Discourse Analysis in the Story Old Delhi Walking Tour, India - Book Report/Review Example

Topic: Discourse Analysis Name: Registration No: Institution: Date: 1. Introduction During the process of creating a narrative the narrator creates a relationship with the world in a number of ways so that the reader is able to create a picture of the nature of the story. An example of a way in which this is achieved is through ideation and periodicity (Carta and Morin 2014). In this paper, the focus is to illustrate how the narrator in the story ‘Old Delhi walking tour, India: A feast to overcome 'Delhi belly' fears’, the narrator has used a number of forms of ideation and periodicity.in ideation, the narrator has used words that enable the reader create a idea about the sequence of events that take place in the story as well as actions that take place and the nature of the places where the actions take places. In ideation, the focus of the narrator is to illustrate how the context is construed in the sequences and the nature of settings involved as well as illustrations of how lexical relations are illustrated (Feez, Iedema and White 2008). Generally, it illustrates how the narrator tries to create reality in the manner in which the story is narrated. In the investigation of periodicity, the focus of the narrator is to investigate the text on the perspective of mode where the narrator has organized the ideation and interpersonal meanings so that a wave of meaning is created (Halliday and Webster 2008). In other words, it illustrates how the narrator has used higher level waves that illustrate the main meaning of the entire text followed by smaller wavelengths. This is illustrated by identification of various forms of themes that exist in a text such as hyper-themes which are the main themes in a text and micro-themes that are other themes in the text. 2. Ideation In the story ‘Old Delhi walking tour, India: A feast to overcome 'Delhi belly' fears’, there are various forms of ideation that have been used by the narrator to achieve the perception of reality in the story told. Due to the use of these forms of ideation, the reader is able to create an idea of the world by reading the text and understand the activities that take place in the text (Hood 2006). For instance, at the beginning of the text when the narrator and his friend are being convinced that they should agree to go for the tour, they decline that they are vegetarians. The use of the word ‘vegetarian’ is an ideation that the main purpose of the tour is to introduce the narrator and his friend to a variety of foods that exist in Old Delhi. In addition, the story contains the word ‘tour’ that has been used by the narrator to illustrate to the reader that the main point under discussion is tour. In addition, the use of the word ‘guide’ in the text enables the reader create an idea that the narrator and his friend were not familiar to the Old Delhi and they were being introduced to the town by Ramit. Another word that illustrates ideation is the mention of the people who are involved in the story. The word ‘Ramit’ has been used to illustrate that the guide in the story was named Ramit. In addition, other names have been used which enable understanding of the people that are involved in the story. For instance, we are able to understand that the town where the narrator and his friend were taken for a tour was mainly dominated by the people of India as illustrated by the word ‘People of India’. Thus, the reader is able to contextualize the entire story before reading it to completion hence making it more interesting (In Tannen, In Hamilton and In Schiffrin 2015). When the narrator and his friend are arguing about the type of food that they should eat during the tour, the narrator explains that Ramit tried to dodge ‘beggars’. This illustrates the nature of the people who were in the environment in which the narrator was. As a result, the reader is able to create an idea about the environment that is being illustrated in the text. In addition, the narrator uses the word ‘Owner of museum’ which enables the reader understand the kinds of person who was in charge of the museum that they visited. This also creates an idea to the reader so that a better understanding of the text is achieved (Martin and Rose 2007). In addition, the use of the word ‘cleaners’ enables the reader understand that some of the people who were in the environment in which the narrator and his friend were, were cleaners. Furthermore, the narrator uses the words which illustrate activities that take place in the town they visited during the tour (Martin 2001). This is illustrated by the use of words such as ‘strewn garbage’ that illustrate the nature of sanitation in the place where the narrator and his friend were involved in a walking tour. Furthermore, the narrator has used the word ‘Khari Baoli Road’ which enables