PV Panels Modern economies and contemporary societies are finding it integral to strategically plan on allocation and utilization of available resources in a bid, to minimize over-exploitation and extinction of available resources necessary for human survival. As industries and global markets have grown, so has the resources such as energy, land and water have rapidly diminished (Goodall, 2007). This has increased the need to identify, develop and implement alternative structures and systems to ensure sustainability. Organizations such as Friendly Energy Company and economies around the globe are under pressure to help minimize and safeguard against climate change caused by depleted resources (Hough, 2006). Energy, a resource that forms an integral part of driving economies, production and delivery of services, people and commodities globally, it has increased its costing due to overdependence on oil. Energy from fossil fuels has not only been expensive for governments and business organizations, but it has also contributed to adverse effects to the climate and destroying the ecosystems (Hough, 2006). Energy costs felt by industries and organizations have been, transferred down the production channel, to be, shouldered by the end users and customers, who have to part with a few more extra coins. To ensure development of sustainable developments and use of alternative energies, the market for solar PV panels has increased both domestically and internationally (S.E.I. 2004). (Wade, 2003) states that Edmund Becquerel made the first solar panel in late 1930’s. Globally, the rate of energy consumption is as follows Domestically, the markets for solar PV panels made by Friendly Energy company has seen increased demand for the commodity as consumers identify other means of getting energy in order to minimize the amount of money spent on energy bills. In addition, due to regular power failures and disrupted supply of power across countries, they are turning to buy solar PV panels to source solar energy in a bid to facilitate a reliable, consistent flow of energy, wherever and whenever it is needed (Mahaney, 2007). Additionally, marginalized areas in markets that Friendly Energy operates where the energy infrastructures is poor, and where the costs of establishing lines to connect the energy supply is high, installation of solar PV panels forms a basic element needed by the locals. Friendly Energy Solar PV panels in are, used for lighting, industrial processing, production and in use in domestic and office purposes such as air conditioning, heating, refrigeration and cooking (Tiwari, 2002). Figure 3 is the illustration of a photovoltaic cell. Internationally, the market for solar PV panels has tremendously increased with mobilization for global economies to implement alternative supply of energy in order to conserve the environment by reducing the rates of water and land pollution, limiting the amounts of toxic gases, greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere hence, air pollution. The market for solar PV panels has increased due to the enhanced need for international organizations to cut on costs of energy that reduces the amount of profits organizations realize (Luque & Hegedus, 2003). Below are the figures for global shipments of solar PV panels. There is need to adhere and conform to international environmental standards and international environmental protocols that mandate economies and governments, not to surpass a set rate of emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This includes international protocols such as the Kyoto Protocol. The impact is that the local government has purchased solar PV panels use in its industries while encouraging the locals to rely on alternative energy supply such as use of solar panels to help fill in the energy gap needed to operate effectively and efficiently without putting the environment at risk. Among solar systems Friendly Energy, makes are the standalone solar PV systems that are useful during camping, during emergencies and during remote power applications (Luque & Hegedus, 2003). The demand for solar PV panels domestically and internationally has grown and it is, expected to do even so in days to come. Internationally, demand for solar components such as inverters are on the increase as illustrated below The increased demand for solar PV panels is associated with their advantages. The photovoltaic (PV) system has been, assessed, tried and found to be a dependable, consistent and a stable technology. The cost of maintaining the PV system is low since, the equipment have fixed parts thus, no parts wear out, the installation of solar PV panels is considerably simple and it needs utilization of basic hand tools that are easily and cheaply available at homes and offices (Boxwell, 2010). Since the solar PV, panels use a modular system, the user can easily minimize or increase the modules as need be and the Solar PV modules are recyclable which limits the amount of carbon, greenhouse gases and toxic elements emitted into the atmosphere, which is essential in reducing the universal carbon footprint (Mahaney, 2007). The Solar PV panels supplies energy as efficiently and as effectively as other sources of energy and it is much cheaper, since solar energy is free and plenty for usage and there is no risk of extinction or diminishing of solar energy for centuries to come (Wade, 2003). Reports indicate that tapping an