Liberty and equality in French revolution - Essay Example

Liberty and equality in French revolution Demand for equality and liberty were the main driving force in the French revolution. Liberty de s freedom that makes an individual have the ability to stood firm and make decisions unreservedly and with chance to articulate one’s beliefs without fear. On the other hand equality refers is where individuals in law are regarded as equal so that all of them can be subjected to the same rules ,respects, status, opportunities, rights and privileges to avoid discrimination Before the onset of revolution, kings and nobles were inhumane and exploitative especially to the poor majority of that era. Nobles and kings strained the majority of the poor who to some extent, were looking for all possible means to get what their heart desired. Therefore liberty and equality reflected economic breakdown, social and political as they were the force that drived reformation of corrupt regime of the time. There lots of downfalls regarding the state of economy which had be corrected to averting the anger from the general population .Economic volatility indeed was the factor that preceded the revolution. Improper usage finances coupled with deficit made it hard to provide for people who faced economic hard ships. Therefore the suffering of many peasant continued to reveal unfair weighty taxation that peasant have to bear. This resulted in more hardships because of the equalities between the rich and poor. Preconditions that let to industrialization before or in the begin to industrialization in 1880 Agricultural advance in agriculture in late 17th century and early 18th century couple with the birth of trade spurred the manufacturing sector that existed at the time to rapidly expand and increase production. Therefore agrarian revolution indirectly contributed to industrial revolution because agriculture provided the raw materials that were required by various manufacturing and processing industries hence contributing to their growth and expansion. Banking system Trade in Britain led to private banking as a result of the expansion. This also led to money economy characterized by trading organizations. Credit facilities appeared such as the promissory notes, bourse, state bank and other exchange media. This stimulated the economy to grow and people had more money to spend on new investments that later were turned to industries through growth. Environmental stability Steady economic production systems governed fresh national monarchies provided a reliable environment for industrial Revolution. Large investment capital Some countries like Britain were able to exploit and sell the natural resource from the countries which t large amount of for example hey colonized. They had amazed for themselves precious metal for example silver and gold which were sold to get extra money to develop new ideas. Capitalism The hidden benefit of capitalism was a new important economic idea that stimulated people industrialize further to get more money. In addition for market let to a spurt in economic growth. Emancipation of slaves in Brazil, Haiti, Jamaica and United States of America Emancipation of slaves in Brazil, Haiti and Jamaica The self-governing Brazil acknowledged emancipation as their obligation and in 1832 when a vote for strict anti-slave traffic legislation was passed. The colonial government entered into a battle with France but the French emerged the winners. The tab to finish the trade was then subsidized by Marquis of Barbacena in 1837. In 1845, Brazil accepted to co-work with the British cruisers under the Aberdeen Act however later, the British demanded Brazil to do away with the authorized slave traffic. There was passive resistance through malingering and sabotage. Resistance of the slave included attacks on escapes, overseers, quilimbos, and suicides Emancipation of slaves in Haiti It happened at a peak of Atlantic slave trade when in Canada and Chile recognized the institution of slavery as accepted. Revolution in Haiti was characterized by mass mobilization that was brought about by great socio-economic change Emancipation of slaves in Jamaica In Jamaica, England act of parliament in 1827 declared slave smuggling illegal and smugglers were sentenced to death. This was meant to be a change mechanism for the would be slave pirate and smugglers. This was immediately followed by bills that stipulated slave emancipation. Indeed emancipation of slave in Jamaica was supported by many in England that believed slavery was bad. Emancipation of Slaves in United States of America Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln in 1863 was a positive step that gave hope and promise of slaves’ freedom. There was authorization to establish African-American Union Army. This was thought to be the first step in rooting out racism, a major factor that lead to African being enslaved as it was perceived by the whites that Africans were of lesser value. Forces making for stability in America during the middle decade of the long 19th century During the 19th century, some of the forces making up for stability include: The start of the idea of gas and water communism which would make sure that the general public had the same rights to get the necessities of life. This also ensured equal and fair service administration and distribution to all members of the public at affordable rates. The transformation Movement contained in the Untainted Foodstuff and Medicine Act of 1906 which clearly tackled customer concerns. As per this treaty, there would be centralized scrutiny of meat and all other foodstuff that were not allowed to be produced, trade and haulage of contaminated foodstuff or toxic drugs with other states. The Worker’s Recompense Regulations which ensured guaranteed safety for workers and aid for those who encountered damages when at work. This further authorized the employers in some of the places to give damage cover for their workers. In addition were the measures for setting up accountability for injuries. Employment rules were also issued all over including the restricted areas for the security of women and children. Among the requirements of these rules was the demand for school children not to work by force in order to be given basic edification. Education reforms were also established where a policy was approved for free education in the government schools. Encounter and exchanges among the host and migrant people of Australia and Newzealand in the 19th Century. In the 19th Century, there existed a mutual agreement between Australia and Newzealand which allowed free interstate movement of the citizens of both states. Therefore both the migrants and the host people understood the need for establishing