Network Routing - Assignment Example

? Network Routing Network Routing INTRODUCTION The outcome of this report will explain the design and implementation of given network scenario. The requirement is to connect two new campuses to headquarter of the International School of Networking. The head quarter is in Chelmsford (England) while news campuses are in Mexico City (Mexico) and Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). This report will also give a brief explanation of the protocol and it pros and cons. Configuration of WAN and LAN components are also included. A working and configuration of a routing protocol shall also be elaborated. PROTOCOL: The protocol that is given for the completion of the task is Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). It falls in the category of link-state routing protocol. So we shall start with some information on what is link-state. LINK-STATE Link-state is a mechanism that follows the condition and connection type of every connected link and develops a metric calculation that is based on some factors that also included the factors that were set by the network engineers. The functionality of the link-state protocols is that it knows the status of the link, whether it is up or down and what is its bandwidth and calculates a cost to use that path. As we know that every router run routing protocols to find out the best path to the destination, one can consider the 'link-states' as representing the status of the interfaces on the router. (Davis, 2002) The functionality of a link-state protocol is this that it may take a path with more number of hops, but uses the medium that has higher bandwidth than all the other paths even with lowest number of hops. Due to the features of media type awareness and other factors, these protocols consume more processing power and memory. Link-state influences all the routers that structure up the complete topology of the whole internetwork (or of the position where router is presently located), this means that every router contains the same information of the topology. Due to this whenever a change is occurred it is broadcasted to the entire topology. This method of routing is known as shortest path first. Protocols that work on link-state mechanism are OSPF, EGP and BGP mechanism. KEY-POIINTS: It uses Dijkstra algorithm for the calculation of shortest path. (Zhang, 2011) Every router in the network builds up the complete topology in its routing table, thus each router contains equal amount of information. It consumes space and memory more than distance vector. It is suitable for implementing in large networks. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION The design of this network implements the virtue connection International School of Networking has a Chelmsford HQ in England and two remote sites in Mexico and Malaysia. Communication within the routers is via Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) that has fast convergence and is able to meet the demands of a large organization. The routing protocol is configured on all of the routers specified in the topology diagram and advertises to every host connected in the topology except the loopback interface attached to Chelmsford HQ. NETWORK DESIGN BACKGROUND This report is for the demonstration of network design for an International School of Networking (ISN). ISN has branch campuses at Mexico City and Kuala Lumpur. These branches are connected with Chelmsford HQ and each other. Requirement for this implementation was of an open standard routing protocol with fast convergence and support routing update security. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is the best solution for given scenario and also for large scale businesses having offices at different locations. In this network design topology three routers are interconnected logically and each router is further directly connected with two more networks. OSPF routing protocol is configured within the logical network: network topology from the network design above both the physical and logical network topology can be obtained. Using the above topology an IP-addressing scheme was created to accommodate the all the given number of hosts in the network. For accomplish this, the private provided IP i.e. 192.168.144.0/22 