hour of sunlight is adequate for satisfying the energy needs for a whole year (N.R.C. et al., 2010). PV systems creates additional energy that is needed and the stand-alone solar PV panels, can be utilized anywhere (S.E.I. 2004). By the year 2010, more than a hundred nations internationally had generated electricity using solar photovoltaic with a rise in the capacity of grid-connected PV amounting to 21GW. The installations for solar PV panels in the US and the global market share are above the 5% mark as shown below The Approach or Process to Screen the New Markets and a highlight of the Key Factors That Influence Solar PV Panels Photovoltaic (PV) entails a process of creating electric energy by conversion of solar radiation into a direct current energy by using semiconductors, solar panels which is used to power equipments or recharge solar batteries (S.E.I. 2004). This illustrated by figure 3. Currently, matter used for photovoltaic are namely sulfide or copper indium selenide, mono-crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, amorphous silicon and polycrystalline silicon (Sassi, 2006). The efficiency of the PV system varies based on the sub conductor/ materials used. This is as illustrated below Before venturing into the screening for the new markets for solar PV panels in low and high-income economies, it is important to note there are various forms of PV that includes, standalone PV systems, Off Grid applications, Off Grid PV systems and Grid Tied PV systems with batteries. In addition, there are the Grid Tied PV systems with batteries, Off Grid refrigeration, PV tracking and Soft concentrators, DIY PV array mount systems and Off Grid cooling (Smestad, 2002). Factors for screening the markets Despite the huge international market for solar PV panels, there is a great need to select the best market to invest in and distribute to the solar PV panels. There are key screening factors that shall be, used to select the most appropriate market. The screening criteria for potential market for solar PV panels from Friendly Energy Company are the rate of energy consumption, average income, and competition, gross domestic product of the economy where the potential market is located and availability of hot weather conditions. Warm conditions allow direct solar radiation that translates to high solar energy production (Mahaney, 2007). Additional screening factors The selection of the markets shall also be, determined by the energy generating capacity they have and the prospective energy savings they are, expected to make. The sale and installation of the photovoltaic is, expected to increase efficiency and effectiveness in the chosen market and it is not supposed to hinder any economic, financial, social activities. In addition, selection of the markets will be, influenced by the existing barriers to entry such as capital requirements, competition, availability of alternative energy supplies and government regulations and policy guidelines on energy and environment (Boxwell, 2009). High capital requirements and stringent government regulations will mean the company will have to invest heavily in terms of finance and take long before the business is, established in the new market respectively. This has the potential to cost the company greatly Political stability influence the operation and stability of investments and this means a potential market shall have adequate political stability to ensure that the investments are safe and they are not, affected by regular political tensions and unfavorable market conditions caused by political volatility and unfavorable trade policies (Smestad, 2002). The screening process is fundamental in ensuring the costs of doing business within a particular market will be low but the profitability and market share will be high (Return on investments).. It will be more beneficial for Friendly Energy Company to invest in a market that has access to qualified experts and cost effective, quality supply of labor to help in the marketing, distribution and installation of the solar PV panels (Mahaney, 2007). Initial Screening Process When taking into consideration the rate of energy consumption and return on investments a potential market should have entails analyzing countries that have high rates of consumption of energy in total global consumption. Among countries with high rate of energy consumption rates are Japan, Spain, France, China and the United States with more than 3000, 11,000, 5000, 8000 and 11000 capacity of energy consumption calculated in megawatts respectively. The energy consumption in the Middle East is highest in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Since costs play a critical role in business, the market for solar PV panels should be a cost effective market that can be, realized through provision of government –subsidized incentives. In addition, majority of the households in the market should be able to afford to install the solar panels. This will help narrow down markets that offer grants and subsidies for manufacturers of alternative energy systems and those that do not and select the most appropriate. Additionally, the market should have a favorable Gross Domestic product (Wade, 2003). It would be beneficial to venture into a new market where the potential to set a production plant for solar PV panels will be easier owing to accessibility to expertise and raw materials such as semiconductor materials used