What Can Computing Do 'Beyond the Office' - Essay Example

?What can Computing do ‘beyond the Office’? Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a future of computing in the field of information technology. Basically, the AI is a science that is aimed at developing artificial intelligence into machines and as a result automating their actions. In other words, a significant goal of this paradigm is to develop human like intelligence in machine to reinstate and help out humans in daily tasks. Hence, AI is considered as an important field of science that is concerned with making machines that find out solutions to complex issues and problems in a human-like fashion. This usually involves making use of the characteristics of human intelligence, and putting into practice them like algorithms within a computer friendly approach. In this scenario, a wide variety of competent tactics can be used depending on the requirements identified; that expertly be in command of how artificial the intellectual actions became visible. Though, AI is normally considered as a very important field of computer science but it has a number of important and helpful applications in many other areas of study such as Cognition, Mathematics, Psychology, Biology, Philosophy, and many other fields and areas. Thus, our capability to join together data and knowledge from all these fields of study will ultimately encourage our development in the chase of creating an AI creature (Champandard, 2002; Russell & Norvig, 1995). This paper presents an overview of the artificial intelligence. This paper describes the field of artificial intelligence and analyzes the developments and influences which have been carried out by this model of science. Artificial intelligence is the most advanced and sophisticated type of technology that helps human develop better and useful machines which can carry out human tasks more efficiently without tiring and stopping. We can implement artificial intelligence in many existing fields. This paper has different sections to demonstrate the application, working and improvements of the Artificial Intelligence model of knowledge. This paper will also discuss various concepts that are associated with artificial intelligence. An Overview of AI (Copeland, 2000) believe that artificial intelligence is a science of creating computers and machines which have the capability to carry out tasks that require some intelligence when carried out by humans. In fact, the artificial intelligence has had more than a few successes in limited, or in basic areas. However, the earlier five decades from the emergence of AI have a great deal carried slow development; in addition to untimely anticipation about the achievement of human-level intelligence has offered a way to an optimistic response of the intense complexity of the problem (Copeland, 2000). According to (ThinkQuest, 1997; ThinkQuest2, 1997) artificial intelligence can be defined as a model of computer science which is aimed at building computers and machines which have the capability to carry out the actions and demonstrate behaviors that humans think are intelligent. In addition, the ability to create intelligent machines has normally deception to humans since early times, and at the present time with the developments and advancements in computer knowledge and fifty years of research into artificial intelligence programming methods, the dream of building intellectual machines is turning out to be a reality. In fact, at the present, scientists are building intelligent machines which are equipped to copy human thinking, recognize speech, beat the top chess-player among human, and many other actions which had never ever been possible (ThinkQuest, 1997; ThinkQuest2, 1997). History of AI In this section I will discuss the history of artificial intelligence. Basically, the history or roots of AI myths can be traced back to the earliest Egypt; however with the invention of electronic computer in 1941, the AI technology eventually became visible to produce machine intelligence. However, the term “artificial intelligence” was for the first time used in 1956, at the American DoD (Dartmouth conference), and from that time AI has been expanding for the reason that the principles and theories created and presented by its dedicated researchers and scientists. If we talk about its recent history, the developments in the field of AI have been considered much slower than its initial predictable expansion. In addition, since the emergence of AI, just about fifty years ago, there have been a wide variety of AI supported technologies and systems, as well as they have significantly influenced other technological developments (ThinkQuest2, 1997; Delic, 2006). According to (McCarthy, 2007) and (ThinkQuest2, 1997) despite these discouraging measures since the emergence of artificial intelligence it was predictable that almost immediately it will develop such systems and machines which would have a very modern and sophisticated intelligence, on the other hand this process was a great deal slower, as it grown slowly. However, a lot of new technologies were being developed in Japan. Additionally, the