the reader understand the nature of environment through which the narrator and his friend passed during the walking tour. This ensures the reader is able to have an idea of the nature of roads where the narrator and his friend were travelling to at the time of walking tour. Activity sequences have been illustrated by use of particular words and phrases that result into creation of ideation about the story being illustrated (Thompson 2007). There are particular kinds of words that have been used to illustrate acidity sequences from the time the narrator and his friend are being convinced to take part in the tour, the time at which they are introduced to the streets in Delhi until the time at which they are introduced to the Old Delhi Museum. For instance, the use of the word ‘until now’ has been used by the narrator to illustrate the sequence of events that had taken place and preparing the reader for what the narrator intends to illustrate in the story. Another word that illustrates sequences is ‘we are drawn’ which is used by the narrator to explain the environment in which the narrator and his friend were lead to after they had left the Khari Baoli Road and they were being taken through the air-conditioned Mehar Chand and Sons teas so that they could get various kinds of spices. There are also particular words that have bee used by the narrator to explain the locations they visited while they were under the guidance of Ramit that enables the reader understands the types of places they visited. For instance, the word ‘Old Delhi’ is used in the text to illustrate the town that the narrator and is friend visited. In addition, the word ‘India’ enables the reader understand that the narrator is explaining a story that is within the Indian context. Furthermore, the use of the word ‘Ancient marketplace of Chandni Chowk’ enables the reader understand that this is one of the places that were visited during the tour and thus understand the story better (Martin 2001). Another word used to illustrate the name of a place to the reader is ‘courtyard’ that illustrates the space that existed in the sections of the Old Delhi Museum that were impressive to the narrator when they were left to explore the area by the mansion’s owner. Furthermore, the reader is able to know about various kinds of roads that existed in Delhi such as by mention of the name ‘Khari Baoli Road’ thus getting an idea of what the narrator is trying to explain. In addition, the story involves the mention of a number of objects which creates an insight on the possessions owned by the people of Delhi. For instance the mention of ‘bikes’ enables the reader understand that an example of a means of transport used in the area in the story are bikes. This creates a better understanding of the context of the story (Thompson 2007). Other words that illustrate objects that were observed during the tour travel in Old Delhi include the use of the words ‘taxis’, ‘garland-decorated trucks’ and ‘garland-decorated trucks’. As a result, the reader is able to understand the context in which the story was being told in a better way. Lexical relations have been achieved in various ways in the story such as through the use of nuclear relations where one person acts as an agent in performance of a particular task (Wertz 2011). In the story, it is found that Ramit has contributed towards accomplishment of nuclear relations by use of particular kinds of words which create relationship with the narrator. For instance, when he says "OK, have I got a surprise for you," shows how willing he was to act as a guide to the narrator and his friend despite the protestation from the narrator that they were vegetarian and were unwilling to take part in the walking tour. In addition, nuclear relations have been illustrated by the use of the word ‘encouraging us’ which illustrates the role played by Ramit in inspiring the narrator and his friend to eat the Japanese samosas despite their unwillingness to do so. sentence Tour People: People Objects Locations Food Illness other Roads Headline Walking tour Ramit, my friend Old Delhi India Feast Delhi Belly Until Now Khari Baoli Road 1 guide Vegeterians garbage 2 tour People of India beggars cleaners bullock-drawn carts Ancient marketplace of Chandni Chowk 3 Darina Kalan Road Mansion’s owner taxis courtyard Tasty teats 4 Old Delhi Spice Market; museum garland-decorated trucks The Muslim section lamb mutton chicken 3. Periodicity In the text ‘Old Delhi walking tour, India: A feast to overcome 'Delhi belly' fears’, the narrator has used a number of forms of periodicity to illustrate the main themes that emerge in the story. This is illustrated by use of micro-themes and hyper-themes. For instance, it is found that the narrator used macro-themes that illustrate higher level themes in the text such as ‘vegetarians’ which illustrate that the participants in the story will