in panels. The selection of new markets for solar PV panels is not only important but also essential to the success of the business in penetrating the markets, creating a market base, promoting customer loyalty, in increasing the market share but also taking advantage of the extended market base to increase volume of sales. For a potential market to be, selected, it requires to have favorable climatic environment for the market and usage of the solar PV panels. This means the market should have access to continuous supply of solar radiation annually (Wade, 2003). Among countries with favorable hot conditions are countries in Africa such as East African countries, Middle East, Central America and southern parts of Europe. The recent tsunami that hit Japan makes it unfavorable market for Friendly Energy Company. Countries in Africa that have a consistent supply of solar radiation are many but the focus will be on East Africa since the market is young and is strategically located to offer easy connection to Asian countries and in the Middle East. The rate of pollution should be low in order to ensure not much of the solar radiation is lost in the atmosphere before it lands on the arrays (Oxlade, 2008). In addition, the market should not be susceptible to fogs and snow, which limit the effectiveness of the solar PV panels to produce electricity. For this reasons markets such as China do not qualify owing to high rates of pollution that forms dust storms and fogs that makes solar energy harvesting inconsistent. The market selected should have available unutilized land spaces and have building systems that can accommodate and support installation of solar PV panels. This qualifies the State of Texas and Alaska in United States, which is among the largest states in US in terms of population and size. To ensure sustainability of the market is assured, it is important that once the solar PV panels are installed there is minimal impact on cultural and natural resources of the market, there is minimal damage by vehicles and pedestrians hence low costs of maintenance, there is minimal shading and the costs of doing business in the new market is low. It should be, understood that the selected market and economy should have households that have a stable average income, to be able to afford to purchase, install and maintain the solar PV panels. Purchase of solar panels, installation and maintenance is expensive (Oxlade, 2008). However, Friendly Energy Company seeks to also, invest in low economies such as developing countries in Africa and some parts of Asia. However, African states as specified above especially East Africa has more advantages over low economic Asian nations which includes the high supply of sun annually, government involvement in implementing alternative energy systems and the relatively high energy consumption rates compared to low economy Asian nations. The level of competition for companies producing solar PV panels in France are high compared to Spain making Spain a more profitable market for solar PV panels. In Europe, the most favorable economy and market for Friendly Energy solar panels is Spain, in United States, it is Texas and Georgia, in East Africa, it is Sudan and Kenya and in the Middle East, there is Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Detailed screening The PV system is, linked to the utility grid and is, made up of single or more photovoltaic modules that are, attached to the inverter. It has an inverter that converts the solar radiation, which is the direct current into electric energy that is the alternating current and the PV system may or may not have a battery that creates power storage lest there be a power failure or a grid outage (Wade, 2003). The process of photovoltaic is as illustrated in figure 2. The solar insolation is the calculation of the solar radiations that occur at a particular location during a particular duration of time and is, summed as Kwh/m2-day (Richards, 2009). The high the values of solar insolation the high the energy produced for each solar PV panel. This is particularly important in selecting the region in which the new market lays. United States, where Texas and Alaska is located, has a high annual average solar energy, which increases the feasibility of Texas as a potential market for solar PV panels. The values of solar insolation per year in any region globally differ, which is, influenced by the elevation, location and orientation of the place, the solar panels are to be installed (Wade, 2003). However, despite the high rate of energy consumption, and majority of households having an average income, the state of Alaska has very little exposure to solar radiation and when it does it is, confined to two to three months of summer. As a solar market, it would not make any economic sense, as solar energy production will not be efficient and adequate. The ability of the market to have access to disposable income that can be, used to purchase the solar panels is vital. This can be, assessed by calculating the GDP of the economy. For markets where potential for sale for multiple arrays are, considered high in generating energy supply to industries and residential homes, the selection of the said market will be determined by shading. This means such a market should have more spaces that are open, has well constructed buildings with less chimneys, towers, roof-water tanks, long satellite and signal poles. Such