needs to be sub-netted. IP-addressing assignment will begin from 192.168.145.0 address. Every Personal computer in the topology should be assigned the last usable IP of the every subnet. ANALYSIS OF THE PROTOCOL Open source dynamic routing protocol proposed for above scenario is Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). It works on the mechanism of link-state routing. It has ability of faster convergence. OSPF is has the features that makes it suitable for larger networks. Routers that are configured with OSPF, exchange Hello packets with all the neighbours, they collect costs and Router ID (RID) for the entries in routing table. This information of neighbour is recorded in the adjacency database. (Nogueira, 2013) After recording the information in the adjacency database a link-state advertisement is sent that contains information like Cost to, and RIDs of the entire neighbour. All the routers in the topology share its link-state with every other router in that topology. These link-state-advertisements are than kept in the routing tables i.e. the link-state-database (LSDB). For calculating the shortest path, SPF algorithm is used on every router. After calculating the best path Routers post these paths for inclusion in the routing table. NETWORK DESIGN The network topology design consists of three routers, Chelmsford HQ, Mexico City and Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur is connected to Chelmsford HQ via 2Mbps Serial WAN links. Mexico City and Kuala Lumpur are connected to each other with 2Mbps serial WAN link (serial ports). While Chelmsford and Mexico City are connected to each other with 256Kbps WAN link. Directly connected networks are using Fast-Ethernet Fa0/0 and Fa0/1 on the Chelmsford HQ router and same for Mexico City and Kuala Lumpur. OSPF is configured on all the interfaces with MD5 authentication scheme. Key for authentication is “packet” (without quotes). In the event of a failed primary link (2Mbps), traffic will be routed via the 256Kbps link. DESIGNED TOPOLOGY ADDRESSING SCHEME The private network address 192.168.144.0/22 has been given to develop an IP addressing scheme for accommodation of all the devices in the topology. As per the given scenario last usable IP of every subnet is assigned to the PC connected in the topology. Every port of the router in the network is a separate network i.e. Fa0/1 and Fa0/0 are separate networks. Before calculating subnet first find the number of hosts for each network (Chelmsford HQ has 100 hosts on fa0/0, 60 on fa0/1, Mexico City has 62 hosts on fa0/0, 50 on fa0/1, Kuala Lumpur has 126 hosts on fa0/0, 50 on fa0/1).  In the given scenario, Fa0/0 Kuala Lumpur has high number of hosts than the other interface. We can start calculating the subnet through this interface. IP Address for Loopback interface given 184.53.60.254 is assigned for it designated subnet. This is because the ISN router is used as a virtual interface for management purpose. Despite of the fact that the proper loopback address that issued for ping test within system this address is used within the network, it does not talk back at itself. The International School of Networking router is a virtue router because first it does not exist in the network topology but is used virtually because most of the loopback functionality is provided by ISN router. NETWORK ADDRESSING SCHEME: Device Interface Number of Hosts Subnet Address Subnet Mask Broadcast Address Useable Addresses Default Gateway Chelmsford (HQ) Fa0/0 100/25 192.168.144.128 255.255.255.128 192.168.144.255 192.168.144.129 - 192.168.144.254 192.168.144.129 Fa0/1 60/26 192.168.145.64 255.255.255.192 192.168.145.12 192.168.145.65 - 192.168.145.126 192.168.145.65 S0/0/1 2/30 192.168.146.0 255.255.255.252 192.168.146.3 192.168.146.1 - 192.168.146.2 192.168.146.1 S0/0/0 2/30 192.168.146.4 255.255.255.252 192.168.146.7 192.168.146.5 - 192.168.146.6 192.168.146.5 Mexico City Fa0/0 62/26 192.168.145.0 255.255.255.192 192.168.145.63 192.168.145.1 - 192.168.145.62 192.168.145.1 Fa0/1 50/26 192.168.145.128 255.255.255.192 192.168.145.191 192.168.145.129 - 192.168.145.190 192.168.145.129 S0/0/0 2/30 192.168.146.8 255.255.255.252 192.168.146.11 192.168.146.9 - 192.168.146.10 192.168.146.9 S0/0/1 2/30 192.168.146.12 255.255.255.252 192.168.146.15 192.168.146.13 - 192.168.146.14 192.168.146.13 Kuala Lumpur Fa0/0 126/24 192.168.144.