The Development of a Software Application - Assignment Example

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RDI/EDEXCEL Diploma in Computing and Systems Development Systems Analysis and Design Assignment: Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Christian Gauci ID: STU37753 Tutor: Steve Presland Date: 19th August 2013 Table of Contents Introduction 4 a) System lifecycle model 4 Waterfall Software Development Methodology 6 Human resource needed 8 Development resources needed 8 Analysis 8 b) Argument for Using this Model 9 a) Main Benefits of Implementing a Computerized System 11 Key Features 12 Why the project is useful? 12 Why the project will be successful 13 Computerized Systems Leverage Customer Service Opportunities 13 General Benefits 14 Potential Improvements in Business 15 Computerized System Functions 16 b) Survey 17 i) Open type questions 17 ii) Closed type questions 18 Task 3 20 a) Feasibility 20 Technical Feasibility 20 Familiarity with Application 20 Familiarity with Technology 21 Project Size 21 Strategies to present the systems 21 Economic 21 Development Costs 22 Annual Operating Costs 22 Annual Benefits (Cost Savings and Revenues) 22 Intangible Costs and Benefits 22 Organizational Feasibility 23 Project Champion(s) 23 Senior Management 23 Users 23 Other Stakeholders 23 Operational Feasibility 24 Schedule 24 b) Spreadsheet program 25 Task 3- B Graph 26 Increase in Sales Each Year 26 The above given graph clearly indicates that this investment will bring increase to expected sales. 27 Sales v/s Revenue 27 27 Above given graph demonstrates the relationship between sales and revenue. This graph clearly shows an increase in sales due to the increase in revenue. 27 Task 3- C 27 In this analysis I have shown a relationship between different variables such as the overall sales and total revenue. These relationships are demonstrates over a progress of four years and in a steady fashion. These relationships outline a steady line of increase in sales and overall increase in revenue after 2 years. These graphs and table analysis show that the business can be able to retain all its expenses in the 2nd year and will start generating revenue at its 3 and 4th year. 27 Task 4 28 a) System Design 28 i) Dataflow Diagram (DFD) (Context Level Diagram, Level –1 Diagram) 28 Context Flow Diagram 29 29 ii) Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) 31 b) Final Design 33 References 34 Introduction Nancy’s Novelty Cakes is a small confectionery business, which is expert in making novel and special occasion cakes for customers. Up till now, this company has been using a traditional approach for the management of its business operations. In this scenario, it has developed and maintained a file of cakes designs along with costs associated with those cakes. With the passage of time the management realized that this traditional approach is not useful for the successful management of business operations. Hence, they have decided to develop and implement a new technology based system. In this scenario, Nancy’s Novelty Cakes business is looking for an effective way to replace its old manual system they have had for the last 5 years with a new computerised system. I am a member of IT Company that is specialized in design and development of computerised business systems. Our consultancy firm has won a contract from this client. In this case our team is responsible for the development and implementation of a new technology based system for the better corporate operational and procedures management. This report presents a detailed analysis of some of the important aspects associated with the development and implementation of this new system. This report will discuss the requirements specification and design related aspects of Nancy Nancy’s Novelty Cakes business. This report is divided into different tasks and each task addresses specific topic. Task 1 a) System lifecycle model Software/system development lifecycle or simply the SDLC is a theoretical outline or process that demonstrates the phases or steps required for the development of a software application. In fact, this process outlines all the steps from preliminary feasibility study to installation and maintenance of a software application. In simple words, a software process model is a map that guides software development team all the way through the system development process. It tells them what steps they should perform at certain stage (Ruparelia, 2010; Yeo, 2010; Smuts et al., 2010). Without a doubt, system lifecycle or process model is believed to be the most important aspect all the way through system development lifecycle. Over the past decades we have seen a large number of methodologies that have been developed to tackle different challenges that happen all through software development. In this scenario, agile software development methodologies were emerged as a response to a number of software development problems which were not addressed by traditional software development approaches. However, traditional software development methodology (waterfall model) is still being used for the development of software applications (Jiang & Eberlein, 2008; Hughes & Cotterell, 2002, p.10). In view of the fact that Nancy’s Novelty Cakes business wants a software product for the management of its small infrastructure, so it does not need to initiate a large software development project. However, for the effective management of such software development project we need a simple but efficient software development methodology. In addition, this software development methodology should be well-established and generate sufficient documentation which can also be used by the system users after the installation of system. At the present, agile software development methodologies are used everywhere. In fact, the majority software development firms are using agile software development approach as it allows them to develop software products quickly according to the customer’s needs. However, agile development approach does not take into consideration the documentation aspect seriously. In fact, this development approach completely relies on the customer’s knowledge and requires the customers to become the part of software development process. On the other hand, waterfall software development approach produces extensive documentation at every stage of software development lifecycle (Chan & Thong, 2009; Mahalakshmi & Sundararajan, 2013; Leau et al., 2012). In this scenario, I have decided to choose waterfall software development methodology for Nancy’s Novelty Cakes business. The further explanation of this methodology and why I selected this methodology are listed in upcoming sections. Waterfall Software Development Methodology As discussed above, for Nancy’s Novelty Cakes software development, I have