structural elements hinder the amount of energy produced thus, limiting the effectiveness and efficiency of solar energy. Markets that have available spaces on ground or on rooftops are more favorable for marketing multiple solar PV arrays (Thompson & Sorvig, 2007). Exposure to direct sunlight is a factor that cannot be overemphasized (Bradford, 2006). This is because for markets in the northern hemisphere such as Spain, where access to sunlight is limited through the year, it is important to ensure every bit of solar radiation is tapped hence, use of solar trackers and reflectors. This means a market such as Spain should have easy access to such additional technologies. Texas forms an appropriate market for Friendly Energy solar PV Panels owing to the high hours of sunlight that the area receives annually. In addition, the market has low barriers to entry due to low capital requirements and the high rebates and incentives offered by the government and encouragement of investors in solar energy through Solar renewable energy credits that are, traded as stocks in the stock exchange. The solar insolation is high as it is a critical element in production of high amounts of solar energy for usage. The market also has low cost charges for installation of solar PV Panels. The state of Texas is in a high-income economy as defined by the World Bank. Sudan is an East African country that is a low-income economy. The country is a potential market for Friendly Energy products as the country is located at the sub-Saharan desert and therefore, there is a guarantee of a year round availability of high intensity sunlight that will help in generation of high energy for use and storage. The Sudanese market presents a favorable location for installation of solar PV panels for mass production of solar energy, as the Southern part of the region is less, inhabited and provides a vast land with empty spaces. The open lands have minimal vegetation and human activity, hence there will be minimal damage to panels once sold and installed, and the solar energy will not interfere with any natural elements as earlier discussed. The energy consumption is above average especially for Northern Sudan. However, the market is, based in a politically volatile environment that makes it risky to venture into such a market. The energy infrastructure in Sudan is none existent especially for alternative energy since, the land has a rich resource of crude oil. The underdeveloped energy infrastructures make it hard for new energy products and services to venture in and set base. For this reason, Sudan as a potential new market is, eliminated. Additionally, the economy has low rates of GDP and majority of the households in Southern Sudan have an annual income less than a hundred thousand US dollars. For Spain, the market is developed and the majorities of the consumers are more aware of the need for using alternative energy supply to power machines and generate power to use in industries and at homes. They are aware of the need to protect against global warming by relying on oil, limiting carbon and green house emissions and pollution, therefore, the market is eager to adopt alternative supply of energy. Since Spain is not accessible to high wind, hydro and geothermal energy, the market for solar PV panels to tap solar energy is eminent. The barriers to entry in Spanish market are much high compared to Texas. The inconsistent supply of solar radiation throughout the year to facilitate efficient and effective solar energy is not as high compared to Texas and the other selected markets. The competition is high in Spain, which may be a disadvantage for a new market entry. Increased competition means average to low market share in sale of solar panels (Thompson & Sorvig, 2007). The other potential new market for the solar panels as earlier mentioned is Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait market, which is located at the Middle East, has the highest potential in terms of availability of direct solar radiation through out the year since majority of the vast areas are arid and high rates of energy consumption. The capital requirements for initiating systems for alternative energy systems are particularly high, since the markets produce and a retail oil. The amount of oil exported from oil to global markets from Saudi is high; the oil industry in Saudi Arabia forms one of the major industrial sectors that generates high annual revenues for the government and offers countless job opportunities for the locals and the expatriates. The GDP for the economy is below average and the rate of energy usage is high. The competition in Saudi is high and it comes from oil energy. Nevertheless, the trading environment for solar panels is not favorable owing to long procedures to acquire trading licenses especially for foreign multinationals companies in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. As earlier discussed, the sale of solar PV panels from Friendly Energy Company in new markets should not negatively interrupt the economic, social and financial elements of the market. Bearing this in mind, sale of solar panels in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait will limit the amount of revenues the government receives annually that is essential in developing the public sector. In addition, thousands of jobs for people employed in the oil industry might be lost, which may lead to reduced standards