be involved in an eating activity. In addition, the use of the word ‘tasty treat’ illustrate that the narrator and his friend were provided with pleasing food during the tour and they looked forward to more types of food during the entire tour of the Old Delhi. The use of the word ‘street stall’ illustrates the theme of the location where they were taken by Ramit who was their guide thus enableing the reader to understand the nature of their new location during the tour. The narrator has also used hyper themes that predicts the contents of the phase of a text such as ‘since 1949’ that enables the reader understand that the other sections of the story will be based on the present knowledge about Manohar Dhaba stall that had a cluster of tables. Consequently, the reader is able to understand more information about the stall where they were led to (Thompson 2007). The use of the hyper-theme of ‘today’ is used by the narrator to illustrate the main activities that would take place at the time of the tour. This enables the reader understand what to expect in other sections of the story. The theme of ‘since the 1800s’ has been used by the narrator to explain the history of the stalls in Manohar Dhaba thus enabling the reader to understand periodic information about the stalls. The words ‘peak in the 1960s’ has been used by the narrator to explain the nature of business in Manohar Dhaba by creating an insight about the peak time of the existence of the restaurants in the city. Another hyper theme that has been used in the text is ‘during the 1970s’ that illustrates the history of the stalls and shops in Piranthe Wali Gali as well as enabling the reader understand the latest information about the silverware shops. The hyper theme has also been illustrated by the use of the word ‘ since 1884’ that has been used by the narrator to explain to the reader the information about the stall in the Old and Famous Jalebi Wala that had been in existence since the duration that has been explained. Finally, the word ‘the midday’ is used to illustrate the time at which indicates the time a which the following events started taking place such as the visit to the Old Delhi Spice Market and the visit of the museum at the same town. The function of hyper theme is to enable the reader understand what the other sections of the text will look like. In addition, macro-themes have been used to provide the consolidation of emerging information from longer segments of the text and across the entire text such as ‘able to resist’ which illustrates that the narrator and his friend had been initially subjected to persuasion so that they could eat snacks despite their attempt to convince Ramit that they were fit to explode. Thus, the reader is able to understand that the narrator and his friend had been initially provided with enough food that ensured they were fit to explode. The word ‘restored’ is used in the text to illustrate that the private haveli where they were led to have been recently improved due to its past bad condition. The word ‘pungent with the aromas’ illustrates the macro theme about the nature of the experience that the narrator underwent when he and his friend were taken to the spice market on Khari Baoli Road. Another form of macro-theme illustrated in the text is ‘claustrophobic traffic jam’ that is used by the narrator to explain the nature of the experience they had undergone while they were prevented from cycling quickly to the new location of tour due to high level of jam caused by dozens of bikes that blocked their way. In Hyper-new theme, the intention of the narrator is to consolidate the new information across the preceding text (Wertz 2011). This has been achieved in a number of ways in the story ‘Old Delhi walking tour, India: A feast to overcome 'Delhi belly' fears’. For instance, the word ‘crestfallen’ has been used by the narrator to describe the reaction of Ramit when the narrator informed him that they were vegetarians and could not eat certain types of foods. This shows the experience that Ramit had undergone initially following the disclosure of this information. In addition, new hyper theme has been illustrated by the word ‘turns to excitement’ which illustrates the experience that Ramit underwent from being crestfallen to excitement despite being informed that the narrator and his friends were vegetarians hence could not eat particular kinds of foods. This is because he had come up with an alternative to the disappointment he had undergone. Various forms of periodicity are illustrated in the table below: Hyper themes Macro-themes Hyper-new Macro-New since 1949 vegetarians crestfallen able to resist today tasty treats turns to excitement restored since the 1800s street stall been a little nervous Pungent with the aromas peak in the 1960s The largest claustrophobic traffic jam during the 1870s conclude since 1884 magnificent feast the midday Table 2. Various forms of periodicity in the text ‘Old Delhi walking tour, India: A feast to overcome 'Delhi belly' fears’. References Carta, C., & Morin, J.