The Climate System Has Been Forced to Change as Controlled by the Climate Itself - Assignment Example

Political science ANSWER The rate, at which the climate system has been forced to change as controlled by the climate itself, is more rapid than the changes, which occur within the external forces that cause the transition (National Research Council, 2002, p11). These changes, like those that occur with the normal climate change have adverse effects. These consequences range from an increase in the intensity of storms and heat waves, to the rise of seas levels (Cities Alliance, 2009, p4). All these changes are experienced at the global level. Abrupt climate change has a number of implications, not only for the environment but also for modern economies and development plans. Such implications include factors disruption in the way of life of individuals and the societies from which such individuals come. For instance, the various kinds of drought, which are associated with this form of climate change, caused the disintegration of the civilization process in north Mesopotamia during the third millennium (National Research Council, 2002, p6). With the rate at which climate change is taking place, these is more need to worry about tomorrow if the society is to avoid further consequences of the problem (Cities Alliance, 2009, p 1). According to Paul Gilding (2011, p24), , the possibilities of the temperatures rising and falling in the coming centuries are inevitable. In his book “The great disruption: How the climate crisis will transform the global economy” Gilding indicates that in the midcentury, temperatures, at the global level, will temporarily rise above more than one degree centigrade. He additionally explains that, the temperature will further drop below plus one degree centigrade sometime, close to the end of this century. According to the author, the sea level will consequently rise by an approximate of half a meter and continues rising all through the years that follow the century. Noteworthy is the fact that, Significant climatic change will be noticed with every century that possess by. The need for security in the ever changing society is obvious and security in the form of water and food even more important. The rate at which the world population is increasing is however so alarming. This is due to the possible insecurities that such increase in populations comes with. The ever-changing climatic conditions and the global warming factor also makes no matter easy in the already insecure world. The interconnection between crises in the aspects of food, water, and energy and the climatic condition, in the quickly warming world cannot go without being noticed. Behera, Brauch, Chourou, Grin, Kameri-Mbote, Krummenacher, Mesjasz & Oswald (2008) note that climate change has posed massive insecurities in the face of the globe. According to the authors, much of the securities today, in the form of water stress, population growth and desertification, are factors of climate change. Climate change has led to the deterioration of the environment. This has in turn caused famine hence water and food insecurities. Additionally, the change has caused the deterioration of natural resources, some of which are energy sources. This has made providing energy for the ever growing global population even harder (Behera et al, 2008, p13). All areas of the globe, have felt the impact of the rapidly changing climate. The different environmental make up of areas within the globe has however made the experience that individual living in the diverse areas, different from one another. According to Watson, Zinyowera , Moss & Dokken (1997, p24), anticipated transformation in climatic condition act together with diverse environmental conditions and changes. Such factors as the dilapidation of land, the diminution of water resources and loss of biodiversity, among other things play a major role in determining the levels and impact of climate change to different regions of the globe. For the population along the equator for example, it is predicted that an increase in the amount of rainfall is to be expected. As such, marginal areas would become increasingly productive, unlike the situation in the present time. Nevertheless, the population pressure along the rangelands and marginal forests will most likely undermine this outcome (Watson, 1997, p12). As with the northern more temperate zones, the abrupt climate change is likely to augment the percentage of areas that experience an annual water deficit among other changes (Lauenroth, Epstein, Paruelo, Burke, and Aguiar & Sala) ANSWER 2 According to max Webber, each social organization would be identified with reference to the conduct of the human beings who made up the entity. As such, the description of a social organization lay with the kinds of collective human actions that associated with such institutions. To Weber, therefore, all social institutions differed in one way or the other, depending on the behaviours of those individuals who made up such entities. To him, the state had a completely different character apart from other social institutions (Dusza, 1989, p22). Unlike other social institutions, the aspects of manipulation and monopoly are so widespread in the element of state (Warner, 1991). Webber defines the state as a body, which enjoys delegatable domination on the rightful use of lawful force. In other social organization, the use of force is non-existent. The use of force in exercising authority constitutes one of the factors of state failure on the fourth world. Christian Parenti (2011, p16) demonstrates the prevalence of the use of force to enhance the influence of those in political positions. Rulers, in maintaining power and eliminating their rivals have for instance used the police force. According to the author, some of the modern fourth world states are a product of war making. The lack of peace in some of these