decided to adopt waterfall software development methodology. The waterfall model is a well-known version of systems development life cycle model developed for software engineering. Frequently measuring the classic technique to the systems development life cycle, the waterfall model illustrates an overall system development technique that is sequential or linear. Waterfall development has separate objectives for every stage of development (Rouse, 2007; Pressman, 2001). In addition, the selected software development methodology needs to be perfectly matched with the business needs and requirements. In this scenario, waterfall or classical life cycle is a perfect choice. This linear sequential model suggests the development of the system through a systemic sequential approach. One of the basic reasons behind the selection of this approach is its support for the documentation. In fact, each stage of waterfall software process model produces extensive documentation that is equally important for both the customer and software development firm. In case of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business system development we will move through linear approach we will start software development from analysis of the system, and then we will design, code and test the system for potential operations. So the main stages of the system development are (Pressman, 2001): Requirements Deign Coding Testing Implementation Figure 1Waterfall Software Development Methodology, Image Source: http://istqbexamcertification.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Waterfall-model.jpg Human resource needed In view of the fact that waterfall software development methodology divides the software development process into various stages hence it requires minimum human resources for the overall software development (Pressman, 2001). In the context of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business, system development project will require less human resource for the overall development of the project. In this scenario, using this model we can develop the overall system with a small development team. Development resources needed In case of the Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business system development, waterfall methodology requires less people for the overall development of the project, so we also need fewer resources for the overall project development. Development domain Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business system development will be a small or medium size project with stuffiest time constraints. Hence, the selection of domain will be made in light of these constraints. Analysis Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business system development project does not involve the development of a huge system that requires extensive resources or budget. In fact, it is a medium size business application that can be easily developed by a small number of software developers. In addition, the management of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business does not impose any time constraints so waterfall model can be a good choice for this kind of projects. Hence, the development of this project can be done in stages. Additionally, the requirements of the system are clear and the development team is fully aware of the system development. They have already developed various similar systems using the same development approach. In this scenario, waterfall software development model is the best choice. b) Argument for Using this Model Before the selection of this model I spent a lot of time in studying various software development approaches. Up till now, a large number of software development methodologies have been developed which are used in different scenarios and for different software development domains. Every software development approach focuses on certain aspect. For instance, at the present agile software development approach is widely used by the majority of software development firms. The basic reason behind its popularity is that it allows the software development team to develop software products quickly. In fact, this approach allows the customer to become active participant throughout the software development lifecycle. However, in many cases a customer does not have the complete knowledge about a certain product. In fact, a customer does not have time to become part of software development team or always stay with them to answer their questions (Chan & Thong, 2009; Mahalakshmi & Sundararajan, 2013; Leau et al., 2012). One the other hand, the selected methodology is very flexible for the customer. It allows the customer to explain all their requirements at the analysis stage and receive the final product on the given date. In case of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business system development, I have also considered the alternatives software development methodology like object oriented development methodology. Here I have used a number of modules and approaches of this system development methodology to better support the overall development process. The object oriented development methodology provides us a components based system development methodology. Object oriented development methodology emphasizes on the creation of classes that encapsulates both data and algorithm used to manipulate the data. In addition, the basic architecture of the object oriented software development methodology involves the development a class that can be resalable to different applications and computer based system architecture. Object oriented development methodology incorporates a lot of working functionalities of the spiral software development methodology. It is also an evolutionary system development methodology. Waterfall software development methodology offers a number of advantages over other software development approaches. It allows us to complete the project without extensive resources (Pressman, 2001; Sommerville, 2004). In case of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business, all the system requirements are clear and well understood by the system development team. There is no time constraint and the system users do not know what kind of system they actually need. In this scenario, waterfall process model is an excellent choice. Task 2 a) Main Benefits of Implementing a Computerized System As discussed above, with the implementation of this computerized system Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business aims to improve their business performance and capability. It is expected that this project will turn out to be backbone system for the Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. This system is expected to offer an excellent support in the form of increase business sales, effective marketing strategies and for decision support. In