-F. 2014. EU foreign policy through the lens of discourse analysis: Making sense of diversity. Feez, S., Iedema, R., & White, P., 2008, ‘Reporting Hard News’, Media Literacy , AMES, Sydney, NSW. Halliday, M. A. K., & Webster, J. J. 2008. Continuum companion to systemic functional linguistics. London: Continuum. Hood, S. 2006, ‘The persuasive power of prosodies: Radiating values in academic writing’, Journal of English for Academic Purposes, vol. 5, pp. 37-49. In Tannen, D., In Hamilton, H. E., & In Schiffrin, D. 2015. The handbook of discourse analysis. Martin, J.R. and D. Rose 2007. Working with discourse: meaning beyond the clause. London: Continuum.Chapter 3: Ideation. Martin,J.R.2001.Technicality and abstrac:on:Language for the crea:on of specialised texts. In A.Burns & C. Coffin (eds) Analysing English in a global context: A reader. pp211— ‐228. London: Routledge. Thompson, G. 2007. Unfolding Theme: The development of clausal And textual perspec:ves. In R. Hasan, C. Ma9hiessen & J. Webster (eds) Con/nuing discourse on language: A func/onal perspec/ve, Vol 2. Pp 671--‐696. London: Continuum. Wertz, F. J. 2011. Five ways of doing qualitative analysis: Phenomenological psychology, grounded theory, discourse analysis, narrative research, and intuitive inquiry. New York: Guilford Press. Appendix Bold: Ideation Italics: periodicity Red: Activity sequence Blue: Nuclear relations Green: participant taxonomies Ramit [Ideation] looks crestfallen when my friend and I inform him we are vegetarians [ ideation + periodicity]. "Oh no!" [nuclear relations] he wails, dodging beggars, strewn garbage and sidewalk ear cleaners as he strides through the ancient marketplace of Chandni Chowk. "You're going to miss out on so many tasty treats! [periodicity] I wanted to take you to the Muslim section – oh my [nuclear relations], the lamb, mutton, chicken – so good."….ctacled guide has become a………Foodies and Heritage walking tour [ideation]. His disappointment in our culinary restrictions, however, soon turns to excitement [periodicity] as he reconsiders his options. "OK, have I got a surprise for you," he says, rubbing his hands. "Just around this corner."……t of a street stall [periodicity] called Manohar Dhaba and directs us [Nuclear relations] to a . "These are Japanese samosas," he says, encouraging us [nuclear relations] to tuck in. ……. This stall has been here since 1949."[periodicity]……. "Not bad for eight rupees, hey?" A quick calculation – that's about 15 cents. Oh my, we're going to eat well today! Until now [activity sequence], I've always been a little nervous about trying street food in India, fears of the dreaded "Delhi Belly" tempering my gastronomic spirit of adventure. Ramit's goal on this tour is to prove …………… existence since the 1800s. The famous Paranthe Wali Gali (Paranthe Alley),……. during the 1870s [periodicity]. During its peak in the 1960s, [periodicity] there were 20 restaurants……..the people of India aren't a more portly race! The name of the Old and Famous Jalebi Wala on the corner of Darina Kalan Road [ideation] says it all – this humble stall has been in business since 1884, the sticky pretzels whipped up before your eyes in what amounts to culinary street performance. With the midday[periodicity] thermostat searing, Ramit hails a bicycle rickshaw, hoping to speed our progress through the increasingly chaotic Chandni Chowk. Instead, we find ourselves trapped in a claustrophobic traffic jam, dozens of bikes competing wheel-to-wheel with bullock-drawn carts, taxis and garland-decorated trucks,[participant taxonomies] horns blaring as larger vehicles assert their dominance. ….. Old Delhi Spice Market, quaking and grateful for our lives.  The largest in all of Asia, the wholesale spice market on Khari Baoli Road is pungent with the aromas…….Seeking respite, we are drawn into the airconditioned Mehar Chand and Sons to taste teas and buy spice samples pre-packaged to Australian custom regulations. Despite protestations that we are fit to explode, Ramit promises a last snack that we won't be able to resist – a dessert called Mango Kulfi. Stepping [nuclear relations] into an unmarked………But Ramit has one more surprise up his sleeve. Beckoning, he leads us through massive wooden doors into a private haveli, recently restored to graciousness and now serving as a museum highlighting Old Delhi's role as a centre of urban life. Ushering us to a cane dining setting, the mansion's owner [partiocipant taxonomies] leaves us {Nuclear relations] to explore the courtyard's shaded porticos, returning with the nation's favourite beverage and the traditional way to conclude a magnificent feast: masala chai, brewed black tea blended with spices and served hot and sweet.  Read More