nations has however not done well for the nations and their inhabitants. This is because, the results of these have become brigandry, inter-communal dissension and social breakdown, just but to mention a few (Parenti, 2011, p15). Additionally, Parenti states that, a number of factors contribute to the social breakdown of states aside from causing failed states. He indicates that, with the rise in temperature, change in the global climate has, to an extensive degree exhibits itself within politics of the world. Greater violence has been experienced because of such factor and the resultant outcome for this has always been state failure. In his book “Tropic of chaos: Climate change and the new geography of violence” Parenti demonstrates that violence and social breakdown are all factors of the climate change that the world is experiencing. The existence of climate wars, as he puts it, cannot be disputed. Parenti further explains that, banditry and social breakdown, across the global south have all been caused the climate change factor, which is clearly breeding wars in such regions of the world. To him, state failure is no just a matter of the use of force and the existence of violence. To Parenti, the violence that the world experiences and which has led to some failures among states are caused by some underlying factors. One of these factors includes the aspect of climate change. The consequences of climate change, especially in the modern world, in addition to the possible implications it would have in the future constitute some of the factors of hot debate in the contemporary world. The issues of energy, water, and food crises as factors of global warming have widely been discussed. However, the facet of wars and failures in states, though discussed has not been clearly understood by a majority of the populations of the world. Today, practical examples of how this process of catastrophic convergence has affected various areas in Latin America, North Africa and East Asia can clearly be demonstrated. . Climate change is by now starting to express itself in the form of hunger, migration, extensive urbanization in slum areas, poverty, civil war, in addition to the collapse of fragile states, among other negative occurrences. According to Parenti (2011, p33), these occurrences can be clearly located in specific geographical areas where the crisis is more prevalent. The areas, which have been mostly hit by the calamity, include the regions, which, economically and politically, are weaker, mostly due to the postcolonial rule structures they had. A case in point is the country of Afghanistan in which what can only be defined as a famine coup occurred. As Parenti puts it, the lack of appropriate action on the part of government, in dealing with the drought, which killed over 80, thousand inhabitants, led to an overthrow of the government. Following discontent over how King ignored the starving, choosing to vacate at such a moment, the then Lieutenant, General Mohamed Daud Khan, overthrew his brother in law. This coup led to the death of some other civilians (Parenti, 2011, p21).When the term civilization is mentioned, the role that the western world played in propagating the phenomenon often never goes unnoticed. The influence and dominance that the western world has therefore had in modern history has been a clear factor. Aspects, which can be associated with this influence, include the likes of the breakthrough to civilization in Mesopotamia among other events Bibliographies Committee on Abrupt Climate Change, National Research Council (2002) Definition of Abrupt Climate Change: Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises, Washington D.C: Nationa; Academy Press Cities Alliance (July 2009) Sharing Knowledge and Learning From Cities: Clkimate Change, What Does This Mean For Your City, Washington D.C Gilding, P. (2011). The Great Disruption: How The Climate Crisis Will Transform The Global Economy. London [Etc.: Bloomsbury. Behera, N. C. Et Al (2008). Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts. Berlin: Springer Berlin. Watson.R.T, Zinyowera , M., Moss, R.H & Dokken, D.J (1997), , Summary For Policymakers: The Regional Impacts Of Climate Change: An Assessment Of Vulnerability: Intergovernmental Panel On Climatic Change (Ipcc) Lauenroth, W.K Et Al (2004) Potential Effects Of Climatic Change On The Temperature Zones Of North And South America, Revista Chilena De Historia Natural, 77, Canada Dusza, C, (1989) Max Weber’s Concept of the State in International Journal of Culture and Society Vol 3 (1), Human Science Press Inc. Daniel Warner (1991). An Ethic of Responsibility in International Relations. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Pp. 9–10. Ferguson, N. (2011). Civilization: The West and the Rest. New York: Penguin Press. Parenti, C. (2011). Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography Of Violence. New York: Nation Books. Ahmad, I., Arrighi, G., & Silver, B. J. (1999). Chaos and Governance In The Modern World System. Minneapolis [U.A.: Univ. Of Minnesota Press. Dirks, N. B. (1994). Culture, Power, History: A Reader In Contemporary Social Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. Darwin, J. (2009). After Tamerlane: The Rise And Fall Of Global Empires, 1400-2000. New York: Bloomsbury Press. Wolhforth, W.C , RevisitingBalance of Power Theory In Central Eurasia: Retrieved, http://www.dartmouth.edu/~govt/faculty/Revisiting%20Balance%20of%20Power%20Theory%20in%20Central%20Eurasia.pdf Chilcote, Ronald H. (1994). Theories of Comparative Politics: The Search for a Paradigm Reconsidered (2nd Ed.). Boulder: Westview Press, 1994. Evans, Peter, et al. (1995). “The Role of Theory in Comparative Politics: A Symposium.” World Politics 48 (October 1995) 1-49. Lijphart, Arend. (1971)“Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method.” American Political Science Review 65 (September 1971): 682-693. Read More