Appraisal of Key Ideas in Housing Analysis - Term Paper Example

Housing Name Institutional Affiliation After War period of 1812, most of the world’s attention was geared towards the exploration and settlement of its citizens. This was a period which begun immediately after the Civil War and worlds Reconstruction. The development was inspired by certain group beliefs and values which were seen to important components during this period. To begin with, the first European union belief was Sectionalism which played an important role in the World expansion. After the Civil War most of the places around the world felt an increasing decline in political power with the downfall of the Federalist Party (Bridget, pp.67-80, 2005).This actually opened up new regions for exploration and settlement and immediately the Civil War ended the governments were very eager to enlarge the Union. This resulted to political states enlargement having new states joining the Union between the year 1816 and 1821. This resulted to an increase in demand for industrial revolution in the Western regions of the world. This in turn stimulated more people to immigrate towards the industrializing areas (Jago,pp.1-48, 2007). For instance the westward movement of American population is believed to have occurred in the intermittent flurries of settlement. The first wave of westward expansion was actually accompanied by the increases in the manufacturing companies in the New England which later resulted to high levels of mobility throughout the nation. The settlers of the west whom were referred to by the name pioneers migrated together with their families and settled along the rivers of the West having the main objective of developing trade. Pioneers settled in the same areas of the East through which they shared similar customs and religions (Kemeny, pp.5-20, 1995). Example is the Indiana which was popularly occupied by the Southern Migrants this made the New Americans to move westward to Michigan to settle there instead of Indiana which initially was occupied by the former England residents (Chris, pp.5-14, 2008). According to the history, settlers are said to have moved towards the Midwest which led to the increase line the levels of the infrastructures nationwide. There was creation of a system of roads, canals and railroads. New methods developed in the transport sector were then used as the foundation that led to the emergence of agricultural and medical service centers (Paul, 1993). Globalization can be considered as new phenomena which actually developed in the 19 century in a way that various economies actually experience dramatic approach of globalization. During this period the world experienced high level of industrialization which actually led to the rapid production of cheap household items through the economies of scale. This was made easier with the growing demand of population which actually maintained the demand for the commodities produced. Globalization in this period was developed into the current new phenomena when the completion of British conquest of India actually opened up the boundaries as the regions for ready consumers for most of the European exports (Peter, pp.78, 2000). The modern phenomenon of globalization is today driven much by the private sector ideological agenda. Due to the new form of globalization it has actually shaped the decision making processes from the national governments to the private sector making it more difficult to actually differentiate between the issues of globalization and liberalization since all have become part and parcel of neoliberal projects (Peter, pp.78, 2000). Additional globalization actually can be viewed as new phenomena given the fact that it has turned various economies into sovereign nation states where everything now days occurs only within the nation state boundaries and any interference from other national states is considered to be a transgression against other national sovereignty of the national state. In the past weaker states were always prepared to some extent to give out part of their national sovereignty in exchange for some form of perceived protection advantage which actually is not the case today since globalization has opened up national states boundaries to trade and industrialization. This increase in population due to movement of people towards industrialized areas meant a need for more infrastructures like the housing which was to accommodate the ever increasing and demanding population. According to he European Union, housing policy is above all national governmental policy whose objective is to influence the market that will provide sufficient and affordable stock in regard to the rate of needs to it. It also gives housing a definition as a hybrid of the common good indispensable for all and commercial good. In his paper we will discus two approaches that give appraisal to the housing study and these are the social market housing and the cooperative market housing. According to the European Union report on housing research and analysis, most of the housing systems have been affected greatly by the daily hanging political systems in the recent past where by they have moved from one housing policy to another particularly in the former communist countries and the new member states. The change is said to have led to the strong liberation and transfer of the housing commodities either to those who are formerly owners or the current tenants as the legal owners. Despite these radical changes, all wasn’t the same in all the countries but varied basing on the administrative structure of every country and its preferences as per the housing policy (Peter, pp.78, 2000). Co-operative approach to housing is a mode of housing other owned by contactors or other private firms, or even joint members of a certain organization in which the entities do not belong to the government housing but operate based on the regulations of the housing policy stipulated under it. Apart from the government’s ability or efforts in the provision of the shelter to the population, the corporate groups also did it to bring the highly desired services to the population. Primarily the co-operatives are concerned with low income earners who cannot afford to own houses on their own. In this context, affordable method of housing includes the social and the rented and the intermediate mode of housing, it was provided to by the specification of the eligibility of households that their needs may not be met by the market. Social houses that are rented are the rented housing that are owned and also managed by local authorities. On the hand, they are also registered as the social landlords, for this case, the guideline target of the rents are therefore determined through the regime of the national. The proposals set out in the Three-year Review of Rent Restructuring ((Peter, pp.78, 2000). It is evident that this definition is not limited only to the potential home excluders rather it includes housing loans provided by private sector bodies or provided without