When the narrator and his friend are arguing about the type of food that they should eat during the tour, the narrator explains that Ramit tried to dodge ‘beggars’. This illustrates the nature of the people who were in the environment in which the narrator was. As a result, the reader is able to create an idea about the environment that is being illustrated in the text. In addition, the narrator uses the word ‘Owner of museum’ which enables the reader understand the kinds of person who was in charge of the museum that they visited.

This also creates an idea to the reader so that a better understanding of the text is achieved (Martin and Rose 2007). In addition, the use of the word ‘cleaners’ enables the reader understand that some of the people who were in the environment in which the narrator and his friend were, were cleaners. Furthermore, the narrator uses the words which illustrate activities that take place in the town they visited during the tour (Martin 2001). This is illustrated by the use of words such as ‘strewn garbage’ that illustrate the nature of sanitation in the place where the narrator and his friend were involved in a walking tour.

Furthermore, the narrator has used the word ‘Khari Baoli Road’ which enables the reader understand the nature of environment through which the narrator and his friend passed during the walking tour. This ensures the reader is able to have an idea of the nature of roads where the narrator and his friend were travelling to at the time of walking tour. Activity sequences have been illustrated by use of particular words and phrases that result into creation of ideation about the story being illustrated (Thompson 2007).

There are particular kinds of words that have been used to illustrate acidity sequences from the time the narrator and his friend are being convinced to take part in the tour, the time at which they are introduced to the streets in Delhi until the time at which they are introduced to the Old Delhi Museum. For instance, the use of the word ‘until now’ has been used by the narrator to illustrate the sequence of events that had taken place and preparing the reader for what the narrator intends to illustrate in the story.

Another word that illustrates sequences is ‘we are drawn’ which is used by the narrator to explain the environment in which the narrator and his friend were lead to after they had left the Khari Baoli Road and they were being taken through the air-conditioned Mehar Chand and Sons teas so that they could get various kinds of spices. There are also particular words that have bee used by the narrator to explain the locations they visited while they were under the guidance of Ramit that enables the reader understands the types of places they visited.

For instance, the word ‘Old Delhi’ is used in the text to illustrate the town that the narrator and is friend visited. In addition, the word ‘India’ enables the reader understand that the narrator is explaining a story that is within the Indian context. Furthermore, the use of the word ‘Ancient marketplace of Chandni Chowk’ enables the reader understand that this is one of the places that were visited during the tour and thus understand the story better (Martin 2001). Another word used to illustrate the name of a place to the reader is ‘courtyard’ that illustrates the space that existed in the sections of the Old Delhi Museum that were impressive to the narrator when they were left to explore the area by the mansion’s owner.

Furthermore, the reader is able to know about various kinds of roads that existed in Delhi such as by mention of the name ‘Khari Baoli Road’ thus getting an idea of what the narrator is trying to explain. In addition, the story involves the mention of a number of objects which creates an insight on the possessions owned by the people of Delhi. For instance the mention of ‘bikes’ enables the reader understand that an example of a means of transport used in the area in the story are bikes.

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