good relationships with one another especially in terms of trade to improve their economy. The net migration of these people led to increased populations due to increased births. The two countries also exported merchandise to each other where Austraria sold overseas grains, fur, mineral deposits and produce from pastoral activities while Newzealand on the other hand exported horticulture, fish, meat and wool. The wool export between the two countries was not a loss since it was of different types and was also used for different purposes. Factors that fostered wealth creation and distribution during 20th century These factors include: Change in technology which entails the use of sophisticated machines and use of modern energy sources to run these machines. This brings about higher yields. Improvement of industrial schemes leading to faster processing in the industries and production of more commodities in the long run hence enough supply in the market. Upgrading transport means and ways of communication by for instance use of rail and air transport for faster transportation and quick delivery; and also use of mobile phones that are very efficient in delivery of information. New imperialism and its impact Impacts of the new imperialism include: i) Britain and U.S emerged the worlds major industrial powers. ii) The United Kingdom generated goods so competently and supplied them to foreign markets. iii) Trade and investment surpassed the ability of the already present markets and therefore new channels were required iV) The U.S took over Cuba, Philippines and Puerto Rico and they became territories of the U.S thus expanding its colonial boarders. V) The U.S started the process of mandatory civilization to other nations whether they were for it or not. This resulted to a lot of oppression and exploitation on the nations being civilized. Differences between the old and the new imperialism While the old imperialism concentrated on trade between countries, the new imperialism in addition to trade was so much involved in seeking industrial powers and expanding their territories. The old imperialism was uncivilized and did not focus on that while the in new imperialism, the U.S was determined to civilize nations by force and later these countries to obtain independence. While the old imperialism made use of the limited available raw materials to meet the demands of foreign markets, in the imperialism the U.S set up marketing stations and outstations and worked hand in hand with traders of areas where business thrived most. In the new imperialism, the Europeans traded even in the non- European regions and these are the nations that they later colonized. Dynamics of 20th century warfare At the beginning of twentieth century, European atmosphere was tense. Influential countries had formed alliances and there was great rivalries that premonition eminent war. Germany formed central power with Austria while France, Britain and Russia had weak alliance. In 1800s, Europe had colonized almost the whole of Africa, Asia and Middle East for wealth and power. Balkans was troubled area in Europe .initially it was ruled by turkey. Later other groups fought to have control over it. First Balkan war was in 1912 where Greece, Serbia and Montenegro alliance attacked turkey and managed to drive them out of Europe. Second Balkan war was caused by peace agreement arguments. In 1930s, Japan invaded nearby countries of Koreas and China. Its increasing power was perceived as a threat to European countries like Germany and Italy. Japan-Germany later formed anti-Soviet pact. In Second World War there was sophistication in weaponry, aircraft and flying bombs .At the end of world, world most powerful atomic bomb and caused great devastation After Second World War, there came a period of cold war characterized by tension and hostility between USSR and USA. There was built up of nuclear capabilities on both sides with preparations for any nuclear war. This was psychological war and war was fought. After sometime, superpowers perceived war to be harmful especially when it involves use of nuclear weapons. In 1980s, friendly relationship started developing between USA and USSR despite their military distrust. Modernization during 20th century reshape views about empire, ethnicity, gender and religion Modernization during the 20th century has changed people’s views of empire, ethnicity, gender and religion as a result of exposure and knowledge that has come along with technology, urbanization, industrialization and inventions. With modernization, no gender is now believed to be more superior to the other since all the jobs, ranks, as well as dressing code that was meant for the masculine gender is now paralyzed by the feminine gender having equal share in the same unlike the earlier perception that the masculine gender was more superior to the feminine gender. This has also changed the view of people on religion where it has been believed to be for women, children and the desperate; or otherwise for the purpose of gaining wealth through offerings and the tithe offering. However, it has brought up so many religions where people have deviated from the existing religions forming their own thus bringing about many subdivisions in the church and in the community as well leading to many and divided ethnic groups. significant movements of population in the 19th century The contributor of significant movement in the 19th century was slave trade. During slave trade, many people especially the blacks from Africa to slave merchants who shipped them oversea to their home country to work in plantation without pay. For example during the trans-Atlantic slave trade, large majority of black slave from west and central Africa were sold to slave traders from Europe who shipped to south and north American colonies. In these colonies, slaves were dehumanized, discriminated. They were by force required to work in sugar, cotton, tobacco and coffee plantation. In addition they were also forced to work in mines, lumbering, house servants, rice field’s cultivation and construction industry. It’s estimated that over 10million black people were enslaved and shipped through the Atlantic to their final destination in South America and North America. In addition because of agrarian and industrial devotion, there was massive movement of people from rural areas to urban setting to either work in the new emerging various sectors brought about by massive agricultural and industrial changes. People especially the young people got attracted with the new employment opportunist in the emerging industries. This in general led to massive movement of people from their ancestral home s to town to work as either skilled labor or unskilled labor. Read More