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.144.127 192.168.144.1 - 192.168.144.126 192.168.144.1 Fa0/1 50/26 192.168.145.192 255.255.255.192 192.168.145.255 192.168.145.193 - 192.168.145.254 192.168.145.193 S0/0/0 2/30 192.168.146.16 255.255.255.252 192.168.146.19 192.168.146.17 - 192.168.146.18 192.168.146.17 S0/0/1 2/30 192.168.146.20 255.255.255.252 192.168.146.23 192.168.146.21 - 192.168.146.22 192.168.146.21 ASSIGNED ADDRESS TO EACH HOST PC: Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Wild Card Mask Chelmsford (HQ) Fa0/0 192.168.144.129 255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127 Fa0/1 192.168.145.65 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 S0/0/1 192.168.146.5 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 S0/0/0 192.168.146.1 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 Lo0 189.53.60.254 255.255.255.252 Mexico City Fa0/0 192.168.145.1 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 Fa0/1 192.168.145.129 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 S0/0/0 192.168.146.10 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 S0/0/1 192.168.146.6 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 Kuala Lumpur Fa0/0 192.168.144.1 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 Fa0/1 192.168.145.193 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 S0/0/0 192.168.146.9 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 S0/0/1 192.168.146.2 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 PC01 N.I.C 192.168.144.254 255.255.255.128 PC02 N.I.C 192.168.145.126 255.255.255.192 PC03 N.I.C 192.168.144.126 255.255.255.0 PC04 N.I.C 192.168.145.254 255.255.255.192 PC05 N.I.C 192.168.145.62 255.255.255.192 PC06 N.I.C 192.168.145.190 255.255.255.192 ROUTER CONFIGURATION Network topology was created using Cisco packet tracer environment. This network comprises of ChelmsfordHQ router, Kuala Lumpur and Mexico City routers interconnected using WAN links. Protocol used in this configuration is OSPF. All connected networks were advertised except the loopback interface, this was done to ensure communication throughout the network using OSPF. Default route was configured on the ChelmsfordHQ router as a static route which was distributed through OSPF to Kuala Lumpur and Mexico City. Kuala Lumpur is connected to the ChelmsfordHQ router via S0/0/1 and S0/0/0 ports of both routers. Mexico is connected to the ChelmsfordHQ router via S0/0/1 and S0/0/1 ports of both routers. Kuala Lumpur is connected to the Mexico City router via S0/0/0 and S0/0/0 ports of both routers. Kuala Lumpur subnet is connecting via Fa0/1 and Fa0/0 to the Kuala Lumpur router. Mexico City subnets are connected via Fa0/0 and Fa0/1 on the Mexico City router. Chelmsford subnets are connected through Fa0/0 and Fa0/1 on the ChelmsfordHQ router. Due the router were not configured with password be OSPF was configured. OSPF MD5 authentication key was set to “packet” for all three routers. This was done for security purpose. To prevent unauthorized up set of router configuration. Configuration of OSPF on the three router forms an autonomous systems. IP Addressing for HQ ChelmsfordHQ(config)#interface f0/0 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#ip address 192.168.144.129 255.255.255.128 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#no shut ChelmsfordHQ(config)#interface f0/1 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#ip address 192.168.145.65 255.255.255.192 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#no shut ChelmsfordHQ(config)#interface s0/0/1 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#ip address 192.168.146.5 255.255.255.252 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#bandwidth 256 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#no shut ChelmsfordHQ(config)#interface s0/0/0 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#ip address 192.168.146.5 255.255.255.252 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#bandwidth 2048 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)#no shut OSPF Configuration for HQ ChelmsfordHQ(config)#router ospf 1 ChelmsfordHQ(config-router)#network 192.168.144.129 0.0.0.127 area 0 ChelmsfordHQ(config-router)#network 