Centralized and Decentralized Data Processing Systems - Speech or Presentation Example

Full title topic Introduction The paper describes information technology software’s that are used by the firms in their department. This software’s remain an important area as they enhance the communication system, within the departments and with their customers. This software’s, their implementation is described with their benefits. Later the section describes the social impact of information technology on the firm and on the society. Before describing the information technology software, let defines in simple words that what information technology software is. Information technology software gather, store, process and pass the data to all levels in the hierarchy. ISDM The data processing system mainly depend on the condition of the firm, its hierarchy and size. The activities involved in data processing within the department lines are as Store Management, Production planning and control, financial accounting management and so forth.with the growth in the technology the concept of integrated data processing also changes. Mainly the ISDM is divided into two main broad categories and these are given as follows. Centralized Data Processing System Due to increase use of computers in the firm, there is a growing tendency of management to sue the centralized data processing system. In centralized data processing system, a separate department Electronic Data Processing (EDP) is established which mainly deal with the data processing work within different departments of the firm. Some time the firm hire the activities of other firm for data processing activities. The benefits of data centralized system is given as 1. The data emerge only at one place 2. The risk of loss of data is minimized by this method 3. The methods and machines used can be standardized 4. The process is very cost-effective 5. The work duplication is avoided by this process. Decentralized data Processing system In decentralized data processing system, the computing services are broken into different departments of the firm. Each department handles its own computing system without interacting with other departments. This type of system is suitable with the firm that is holding decentralization system in it. For instance, usually the research system or department of huge system adopt the process of decentralization data processing system. Information System Information system for the organization is required as Management wants to know the process and activities of its departments. This helps the Management to develop better Information technology software for the firm. The information system is broken across different departments that help in getting the whole information of the departments. Due to information system the whole firm is view as network of inters related sub-system rather the hierarchy system of the firm. Under ISDM different methods are taken in account but not all the methods can be used by the manager and owner of the firm as some of these are only used in the complex organization hierarchy DSDM (Dynamic systems development method) This application is based on RAD (rapid application development) and required continuous user involvement, furthermore, it requires interactive development and incremental approach and these together helps to response the changing requirements. These all together helps in making new software system that used to satisfy the business requirements. It consist of three phases Pre project phase A detail overview about the projects is taken in account which includes project identification, its funding and project commitment. Project-life-cycle phase The project life-cycle phase itself consist of five main sub-phases and these are given as 1. Management is required to do a complete feasible study of the project if he aims to adopt DSDM in his firm. A complete study about DSDM and its ability to be implementing in the firm is studied at wider array to develop a better system for the firm. 2. The next step is the business study step that compliment with the above mentioned phase. In this step the Management has to seek the influence of the system over the business processes, groups and individuals involved in the business. 3. The third step is the functional model iteration in which the Management is required to make a functional prototype. The firm is required to identify, schedule, create and review the prototype. This is the most important phase and required time. 4. The next step is to design and build iteration and in which a complete design of the iteration is finally organized and ready to implement 5. The last step is the implementation of the design on the firm Post-Project The last step involves the evaluation of the whole design and to measure its effectiveness and efficiency. Core techniques of DSDM 1. Time boxing 2. MoSCow 3. Prototyping 4. Testing 5. Workshop 6. Modeling 7. Configuration management The organization is not a huge firm and thus DSDM for such firm is not suitable. Therefore, Tm is required to seek some other techniques that is suitable for its firm, less costly and less time consuming. E-DSDM Framework for the e-Business E-DSDM is a complete framework that facilitates the organization by a quick approach to the market. The E-DSDM is suitable for those firms who want to interact with the customer directly. If any new department that is especially form within the firm to meet with the electronic business required E-DSDM. The E-DSDM helps not only to capture the customer but also help in the frequent delivery of the products. The system is very useful feedback as it helps to know what the requirements of the customer are. The process of E-DSDM starts with a clear vision and this process continue to the deployment of the resulting solutions. The E-DSDM can be linked with DSDM to gain a better productivity. However, E-DSDM can be used with other ISDM methods and model to gain a better productivity. The E-DSDM is very useful for the new IT based firm as they want to interact with their customer through electronic media. For Information software development in an organization I suggest to use the model of Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method and software (SSADM). Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) The model aims to analyse and design the information system of the firm. The system was produced for the UK government office, CCTA, for the efficient use of the information technology. It was introduced in 1980 and still in use. The model name “Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method” is the registered trade marks of the Office of Government Commerce (OGC), which is an office of United Kingdom’s Treasury. It is actually a waterfall method though which an information system design is formulated. Techniques used in SSADM 1. Logical data modelling: this technique requires identifying, modelling and documenting the data requirements that is needed to design the system. The total data is separated into entities. 