of living for the employees and the inability for them to satisfy their basic needs. The market for solar PV panels may grow in the areas but at a slow pace since, the locals are accessible to oil as an energy source at a relatively affordable price. In addition, the two markets are concentrated with gas for use in industrial plants and at homes in form of LPG as an alternative supply of energy. Transporting the solar panels to Saudi and Kuwait will be expensive owing to safety of the goods on transit as the sea, the main means of transport of bulky goods to Saudi and Kuwait, is susceptible to attack by pirates in the high seas. This means the return on investments will be low. The Kenyan market is particularly important because of its location and its available and established energy networks. Kenya is prime market since it is not, yet saturated with manufacturers and retailers of solar PV panels, this means less competition and increased potential to improve the market share. In addition, the market is located at the center of the equator and therefore, it gets a substantial amount of solar radiation throughout the year a favorable element for producers and retailers of solar PV panels (Belda, 2006). The deciding factor for selection of a market for the solar market is the existence of an increased need and demand for alternative energy (Garg & Garg, 2000). The need for alternative energy for the Kenyan market is high owing to the booming industries that are coming up; drying of catchments areas has resulted in drying up water beds necessary to generate hydro-electric energy which is the main source of energy for the country (Belda, 2006). In addition, the government uses a large amount of its budget resources on importing oil and related products and therefore, the government is willing to accommodate use of alternative energy and sale of solar panel is, expected to rise as a means to alternative energy. The return on investments in the energy sector is high (Garg & Garg, 2000), and although majority of households may not have an annual income of a hundred thousand US dollars, the government has encouraged formation of project groups to empower local people. Through these groups, they contribute weekly and monthly contributions and the money saved is, used for the development of the local areas. it is expected the company will target these groups and collaborate in purchase and installing solar PV panels especially for rural areas, that do not have access to electricity. Detailed Profile of the Two Economies, Size Of the New Markets and Factors That Will Affect Its Profitable Exploitation The two economies that have passed the screening process are Texas and Kenya. The markets that have not passed the screening test are China, Japan, Alaska, Japan, France, Spain, Sudan, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The state of Texas is in a high-income economy, which is the United States and Kenya is in a low-income economy. The US economy is extensively large and the presently the gross domestic product for US economy stands at 14.7 trillion dollars. The US economy uses substantial amount its money on energy and therefore, the economy has a high potential for an increased market of alternative energies. The economy is heavily; influenced by fluctuations of global oil prices and an oil crisis are, depicted in fluctuations of the prices on stocks. The high solar insolation offers the economy a high potential for renewable energy such as solar (Garg & Garg, 2000). The increased awareness in the US to limit carbon emissions and combat climate change has resulted in focus on alternative energy supply other than oil. This is indicative of prospective high returns on investments. The allocation for government-subsidized treaties is a favorable element to conducting business in the economy. Majority of the US households make more than a hundred thousands dollars an year and therefore, they can afford the high charges of buying, installing and maintaining solar PV panels. The high competition is beneficial in encouraging use of modern and relevant technologies and promoting innovation and invention of solar PV systems. The Kenyan economy presently has a GDP of more than 29 billion US dollars. The economy is young and it has the potential to grow (Belda, 2006). The need for alternative energy is high and the suppliers of alternative systems such as solar PV panels are low (Sukhatme. 2008). This means the economy has a potential for high return on investments. The energy consumption rate is high but the government is currently unable to cater for all the energy needs. To cover the energy gap, supply of solar panels to industries, institutions and residential homes is, expected to grow. Majority of urban dwellers in the Kenyan economy have an average income that may allow them to afford to buy solar panels. The economy is, affected by global oil crises in satisfying its energy needs (Belda, 2006). The economy has potential for renewable energies such as wind, geothermal, hydropower and being an agricultural economy, it has the potential for biogas (Belda, 2006). The potential sizes of the two markets are extensively huge as both economies are aware of the changing climate and are involved in efforts to limit emission of carbon and green house gases to the atmosphere. Solar energy is the most appropriate, efficient, reliable and affordable energy source for the two economies (Belda, 2006). This is because, the two markets have access to direct solar radiation annually and solar energy has the ability to not only make up for the energy gaps present in both markets, but also satisfy all the energy needs of the economies. From use of solar energy, the economies will save substantial amount of money that can be, used for alternative public services and development (Sukhatme. 