192.168.145.65 0.0.0.63 area 0 ChelmsfordHQ(config-router)#network 192.168.146.1 0.0.0.3 area 0 ChelmsfordHQ(config-router)#network 192.168.146.5 0.0.0.3 area 0 Configuration for OSPF Authentication at HQ ChelmsfordHQ (config)#interface f0/0 ChelmsfordHQ (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet ChelmsfordHQ (config)#interface f0/1 ChelmsfordHQ (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet ChelmsfordHQ(config)#interface s0/0/0 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet ChelmsfordHQ(config)#interface s0/0/1 ChelmsfordHQ (config-if)# ip ospf cost 200 ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest ChelmsfordHQ(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet IP Addressing for Kuala Lumpur KL(config)#interface f0/0 KL(config-if)#ip address 192.168.144.1 255.255.255.0 KL (config-if)#no shut KL (config)#interface f0/1 KL (config-if)#ip address 192.168.145.193 255.255.255.192 KL (config-if)#no shut KL (config)#interface s0/0/0 KL (config-if)#ip address 192.168.146.9 255.255.255.252 KL (config-if)#bandwidth 2048 KL (config-if)#nos shut KL (config)#interface s0/0/1 KL (config-if)#ip address 192.168.146.2 255.255.255.252 KL (config-if)#bandwidth 2048 KL (config-if)#no shut OSPF Configuration for Kuala Lumpur KL (config)#router ospf 1 KL (config-router)#network 192.168.144.1 0.0.0.255 area 0 KL (config-router)#network 192.168.145.193 0.0.0.63 area 0 KL (config-router)#network 192.168.146.17 0.0.0.3 area 0 KL (config-router)#network 192.168.146.21 0.0.0.3 area 0 Configuration for OSPF Authentication at Kuala Lumpur KL (config)#interface f0/0 KL (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest KL (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet KL (config)#interface f0/1 KL (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest KL (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet KL (config)#interface s0/0/0 KL (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest KL (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet KL (config)#interface s0/0/1 KL (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest KL (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet IP Addressing for Mexico City MC(config)#interface f0/0 MC (config-if)#ip address 192.168.145.1 255.255.255.192 MC (config-if)#no shut MC(config)#interface f0/1 MC (config-if)#ip address 192.168.145.129 255.255.255.192 MC (config-if)#no shut MC(config)#interface s0/0/0 MC (config-if)#ip address 192.168.146.10 255.255.255.252 MC (config-if)#bandwidth 2048 MC (config-if)#no shut MC(config)#interface s0/0/1 MC (config-if)#ip address 192.168.146.6 255.255.255.252 MC (config-if)#bandwidth 256 MC (config-if)#no shut OSPF Configuration for Mexico City MC(config)#router ospf 1 MC (config-router)#network 192.168.145.1 0.0.0.0 area 0 MC (config-router)#network 192.168.145.129 0.0.0.0 area 0 MC (config-router)#network 192.168.146.9 0.0.0.0 area 0 MC (config-router)#network 192.168.146.13 06 0.0.0.0 area 0 Configuration for OSPF Authentication at Mexico City MC (config)#interface f0/0 MC (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest MC (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet MC (config)#interface f0/1 MC (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest MC (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet MC (config)#interface s0/0/0 MC (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest MC (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet MC (config)#interface s0/0/1 MC (config-if)# ip ospf cost 200 MC (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest MC (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 packet NEIGHBOR TABLE ChelmsfordHQ Kuala Lumpur Mexico City Configuration of Static Route at HQ ChelmsfordHQ (config)#interface lo0 ChelmsfordHQ (config-if)#ip address 189.53.60.254 255.255.255.252 ChelmsfordHQ (config-if)#no shut ChelmsfordHQ (config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 loopback0 ChelmsfordHQ (config)#router ospf 1 ChelmsfordHQ (config-router)#redistribute static subnet ChelmsfordHQ (config-router)#end TESTING PLAN Testing plan for accessing the connectivity of the topology is developed below. It demonstrates the actual testing scenarios including the snapshots of the tests. Commonly used ping