fact, this system can also be used by the management for effective decision making through assessment of customer shopping and sales trends. In this scenario, the success of this project is critical for the overall corporate operational management. The implementation of this system will reduce the overall need for resources required for the management of business operations. This system will automate the stock management operation that is the most important advantage of this computerized system (eSalesTrack , 2013). The research has shown that computerized systems provide a number of advantages such as reduced decision cycle time, availability of more appropriate information for decision making and increased employee efficiency. In fact, the time savings that have been pointed out by a large number of businesses from using computerized systems are significant. In addition, computerized systems can play significant role in improving collaboration and communication among business stakeholders such as employees and management. In fact, quick access to accurate data and information is believed to the key motivation for building a computerized system. Moreover, computerized systems allow the business organizations to make business transaction data accessible for performance evaluation and informal querying. In this scenario, computerized systems improve management understanding of business processes and managers believe that this is helpful (Power, 2013). Key Features This project is expected to play critical role in the success of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. This system will be designed to support business sales and stock management and decision making capabilities. This system will also offer an excellent support for management decision making. This system will be easy to use and it will be developed by keeping in mind all the security related aspects. Why the project is useful? In the past few years, the majority of business organizations have replaced their manual or traditional business processes with computerized systems. In fact, the research has shown that this transition has offered them a large number of benefits and opportunities in the form of increased sales, reduced costs, improved communication, effective decision making and so on (Turban et al., 2005; Ray, 2004). Considering the innovations offered by computerized systems the management of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business decided to implement computerized system. This project is initiated to implement a computerized system that will help Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business manage its business operations effectively. In this scenario, this project is very useful for the effective execution of business tasks. In addition, on successful completion of this project Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business will get a system that will improve its existing capabilities by providing a large number of benefits. Why the project will be successful This project is initiated to computerize the business processes of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. So the success of this project will surely have the positive impact on the overall performance of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. This project will be successful for the reason that this project is initiated to improve the business performance by making best use of latest technology so it has got full support from business stakeholders especially the top management. This project will be managed by a team of expert software developers who have already worked on similar projects. It is believed that they have fully understood all the business requirements before the initiation of this project. In addition, this project will be completed using a formal project management approach (waterfall model as discussed above). Moreover, this project has got the full attention of its top management. Computerized Systems Leverage Customer Service Opportunities Without a doubt, use of latest tools and technologies improves the ways business organizations carry out their business tasks. However, they can also use these computerized systems to effectively deal with their customers. In fact, the computerized systems are believed to be the most effective tool for customer service and communication. At the present, the majority of business organizations are making use of computerized systems to leverage customer service opportunities. For instance, Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business can use computerized systems to determine the life cycle for a service or a product. This computerized system can help Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business learn regarding how frequently a regular customer likes to put back a product with a new model. Furthermore, businesses that make use of such computerized systems to track their long-standing associations with customers are able to intertwine an efficient story into yet the most frustrating experiences (Taylor, 2013; Ray, 2004; Turban et al., 2005). General Benefits The implementation of computerized system will bring a number of opportunities and benefits to Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. Some of the major benefits are outlined below: Automation of business processes and tasks Need for a fewer human resources Less chances of errors or mistakes Easy handling Fast receipt development for customer Storage of all business transactions in digital format Effective management of all business operations Simplification of complex processes Better supply chain management Effective support for the management (in the form of decision making) Improved communication for business employees and management Improved corporate operations with centralized business management solutions. Potential Improvements in Business This section outlines some of the major improvements that Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business would be able to attain through this computerized system. Given below are major improvements that will come with implementation of a new digital business management system: Improved business communication Improved business performance Improvement in employees’ efficiency Increased customer’s satisfaction Better customer interaction Effective business service delivery Superior management of business transaction Improved business environment Modern communication structure Improved decision making Computerized System Functions This section outlines some of the important functions that will be integrated into the new system. Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business can utilize these functions to improve its business performance. Some of the major computerized system functions are: Business process automation Latest technology based support for communication New and improved commerce/business functionalities Business issues management Business staff communication Employee registration Digital data communication Reliability of business data Data safety Tracking orders Effective delivery of services to customers Enhanced delivery of products information and details Stock tracking and suitable handling Easy to use interfaces b) Survey i) Open type questions Do you think new technology will improve business? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ How does new technology support business? (Suggest areas) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What are major problem areas in current paper based business practice? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What are major issues that you feel make computerized system a successful application? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Outline major business objectives for new technology application? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Do you think new technology for business will also increase business annual profit? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ii) Closed type questions Do you think business management through paper based approach is __________? a) Simple b) Time Consuming c) Complex and Time Consuming d) Simple and easy Did any business staff member miss order details? a) Yes b) No c) Some times Do you think new technology will improve business functionality / a) Yes b) No c) May be Which areas do you think need to be computerized? a) Sales b) Stock c) Order d) All of above e) Non of above New technology should facilitate ____________? a) Customer b) Staff c) Management d) All of above New computerized system needs to be ________________? a) User friendly b) Functional c) Complete d) Robust e) All of above Task 3 a) Feasibility Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business is now attempting to implement a new technology based system that will automate corporate business and operational areas. The basic purpose of this new computerized system development is to offer a much better system that automatically manages business deals for Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. This section presents a feasibility study of this project in the context of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. Technical Feasibility Without a doubt, this technology based system is capable of handling all the major business processes and operations. As discussed above, the majority of business organizations are already making use of such computerized systems for the management of their daily tasks. In fact, the majority of software development firms regularly develop such applications for a number of customers. Hence, technically it’s feasible to develop such applications. In addition, a wide variety of these computerized systems is also available in the market. In this scenario, these products can be purchased at fixed price. Familiarity with Application The computerized system that will be developed for Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business is not a new kind of system which is unacceptable to staff or management. So this new technology based system seems feasible for the corporate operational and procedural management. As the majority of business organizations have successfully implemented these computerized systems so it seems feasible for Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business that its staff members can also make effective use of this technology. Familiarity with Technology As discussed above, this system does not involve the usage of any specialized tool or technology. This kind of software applications are widely developed by a large number of software development firms so the majority of software developers are well familiar with the technology that is used for the developed of such computerized systems. Hence, the implementation of this computerized system seems feasible. Project Size With a tight estimation we are able to identify that this system will be based on stock handling and order management and can be based on 15-20 windows for processes handling. Strategies to present the systems In case of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business system, there are many other aspects as well that come under the area of feasibility study. In addition, these aspects also play a significant role in the decision regarding the selection of a project. Some of the important aspects are outlined below: Economic The proposed system is economically feasible as it is aimed at offing effective economic support for business by reducing need for additional human resource and adding value to Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. Development Costs This project will be completed in approximately $50000. This cost includes overall development and implementation of new computer based systems for Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. Annual Operating Costs The management of business operations through new computer based systems will involve an annual handling and maintenance cost of approximately $1000 for maintaining the ongoing updates and integration of new system processes. In addition, Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business will require some routine maintenance that will also require additional operating costs. Annual Benefits (Cost Savings and Revenues) After the successful implementation of new technology based system, Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business will require a fewer human resources to run and manage its business operations. As a result, the business will be able to save a lot of revenue. In fact, Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business can also save papers and stationery through digitalization of all data and records. Intangible Costs and Benefits The system will also offer a number of economic advantages for instance it will reduce some intangible costs associated with traditional business practices and offer important benefits. In addition, some costs associated with reports and printing will also reduce. Through digitalization of system the overall costs associated with communication inside corporate will also cut down. Organizational Feasibility Project Champion(s) In the context of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business the development team will be the project champion and it will have serious impact on implementation of system (Sauter, 2013). Senior Management In view of the fact that this computerized system will provide an excellent support for business decision making. Hence, senior management of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business can be able to take benefit of this computerized system. Users This system