2. Data Flow Modelling: this technique includes identifying, modelling and documenting the movement of data around an information system. This model or technique actually seeks the processes, data stores, external entities and data flows. 3. Entity behaviour Modelling: the events are identified; modelled and documented that affects the each entity. The models also inform the sequence of these events. Stages of SSADM 1. Analysis of current system: the very first step is to analyse the current system. The Management of the firm is required to investigate the current process and current data. Once he is able to clear the entire situation and comes to know each set of events happening, it will help him to design the model for the firm. 2. Outline business specification: this step requires investigating the system requirement in the current business environment. This step involves two sub-stages; logical data structure and business system options. 3. Detail Business Specification: it is the requirement specification stage involved different steps. Management of any IT based firm has to define the system processing requirements and then develop require data model. The next step is to derive the system functions that will update the existing system and define the new system. A work practice model is developed by the firm that help to document and understand the user’s jobs in concern. Further, organization needs to enhance the required data model whose objectives are to improve the quality of the required system by relational data analysis. The last three stages required by the Management are to develop the specification prototypes, develop processing specification and in last he needs to confirm system objectives. 4. Logical Data Design: in this step technical feasible options are chosen that require two sub-stages; define business system options and selection of the business system option. The definition of Business Systems options identifies the possible approaches for the physical implementation of the function. It also informs the service level requirement during the implementation in the light of technical environment. This step actually concern with the presentation of the BSO’s to the users. 5. Logical process design: this step requires defining of user dialogue, defining the update processes and define enquiry processes. The definition of the user dialogue actually defines the structure of each dialogue. The dialogue is required to support the online functions and also help in identifying the navigation requirements. It is useful within the dialogues and between dialogues. Define update process complete the specification of the database updating. It also defines the errors for each event and helps in handling those errors. Define enquiry processes step complete the enquiry and also define the error handling for each enquiry. 6. Physical Design: this is the last step requires specification of physical data and process design. Language, features and installation standards are chosen for the physical environment. The physical design is the last mode of the technique that requires physical assessment of the system and functions and assessment of the events. The last step requires the requirements needed to physically implement the system. The sub-steps required by physical design are Preparation for physical design Learning the rules and systems of the implementation environment Reviewing the requirements for logical to physical mapping Planning this approach Complete the specification of functions Develop the data and process design, incrementally and repeatedly Advantages of SSADM 1. It can easily be applicable on any firm, does not require any specialized staff to handle 2. It gives a clear look of all the activities in the system and the events that are affecting these activities. 3. It provides accuracies in finding the current position of the business system and tries to provide information about the root cause of problem. 4. The application or technique can be used from small to large firms. 5. It provides a continuous update of the systems and also defines the new systems Disadvantages of SSADM 1. As the vertical hierarchy increases, the application of the technique becomes difficult. 2. It did not use the latest information systems and thus limited to some specific systems. 3. It requires time to understand the current business and then implementing the whole model. Social Affect of Information technology and the role of software’s The information technology has great impact not only on the society but also on the individual firm. Below few points are included showing the impact of information technology on the firm and on the society. The Information technology software is very cost-effective. This Information technology software involves minimum operational cost as different resources and information plus technology is shared that together lowers the cost of production. The Information technology software is very useful when the company wants to serve at global level. At global level the chances of uncertainty is very high. Therefore, by this Information technology software this uncertainty is lowered at very lower level due to the minimum level of competition that the companies will face at global market. This Information technology software helps in allocating the resources which are less costly and requires less time in allocating these resources. The resource allocation within the company is less costly as these resources are shared among different companies and their cost is shared among them and thus finally it causes a low cost on a single company. This Information technology software helps in allocating the best technology among the companies. The technologies are shared and thus enhance the processes and systems of the company. The technology sharing thus become less costly and holds very benefits for a single company. The software’s keep the customer and the firm in touch and the firm can easily measure the demands of the customer. These software’s make the world a global village in which the individual can access any product any time form any where. References Adelman, C. (2000). A Parallel Postsecondary Universe: The Certification System in Information Technology. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. Shelly, Gary, Cashman, Thomas, Vermaat, Misty, and Walker, Tim. (1999). Discovering Computers 2000: Concepts for a Connected World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Course Technology. Blaise, J.Y and Dudek, I, "Using abstraction levels in the visual exploitation of a knowledge acquisition process" JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science - Proceedings I-Know 05 International Conference on Knowledge Management - Graz - Austria July 2005. 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