grant funding. These homes are primarily used for planning purposes, hence in real sense they are perceived to be affordable mode of housing to many individuals.The low cost market' housing, could not be given a consideration in the purposes housing of houses that are available. The policies therefore play a role of controlling the rent could otherwise be inflated by businessmen. The governments introduced the social housing with different objectives like for the purpose of housing of the poor who were living in the poor houses or poor work house. Above all, the main objective of the initiation of this project for an indispensable basis for employment of the citizens, stabilization and the settlers whether foreigners or not and to offer quality life to the residents(Jim,pp.3-20, 2007). This strategy was broadly welcomed by many authorities from the national levels to city levels through the provision of land for the construction of the structures, assistance in the finance of the housing construction and renovation for the various structures the initially existed. Other development partners such as the housing associations, cooperatives, initiatives and the support of the individual tenant owners emerged and strongly supported the construction of the housing facilities. The provision of social housing was basically meant to help people with the lower income, a situation that was to exist for a quite period of time. The social housing and the subsidized condominium is softened even the private residential sector (Jim,pp.3-20, 2007). The municipalities were forced to act in all the required fields because as interactive bins, deficiencies in one market would have influenced the cost situation and the level of demand in urban centers. The housing policy wasn’t just about the creation of houses for occupancy t o to sustain livelihoods but also played role in the creation of neighborhoods, provision of services and the forming of the city structure. The policy did not only influence the choice on how to live but also on the choice on where to live. Variation in policies among the states is based on several factors which include the right to housing. Perhaps not all countries may not appreciate the fat that every person has a right to housing and this leads to a variance to house ownership and therefore specifies who should and who should not own a house. To some, everyone has a right irrespective of his status like marriage, disability, religion, belief, or sex even sexual orientation. The role of the municipal in the national housing also shows the commitment of the local management in the development strategies. The role of stable housing and affordable housing situation for the people need to be a continuous implementation issue day by day due the increasing demand from the increasing population pressure. This indirectly influences the whole living situation thus interfering with the market situation by incurring public money kin for the housing of the lower wage earners that has had a long tradition is therefore for of the main public bodies. Today, balancing disparities is seen as a common challenge for the municipalities and the similar bodies. Disparities produce exclusions with broad negative consequences(Jim,pp.3-20, 2007). The threats and higher indebtedness of the evictions, rent increase and the housing loss have dramatically increased and have on some occasions led to the strikes. From statistics, almost a populations of hundreds of people went on riot retaliating against the increased rents on the houses they did live in. due to the social housing policy, it demanded that the government had to come out strongly and protect its people (Charles, pp.56, 2009). The population is used to low rental houses and if the rent could be increased unrealistically it would lead to riots. The riots are on the other hand seen to be realistic because of the level of wage income particular people in the housing sector against for instance the Germans during those days. It was for the common resident to occupy other houses due to inflation of the rents and therefore the only option was the municipal house (Mark, Walter, & Mark, pp.5-34, 2008).This indicates how great the need was for the municipal houses and this meant that the municipal had to continually invest in the construction of more housing in the counties. Although some region or parts of the world seem to be rich, poverty is still a fact and from the statistics, figures show that 16% of the population which is estimated to about 70 million people are in the European union are living under the threat of poverty. But to other states, the poverty rate has only little connections to whether the country has undergone any major transactions or not. This is seen as more question of the balance of the community. Poverty is still among different groups of population like nthe single parenthood which may be of a one dependent child. We can also look at the age groups of particularly 0-17 years with 19%, and the young population of age 18-24 that comprise of 18% and the older people h65 years and above at 19%. The older women at much higher risk than the men with 21% compared to 16% of men. The gender dimension can be seen to be a higher visibility with unemployment as the key factor in the people being at the poverty risk of to almost 40% (Michael, pp.45, 1993). Another contribution to poverty in this context is the grate of unemployment. Benefits are said to bring about a balanced income and the living situation and diverse forms of the housing benefits, they are subsidized provisions and do form an important part of the tools in most countries. The pressure from the increasing population led to the development of the state housing which on the other hand led to the development of urban renewal programs like the Aktive stadtteilentwicklung for the disadvantaged quarters. Another programme called the wachsende stadt did increase the movement of the highly potential families and the companies in the cities. Another initiative that arose as a result of this initiative was the programme of the district of harbor city for example the docklands in London. The government did succumb to the amount of pressure and decided to establish state owned houses for the construction of the 1,2 and three roomed houses that were offered at low rent grates for young married couples that were under the rate of 35years and below. According to this policy, the occupants of the houses under this scheme were supposed to buy them after sometime if they will be willing. This policy also did imply that young families and individuals would be provide with grounds of some 500sq. m. each at no cost which would help them establish the so called self funded housing construction. With this, this individuals would built the social dwellings for rent, program for buying the existing buildings at an affordable prices and re functionalize them as dwelling houses for the various necessities in future. For approximately 10 years the number of population in Krakow