Fuzzy logic appeared as a new branch of AI, in the USA. In this scenario, Fuzzy logic has a limited ability to make decisions under uncertain situations. In the same way, another most useful technique neural network also appeared as a new branch of the AI, which was being reviewed like possible methods of implementing artificial intelligence (ThinkQuest2, 1997; McCarthy, 2007; Doyle & Dean, 1996). In addition, the implementation of AI was achieved using its field implementation, when US military built an AI based defense machine to keep an eye on the warfare during the military operation for the desert storm. After that, AI based technologies were used in missile systems, heads-up-displays, and for further growth. As a result of the difference of the AI, the interest of the public has remarkably been developed. Moreover, the modern AI computer applications designed for the IBM compatible computer, such as voice and character recognition and Apple Macintosh have turned out to be popular. Also, the AI technology has made steady camcorders simple by making use of fuzzy logic. Without doubt, artificial intelligence has, and will carry on controlling our lives (ThinkQuest2, 1997; McCarthy, 2007; Doyle & Dean, 1996). The history of artificial intelligence is shown in Figure 1: Figure 1- The History of Artificial Intelligence Source [http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/] Advantages of AI This section outlines some of the advantages of artificial intelligence: (Belli & Radermacher, 2010) Decreasing staff members to minimize expenditures and provide better working support Industrial Assistance Securing workers from unconfident working environments like chemical or atomic reactors Human assistance in daily life 24 hours a day, 365 days a year availability Low cost in overall expert development Military application Excellent support for business management Facilitating in all areas of life Future Direction Researchers and scientists have always been struggling to build such artificially intelligent machines which can perform human tasks. At the present time a great deal research is being carried out on the development of such robots that can help in kitchen, home, business, and manufacturing and up till now in space missions. In addition, modern AI based machines and systems are being built that are manipulating hard to believe intelligence for solving huge and complicated problems (Russell & Norvig, 2010; Copeland, 2000; Turban et al., 2005). In future it is expected that robots will certainly help us in every walk of life. There will also be intelligent homes which are fully based on AI based system. Conclusion This paper presented a detailed analysis of artificial intelligence, which has emerged as a future of computing in the field of information technology. This paper has discussed the history of AI. Basically, the history or roots of AI myths can be traced back to the earliest Egypt; however with the invention of electronic computer in 1941, the AI technology eventually became visible to produce machine intelligence. This paper has also discussed several advantages of AI. In future it is predictable that robots will without doubt help us in every walk of life. There will also be intelligent homes which are fully based on AI based system. References Belli, F. & Radermacher, F.-J., 2010. Industrial and engineering applications of artificial intelligence. [Online] Available at: http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=4WmOnFlpujAC&pg=PA1&dq=artificial+intelligence+advantages&hl=en&ei=BS9mTIWOIJDJcd26lNoP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=artificial%20intelligence%20advantages&f=false [Accessed 24 April 2012]. Champandard, A.J., 2002. Artificial Intelligence Introduction. [Online] Available at: http://ai-depot.com/Intro.html [Accessed 24 April 2012]. Copeland, J., 2000. What is Artificial Intelligence. [Online] Available at: http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/What%20is%20AI.html [Accessed 19 April 2012]. Delic, K.A., 2006. AI re-emerging as research in complex systems. Ubiquity, 2006(October), pp.1-3. Doyle, J. & Dean, T., 1996. Strategic directions in artificial intelligence. Computing Surveys (CSUR), 28(4), pp.653-70. McCarthy, J., 2007. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE? [Online] Available at: http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/ [Accessed 24 April 2010]. Russell, S.J. & Norvig, P., 1995. Artificial Intelligence: Modern Approach. London: Prentice Hall. Russell, S.J. & Norvig, P., 2010. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach 3rd Edition. New York: Prentice Hall. ThinkQuest, 1997. An Introduction to the Science of Artificial Intelligence. [Online] Available at: http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/ [Accessed 27 January 2011]. ThinkQuest2, 1997. The History of Artificial Intelligence. [Online] Available at: http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/ [Accessed 13 August 2010]. Turban, E., Leidner, D., McLean, E. & Wetherbe, J., 2005. Information Technology for Management: Transforming Organizations in the Digital Economy. New York: Wiley. Read More