Problem Solving in Computer Networking - Assignment Example

rоblеm Solving Rероrt 1 Name Institution Course Tutor Date Question 1 Given the following network/s: Client Server Switch Router Switch Consider the problem of transferring a large file via the web: a) Identify how many networks are illustrated and what topologies is/are used in each network identified. Explain how you identified the networks and topologies in your answer. Local Area Network (LAN) In this network, all the devices are connected to one major and central thing. In this case, all the devices, that is, the client, router, and server are all connected to a switch, which can be referred to as a hub. Star topology The star topology is identified because information from the client, router, and server is communicated through the switch as the hub. b) For each of the five devices illustrated, indicate which layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite are certain to be found on that device and briefly explain why. On the switch, the transport layer is likely to be found because the switch is applicable as a means of passing information across the other devices. The data link and physical layers are found because of the connection to the other devices (Madakam, Ramaswamy, and Tripathi, 2015, 164) The client contains the application layer from the fact that; the client who also submits the TCP segment towards the server majorly applies the information. Other layers are the transport, network, data link, and physical layers. The router has the network interface layer since the router protocol addresses the network and routes the entire information through the network. There are also the data link, physical, and network layers. The server has the internet layer because it is applied to enhance internet connection and deals with packaging, addressing and routing of all functions. Others are the application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers, which demonstrate the transfer of message from the client to the server. c) In the Week 1 slides / prescribed reading, it is mentioned that addressing is required at all layers except the physical layer. If this is true, explain how the physical layer will be able to deliver/direct the data to its intended destination. Refer to the above scenario/network when explaining your answer. The physical layer enhances the interaction between the devices in the same network and there is a firm connection between the source and the destination. The physical layer will be able to deliver/direct the data to its intended destination because of the identified objects, which are the bits found from the client, to the router, and through to the server. Question 2 a) Given that electromagnetic waves can travel at the speed of light, briefly explain how different signals can arrive at different times when transmitted at the same time. Consider both wired and wireless media in your answer. The electrical energy is transmitted from one place to another. The electromagnetic waves sail through the air. Different signals arrive at different times when transmitted at the same time because of the difference s between the wavelengths and frequencies of the waves at different locations. The wired media takes more time compare to the wireless media because the media signals in the wireless medial travel on a broad and huge band of the media frequencies approximately 1500 times compared to the wired media. In addition, the analog signals are slow compared to the digital signals since the digital signal allows increased bits to be submitted at the same time once the level of discrete voltage is raised. b) Consider a digital signaling approach that uses only two voltage levels to represent binary data and achieves a data rate of 1Mbps. Explain how increasing the number of voltage levels could potentially increase the data rate and briefly discuss the potential problems that may be encountered. The Increased number of voltage levels could increase the data rate because period and frequency of movement of the waves are not relevant in a digital signal. The connection between the vertical and horizontal lines also plays a major role in that (Brin, and Page, 2012, 3828). The main problems encountered are increased noise, distortion, and attenuation of the waves c) A network administrator has identified that several paths throughout the organisation’s network are experiencing significant latency. Given that latency consists of propagation time, transmission time, queuing time, and processing delay, discuss how each of these could potentially be reduced, addressing the identified problem. The content of the latency can be reduced through the engagement into digital signal in the organisation’s network. Isochronous should be conducted to deal with the processing delay. There should also be the practice of the wavelength-division multiplexing to reduce the transmission time. The media should also be guided to help in the reduction of the propagation time (Mukherjee, and Ramamurthy, 2013, 885). d) Consider the Manchester and Differential Manchester encoding schemes. i. Using the same input of 8 bits, draw an illustration of both schemes. For the input sequence, you may choose any 8 bits however must include both 1 and 0 bits. ii. Explain how these schemes achieve self-synchronization. The above schemes achieve self-synchronization through the combination of the clock signals and the data signals. There is also the transition of the digital signals in each scheme and changing of the polarity to be different from the previous value (Kailas, Cecchi, and Mukherjee, 2012, 19). iii. Explain the relationship between DC components and baseline wandering and how these schemes resolve this problem. The DC components and the baseline wandering occur the moment the voltage level is constant for an extended period of time, thus not able to offer the required support to the reduced frequencies. To solve the problem, it requires the synchronization for the sender and the receiver to be in a similar bit interval. d) Consider the frequency-division multiplexing and time-division multiplexing techniques. Give an example where these two techniques could be used at the same time and explain how they are used. Addressing the electrical signals: the two techniques are applied through the use of the wireless networks. Modern telephone system: There is the application of the digital transmission in this approach. Question 3 a) A colleague is developing a new protocol that will be implemented at the network layer. A key requirement of this new protocol is that data must be delivered in order. There are two data-link technologies to choose from, one is a datagram network and the other is a virtual-circuit network. Identify and discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of each technology. The diagram network; Advantages Done at the network layer such as IP Able to travel various paths Possible to arrive in a diverse order Every packet contains a destination address because every switch contains a table talking about arrival to a different destination, can change, and is dynamic. Disadvantage Connectionless; no information is retained concerning connections No tear down phases Virtual-circuit networks Advantages Contains some teardown and setup phases Resources allocated on demand and during the data setup Data is packetized and holds an address Disadvantage All packets moves through the same path One time delays for the teardown and setup b) Consider a scenario where a computer is attempting to send data to a device on the same network however the destination is not responding to ARP requests. Identify and briefly explain three reasons why this may occur. Note that the possibilities of the devices being turned off and/or not connected to the network have already been eliminated. The ARP requests are being sent to the gateway, thus preventing their arrival. Firewall block of the IMCP because of their absence from the ARP table The router not being functional enough to respond to the ARP requests. c) Refer to the figure shown on Week 3 Slide 49 for the calculation of CRC codes. Demonstrate the generation of the CRC code using the same approach (same divisor and number of redundant bits) using the 8-bit number 11001101 as input. Dataword – 11001101 Encoding Quotient- 1010 1010 11001101000 11001111000 00000010000 0000000 00000010000000 11001111 010011110 000000000 10011110 Codeword- 1100110110011110 d) Consider the following three 16 bit data elements: 1100 1100 1100 1100 0101 1100 0101 1100 0001 0001 0001 0001 1000 0001 1000 0001 0111 1110 0111 1110 1111 1111 1111 1111 1 0111 1111 1111 1100 Demonstrate the calculation of the 16-bit Internet checksum for this input data. References Brin, S. and Page, L., 2012. Reprint of: The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. Computer networks, 56(18), pp.3825-3833. Kailas, A., Cecchi, V. and Mukherjee, A., 2012. A survey of communications and networking technologies for energy management in buildings and home automation. Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, 2012. Madakam, S., Ramaswamy, R. and Tripathi, S., 2015. Internet of Things (IoT): A literature review. Journal of Computer and Communications, 3(05), p.164. Mukherjee, J. and Ramamurthy, B., 2013. Communication technologies and architectures for space network and interplanetary internet. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 15(2), pp.881-897. Read More