2008). The Kenyan market is strategic as it is a gateway to other east African and Asian nations and economies such as Uganda, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, the newly formed South Sudan, India, South Africa and Australia. This has the potential in increasing the region’s market share. Figure 1 is an illustration of the screening process. Recommendation -The most suitable prospective market for Friendly Energy Company’s solar PV panels is in Kenya as a low-income economy and Texas as a high-income economy. - While seeking a new market to penetrate the most decisive factor is the return on investments and availability of consistent high levels of annual solar radiation - There are more potential markets in Africa for Friendly Energy Company - there is need to focus more on low income economy since their need for alternative energy is more than the need to conserve the environment but also to help them carry out normal home and office activities such as lighting, air conditioning, refrigeration and powering machines among others activities that require energy. In addition, the market is young and not saturated with competitors. Conclusion In a bid to limit carbon emission, minimize energy costs and to reduce over reliance on oil, global economies are focusing on developing and implementing alternative supply of energy. Solar energy is among alternative energy that is efficient, effective and produces sufficient energy without air, land and air pollution. Solar panels are systems used to tap sun radiation and convert it to usable electric energy that power equipments and power batteries. The selection of a potential new market for solar PV panels is, influenced by the market’s energy consumption, income, the economy’s GDP, competition and reliable supply of solar radiation in majority of seasons annually. Initial new markets that were up for selection were Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Kenya, Sudan, Texas, Alaska and Spain. During the screening process using the above-mentioned screening variables, Texas and Kenya were, selected as the best potential new markets. The two markets have high annual hot conditions favorable for tapping solar energy, the energy consumption rates are high and the economy GDP for Kenya is average and it can accommodate a booming industry such as solar harvesting, US GDP is favorable since it is a high-income economy. In Kenya, through contribution groups, generating money to buy solar panels, install and maintain them will be easy while in Texas , majority of households have an annual income of more than 100,000 US dollars which can afford them purchase, installation and maintenance of solar PV panels. The two markets have potential for high return on investment and the competition is favorable to penetration by new products. Due to climate change, the two markets are keen to use alternative energy to limit pollution and global warming and reduce energy costs. References Belda, P. 2006. Kenya. Nairobi: MTH Multimedia S.L. Boxwell, M. 2009. Solar Electricity Handbook. New Delhi: Code Green Publishing. Boxwell, M. 2010. Solar Electricity Handbook - 2010. Melbourne: Greenstream Publishing. Bradford, T. 2006. Solar revolution: the economic transformation of the global energy industry. London: MIT Press. Garg., & Garg, P.H.P. 2000. Solar energy: fundamentals and applications. New Jersey: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Goodall, C. 2007. How to live a low-carbon life: the individual's guide to stopping climate change. New Hampshire: Earthscan. Hough, T.P. 2006. Solar energy: new research. London: Nova Publishers. Kalogirou, S. 2009. Solar energy engineering: processes and systems. London: Academic Press. Luque, A., & Hegedus, S. 2003. Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Mahaney, I.F. 2007. Solar energy. Singapore: The Rosen Publishing Group. N.R.C., N.R.C (US) & B.E.E.S. 2010. Hidden costs of energy: unpriced consequences of energy production and use. New York: National Academies Press. Oxlade, C. 2008. Solar Energy; Fueling the Future. London: Heinemann/Rain tree. Richards, J. 2009. Solar Energy. Sidney: Marshall Cavendish. S.E.I. 2004. Photovoltaic: design and installation manual: renewable energy education for a sustainable future. London: New Society Publishers. Sassi, P. 2006. Strategies for sustainable architecture. Montreal: Taylor & Francis. Smestad, G.P. 2002. Optoelectronics of solar cells. Berlin: SPIE Press. Sukhatme. 2008. Solar Energy: Principles of Thermal Collection and Storage. New Jersey: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Thompson, J.W., & Sorvig, K. 2007. Sustainable landscape construction: a guide to green building outdoors. Stanford: Island Press. Tiwari, G.N. 2002. Solar energy: fundamentals, design, modeling and applications. New York City: CRC Press. Wade, H. 2003. Solar photovoltaic project development. New York: Unesco Pub. Appendixes (Potential markets) (Selected markets) Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Read More