The Use of Drugs and Alcohol in Humane Trafficking All Over the World - Research Paper Example

Annotated Bibliography – The Use of Drugs and Alcohol in Humane Trafficking All Over the World Outline Introduction Drug addiction Drug trafficking and state-sponsored protection Review of drug markets Human Trafficking Analysis of the connection between drug trafficking and human trafficking Conclusion 1. Progler, Y. (2010). Drug addiction in Gaza and the illicit trafficking of tramadol. JRMS, 15(3), 185-188. The article discusses the issue of tramadol trafficking to Gaza territories. Following the end of 2008 when Israeli initiated the prolonged blockage of the Gaza region, a UN survey of Gaza residents revealed a significant increase in the scope of risk taking behaviors, especially drug addiction and abuse. According to Progler (2010), even consistent border seizures do not prevent the growing number of boxes coming to Gazans, who are increasingly dependent on the drug. In this region, drugs have already become an essential component of trafficking, which brings enormous profits and contributes to the development of the complex trafficking networks (Progler, 2010). In Gaza, tramadol is delivered via tunnels, which are also used for human trafficking; actually, the profits from drug trafficking are consistently used to support and invest in human trafficking strategies (Progler, 2010). As of today, the use of drugs in human trafficking is becoming a common procedure. 2. Snyder, R. & Duran-Martinez, A. (2009). Does illegality breed violence? Drug trafficking and state-sponsored protection rackets. Crime Law Soc Change, 52, 253-273. That the use of drugs in human trafficking is becoming more common is difficult to deny. However, Snyder and Duran-Martinez (2009) do not find a direct link between human trafficking, violence, and the use of drugs. According to Snyder and Duran-Martinez (2009), the extent to which states develop and implement protection systems and mechanisms largely predetermines the chances for illicit drug markets to turn into a violent arena of human trafficking. It appears that states do have mechanisms and systems in place, to control the development and maintenance of the illicit drug markets; they also have a chance to prevent the transformation of the illicit drug markets into the place of human trafficking and murder (Snyder & Duran-Martinez, 2009). 3. Reuter, P. (2009). Systemic violence in drug markets. Crime Law Soc Change, 52, 275-284. While illicit drug markets have a potential to transform into an arena of human trafficking and abuse, it is not enough to have effective protection mechanisms in place, to reduce the risks. Rather, it is essential that states realize and can address the causes of such transformation as well as the links that turn trafficking and drugs into an integral system of crime. In his article, Reuter (2009) explores successional, disciplinary, territorial and transactional mechanisms that reduce or, on the contrary, generate violence in drug markets and turn drugs into an important element of human trafficking networks. The author refers to the unprecedented rise in killing in Mexican drug markets between 2007 and 2008 (Reuter, 2009). The author suggests that the intensity of law enforcement and the value of the drug itself usually predetermine whether and how the drug can be used in human trafficking. This information is useful for anyone, who seeks to better understand how and why drugs are being used in human trafficking and other crimes. 4. Jacobson, M. & Levitt, M. (2010). Tracking narco-terrorist networks: The money trail. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 34 (1), 117-125. In their article, Jacobson and Levitt (2010) once again refer to the fact of terrorist groups and organized crime networks becoming closely intertwined. These interdependencies are partially responsible for the growing role of drugs in human trafficking: they make drugs more available and, simultaneously, turn them into an important source of benefits and profits for those who participate in human trafficking networks. The situation is particularly difficult with terrorists, for the latter are involved in a variety of criminal activities, and human trafficking is often the product and the consequence of the terrorist organizations’ striving to meet their criminal goals. The drug trade’s financial benefits continue to be alluring; actually drug trade is the most lucrative criminal activity (Jacobson & Levitt, 2010). For this reason, drugs will continue to be used as the source of profits to support the existing human trafficking networks. Straddling the Border: Drug Mules and Human Trafficking. Issue 5/May 2009. Retrieved fromhttp://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/projects/showcase_pdf/global_eye_fifth_issue.pdf. The research is very valuable as it indicates on the link, which is present between drug and human trafficking. According to the author, in many cases women who are trafficked are being sent to the other state together with drugs. The author of the article concentrates its attention on usual procedures used by the drug traffickers. According to the author of the article, women who become the victims of trafficking are also related to drug trafficking. The main benefit of the article is that it establishes a link between trafficking and drugs. The main objective of the article is to prove that human trafficking element doesn’t come into play when we are discussing drug trafficking element. The main achievement of this article is that the author eventually establishes a link between two different notions: drug and people trafficking. A particular point of the research is to show reader how hundreds of women are used as drug mules without realizing that they are being trafficked. Kloer A., (2006) “U.S. Spends 0.1% of War on Drugs Budget Fighting Human Trafficking”. 34 (1), 117-125. Another interesting article, which was used in my research, is the article by Amanda Kloer, which is titled “U.S. Spends 0.1% of War on Drugs Budget Fighting Human Trafficking”. The articles delves deeply into the issue of drug trafficking. A particular point of the article is to give people statistical analysis of trafficking. The main value of the article is that it eventually separates two important notions: drug trafficking and human trafficking. These issues are not presented as completely separate problems. Again, like in the previous article, the author is trying to establish connection which exists between drug trafficking and human trafficking. According to the author, drug trafficking and human trafficking are two interrelated issues. Tackling prison drug markets: an exploratory qualitative study. Clarissa Penfold Paul J. Turnbull Russell Webster The study presents the reader with the main findings which were retrieved from investigative research of drug supply and demand in prisons. A primary focus in the research was put on the analysis of female prisoners in England. Both Clarissa Penfold and Paul Russell Webster did a good job while discussing the results of Supply Reduction Programme. This program was launched by the Prison Service Drug Strategy Unit. A primary objective of the program was to reduce the supply of drugs into prisons. An important part of the new program was analyzing data taken from mandatory drug testing (MDT) and drug-related security information reports (SIRs). Read More