operation is to be performed, by sending ping request to all the interfaces from every other interface to validate the connectivity. This plan also figures out the working of the used protocol to make sure the correct functionality of it. Following is the configuration testing details. CONNECTIVITY TEST Test No. Description Source Destination Excepted Result Demonstration Results 01 Ping test KL Router HQ 192.168.146.2 Successful Ping See Fig.1 below Successful 02 Ping test MC Router HQ 192.168.146.6 Successful Ping See Fig.2 below Successful 03 Ping test MC Router KL 192.168.146.10 Successful Ping See Fig.3 below Successful 04 Ping test HQ S0/0/0 PC03 192.168.146.1 Successful Ping See Fig.4 below Successful 05 Ping test PC01 of HQ PC06 192.168.144.254 Successful Ping See Fig.5 below Successful 06 Ping test PC04 of KL PC02 192.168.145.254 Successful Ping See Fig.6 below Successful 07 Ping test lo0 MC 189.53.60.254 Successful Ping See Fig.7 below Successful 08 Ping test lo0 KL 189.53.60.254 Successful Ping See Fig.8 below Successful 09 Ping test lo0 PC05 189.53.60.254 Successful Ping See Fig.9 below Successful 10 Ping test lo0 PC04 189.53.60.254 Successful Ping See Fig.9 below Successful TESTING RESULTS Fig.1 Ping test to Kuala Lumpur router from Chelmsford HQ Fig.2 Ping test to Mexico City router from Chelmsford HQ Fig.3 Ping test to Mexico City router from Kuala Lumpur Fig.4 Ping test to s0/0/0 of HQ router from PC03 of KL Fig.5 Ping test to PC01 of HQ router from PC06 of MC Fig.6 Ping test to PC04 of KL router from PC02 of HQ Fig.7 Ping test to lo0 of HQ router from Mexico City Router Fig.8 Ping test to lo0 of HQ router from Kuala Lumpur Router Fig.9 Ping test to lo0 of HQ router from PC05 of Mexico City Fig.10 Ping test to lo0 of HQ router from PC04 of Kuala Lumpur AUTHENTICATION TEST Test No. Description Source Assumptions Excepted Result Demonstration Results 01 IP OSPF authentication test HQ Authentication Enables All Neighbors in the table See Fig.11 below Successful 02 Authentication Disabled on one any interface Neighbors joining from this interface should not be in the list See Fig. 12 below Successful IP OSPF authentication is enabled on all the interfaces for building neighbor-ship. Fig.11 Showing neighbors when authentication is working on all the interfaces. Fig. 11 (above) is showing OSPF is fully authenticated at the neighboring interface. That is why in above neighboring table is showing all the neighbors. Now if we disable OSPF authentication of any of the interfaces, results on this table should be changed. Fig.12 Shows neighbor table after disabling OSPF authentication is disabled on s0/0/1 of HQ. OSPF CONVERGENCE TEST Test No. Description Excepted Result Demonstration Results 01 Testing convergence by sending routing update in the network. All routing tables should be updated See routing tables below Successful Fig. 13 Kuala Lumpur routing table Fig. 14 Kuala Lumpur routing table Fig. 15 Mexico City routing table PATH SELECTION FOR ROUTING Test No. Description Excepted Result Demonstration Results 01 Testing path from Chelmsford-Mexico City when all links are working Route HQ-KL-MC via primary link See Fig.16 below Successful 02 Testing path from Chelmsford-Mexico City when one primary link is down Route HQ-KL-MC via secondary link See Fig.17 below Successful Fig. 16 Traceroute from HQ to s0/0/0 of MC when primary link is working Fig. 17 Traceroute from HQ to s0/0/0 of MC when primary link is not working CONCLUSION Network topology for International School of Networking is designed as per the required standards. This strategy fulfills the requirements of high level of security, faster convergence and scalability. Established on the ISN scenario, routers were configured using OSPF protocol successfully, for internal communication of the network. Dynamic IP configuration was used throughout the network routers based on classless addressing. Both primary and secondary links were checked and found successful results of complete topology testing. References Davis, P. 2002. Securing and controlling Cisco routers. Boca Raton: Auerbach Publications. Nogueira, A. 2013. A Practical Approach to Corporate Networks Engineering. Gistrup: River Publishers. Zhang, J. 2011. Applied informatics and communication. Berlin: Springer. Read More