has been stable (Graham, Peter, & David,pp.28-34,2005). According to the records, Krakow society is gradually aging (in the population structure the share of population. at the economically pre-productive age is decreasing and in post-productive – growing up).The birth rate is growing and the death rate declining, however the birth rate has reached a negative value. Positive permanent migration balance shows declining tendency. The number of marriage licenses keeps growing (Czasny,2004). The growing divorce number has been recorded. Permanent population increase rate in Krakow neighboring communes has been recorded (phenomenon of suburbanization). A considerable number of eviction orders that results in a duty imposed on the Municipality to provide social council flats or an alternative dwellings and compensation to be paid to the judgment creditors that have not been executed by providing an appropriate social council flats to the entitled persons. In order to comply with statutory obligations, as of December 31, 2007, the Municipality should provide 1 852 social council flats, 305 alternative dwellings and 14 replacement dwellings. In 2007, app. 288 applications were lodged for the payment of compensation for failing to provide social council flats to the persons entitled to such premise under the court verdict - at the Housing Department were entered into and 42 claims for a total amount of PLN 2 485 822.91 submitted by owners were recognized. A considerable number of individuals threatened with eviction that lost their right to a dwelling unit under a three-year notice period - As at December 31, 2007 were registered 495 applications for housing assistance complying with the related criteria due to a 3-year notice. Protests were expressed due to the Municipality’s investment plans that obstructed or prevented the fulfillment of the Municipality’s duties relating to the provisions of dwellings. Waiting for specific assistance of the Municipality by persons directed to private tenements (including those with tenancy contracts under three-year notice) and exposure to social protests connected with such fact(Chris & Tony, pp.34-46, 2007). The Municipality has to provide social council flats for different risk groups who need support. Identification of specific needs (age, ethnic minorities, disability, etc.), like the Specific social housing services for specific groups, adjusting production to specific needs, Prioritizing target groups in allocation policy. The pressure from the health department also led to the adherence to to health safety of the persons for instance refurbishment of the Dłubnia Water Treatment Enterprise, construction of water mains and pressure-equalizing tanks, refurbishment and modernization of water supply and distribution network, replacement of decapitalized closed water conduits, alteration of the Krakow sewage system, building of a sanitary drainage system in the eastern parts of the city. Today, the wake of many disasters around the has made houses classified by the Regional Government as houses with some limitations in the conditions that the beneficiary must fulfill and about the characteristics the house and its maximum prize has as a exchange of some subsidies. The houses can be allocated to selling or renting and the houses will be the regular and permanent accommodation of its inhabitants(Chris & Tony, pp.34-46, 2007). In Galicia region there are different kinds of autonomic protection for selling: of an especial regime, of a general prize and of arranged price (with different maximum prizes) and two different kinds of autonomic protection for renting: of a basic rent and of an arranged rent (with different maximum prizes). The entrance to each type of housing depends on familiar incomes of the petitioner. Cooperative: an association of private individuals or legal entities that having common interests or socio-economic hardships, decide to develop a housing promotion activity to bring to its partners houses or business premises, with this objective they can start tasks of purchasing, parceling out or development of lands as well as the carrying out of the works and services they need. In conclusion, the social market and the co-operative market approaches to housing are keen to explore opportunities through is emerging Local Housing Companies and new build programme for new forms of tenure. In particular the development of transitional tenure arrangements that allow for the tenure balance to adapt to the social mix in a community then change with social and economic circumstances. The co-operative approach is basically concerned with housing issues thus how well co-operatives try to deal with the problems of housing in particular logical manner especially for low income earners. On other hand the social approach is primarily concerned with housing issues from a social perspective. This is primarily done to help improve social cohesion within communities, removing any stigma associated with social housing and improve new build resilience at times of economic difficulties (Chris & Tony, pp.34-46, 2007). In particular the City Council wants to demonstrate real leadership in tackling the recent housing problems that have arisen as a consequence of international financial difficulties. The experiences of other cites as they deal with similar problems will be particularly helpful The City Council is actively working towards establishing a significant new build programme in its own right. In partnership with its arms length housing Management Company, Your Homes Newcastle, our aim is to build 500 new homes over the next five year References Bridget, M (2005).The home buyer's question and answer book. Publisher: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn, pp.67-80 Charles, M (2009). Housing studies: dealing with older housing. Publisher: Dept. Of Physical Planning, Strathclyde Regional Council, pp.56 Chris, A (2008).Housing market renewal and social class. Publisher: Routledge, pp.5-14 Chris, P., & Tony, D (2007).Housing studies: towards vocational training. Publisher: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, pp.34-46 Czasny, K. (ed.) (2004), the importance of housing systems in safeguarding social cohesion. Publisher: McGraw Hill Graham, R., Peter, R & David, R (2005).A Practical Approach to Housing Law Publisher: Routledge, pp.28-34 Jago, D (2007). Government discourse and housing. Publisher: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,pp.1-48 Jim, K (2007). Housing and social practice. Publisher: Routledge, pp.3-20 Kemeny, J (1995).From public housing to the social market: rental policy strategies in Comparative perspective. Publisher: Routledge, pp.5-20 Mark, K., Walter, M & Mark, S (2008). European Integration and Housing Policy. Publisher: Routledge, pp.5-34 Michael, E., S (1993).Shelter poverty: new ideas on housing affordability. Publisher: Temple University Press, pp.45 Peter, S (2000).Social relations and social exclusion: rethinking political economy.vol 4. Publisher: Routledge, pp.78 Read More