will offer a large number of benefits to its users. In this scenario, some of the major advantages that this system will offer to its users can include digital entries, simple interface, easy data management and retrieval. This will also offer a great deal of support for business transaction facility. Other Stakeholders This computerized system will improve communication and collaboration capabilities of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. In this scenario, stakeholders of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business such as products suppliers and associates will be able to have timely access to accurate information and communicate with business effectively. Operational Feasibility There are many systems and technology based solutions those are currently applicable and operational for business management and offering a great deal of support for business management. In this scenario our proposed system will also offer operational feasibility for Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. Schedule The system is also feasible in the context of development time period. We have been assigned 60 days to complete this project and this is feasible for the completion of overall project (Sauter, 2013). b) Spreadsheet program Profit / Loss Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Revenue Projected Increased Sales 0 ?40000 ?40000 ?40000 Sales ?40000 ?80000 ?120000 ?160000 Total Revenue ?20000 ?40000 ?60000 ?80000 Cumulative Revenue ?200000 Costs Programming Cost ?4000 Design Cost ?10000 Testing Cost ?5000 Design Cost ?3000 Implementation Cost ?2000 Hardware Cost ?12000 Support Cost ?1000 ?1000 ?1000 ?1000 Total Costs ?37000 ?1000 ?1000 ?1000 Cumulative Cost ?40000 Net Return 0 ?55000 ?59000 ?79000 Task 3- B Graph Increase in Sales Each Year The above given graph clearly indicates that this investment will bring increase to expected sales. Sales v/s Revenue Above given graph demonstrates the relationship between sales and revenue. This graph clearly shows an increase in sales due to the increase in revenue. Task 3- C In this analysis I have shown a relationship between different variables such as the overall sales and total revenue. These relationships are demonstrates over a progress of four years and in a steady fashion. These relationships outline a steady line of increase in sales and overall increase in revenue after 2 years. These graphs and table analysis show that the business can be able to retain all its expenses in the 2nd year and will start generating revenue at its 3 and 4th year. Task 4 a) System Design This section outlines system design with the help of UML diagrams to depict the overall system functionality: i) Dataflow Diagram (DFD) (Context Level Diagram, Level –1 Diagram) The Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical depiction of a system in which data flows from one process to another. Basically, this diagram is used to represent all the major processes of a system and how these processes interact with each other. In this scenario, the DFD allows software developers to imagine how the system works, how it will be implemented, what tasks the system carries out, when it is modified with additional details. In addition, software engineers use data flow diagrams to transform analysis into design of information-processing systems however they also provide a way to model whole organizations. This section outlines the data flow diagram of Nancy’s Novelty Cakes Business. In this scenario, initially customer passes a request to staff member for placing a new cake order. In this scenario, the staff member takes the request and checks for if customer already registered or not. If customer is not already register then the system will proceed to register customer and if customer is already register then system will proceed to register new order. Here customer checks for designs and records his order. Here customer also pays for 10% of overall amount as initial payment of order (Kotonya & Sommerville, 1998; Sybase, 2012). Context Flow Diagram ii) Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a well-known technique that is commonly used in system design to develop a graphical depiction of the entities, and the relationships between entities, within a software system. In this scenario, an entity can be anything about which data is being gathered and stored (Rouse, 2007; Kotonya & Sommerville, 1998). The entity relationship diagram given below shows the major relationships among system entities and attributes. This diagram outlines important entities of system that have one-to-one and one-to-many relationships: iii) Entity Life History Diagram (ELH) An Entity Life History Diagram (ELH) demonstrates the processes that take place in the life of each specific entity. It is used to demonstrate the transition of information from one entity to another (Perry, 2005). Below I have outlined the system entity life history diagram that shows an overall system working procedures in a tree format. This diagram shows overall working of system from initial working procedures to lower level details. This overall hierarchy shows a detailed analysis of working entities and aspect that led to a complete transaction inside the system and its fundamental handling and management. b) Final Design The basic purpose of system design is to develop a system that offers full support for the final users. The final system design needs to be supportive for final application and development. I have assessed all details and ensured that final design of system will comply with all major aspects of the system and working procedures. I have assessed all major anomalies those lead to overall working of system. In this scenario, I have ensured that entity relationship diagram ensures the final level of normalization to ensure less data redundancy and maximum performance. These all aspects lead to better performance and fine management of system procedures. Effective design is a key to success for enhanced performance of system and better working around (Pressman, 2001; Sommerville, 2004). References Chan, F.K.Y. & Thong, J.Y.L., 2009. Acceptance of agile methodologies: A critical review and conceptual framework. Decision Support Systems, 46(4), pp.803-14. eSalesTrack , 2013. How can CRM help me? Time to clear your doubts. [Online] Available at: http://www.esalestrack.com/crm/what-is-crm/how-it-helps.html [Accessed 12 August 2013]. Hughes, B. & Cotterell, M., 2002. Software Project Management. 3rd ed. Glasgow: McGRAW-HILL Publishing. Jiang, L. & Eberlein, A., 2008. Towards A Framework for Understanding the Relationships between Classical Software Engineering and Agile Methodologies. 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In CHI '01 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, 2010. ACM. Read More