Livestock Production Systems: Pig Diet - Assignment Example

Livestock Production Systems – Pig Diet Assignment Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: City/State: Date: Livestock Production Systems – Pig Diet Assignment Question 1               Feed Composition Table       UNEForm   by Evan Thomson, Animal Science, School of Rural Science & Natural Resources, University of New England, Armidale 2351 NSW, Australia.   Nutrient Requirement Supplied Units                 Feed formulation     ME 13.60 13.25 MJ/kg   spreadsheet     Crude Protein 14.00 14.50 %   Feed Formulation Box     Crude Fat 3.00 5.20 %   Ingredient Amount     Fibre 5.00 2.50 %     kg/100kg     Linoleic acid 0.60 1.10 %   Peas 6.20         Lysine 0.60 0.55 %   Limestone 1.00         Methionine 0.25 0.25 %   Tallow 1.95   This formulation:   Met+Cys 0.40 0.45 %   Methionine 0.10   Pig Finisher     Arginine 0.19 0.55 %   Calcium H. Phosphate 1.00         Cystine 0.15 0.25 %   Meat Meal 2.50         IsoLeucine 0.45 0.45 %   CottonCoat 1.00         Tryptophane 0.11 0.12 %   Special Wheat 0.00         Tyrosine 0.30 0.75 %   NaCl 0.12         Valine 0.45 0.70 %   Blood Meal 1.95   Scroll right     Calcium 0.55 0.95 %   Sorghum 75.75   to view     Phosphorus(total) 0.5 0.80 %   Canola Meal 1.20   Calculation Table   P. Available 0.45 0.65 %   Oats 6.70         Sodium 0.1 0.20 %   Lysine 0.33   PageDown to view graphs   Mn 4 55 mg/kg   0           Zn 100 75 mg/kg   0           Ca:Avail.P 2.10 2.60     0     COST/tonne $ 252.00   ME:CP 0 945.00     0                     Premix 0.20                   TOTAL 100.00                                       This diet was developed with the aim of providing balance and considerations of cost for the farmer. The provided ME is note reliable, which is at 13.25 MJ/kg. In addition, several supplements and nutrients were excess in terms of their overall requirements. The common nutrients used in the meal are within the appropriate range as opposed to the ME value. It is a complex task to ensure that all the nutrients provided in the diet given that the crops uses are inexpensive and with low levels of protein and ME value as compared to other oil, meat, and meals (Miller, Ullrey & Lewis 1991, 33). In addition, the meat and oil meals when consumed usually increase the amount of crude fat compared to the expected limits. To meet the provided dietary requirements, ensuring that all other requirements other than the ME are within the anticipated range would be effective in developing an appropriate diet (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). Additionally, some nutrients such as the Tallow are provided in low levels that has high ME levels with the aim of securing the appropriate normal range of Linoleic Acid and crude fat in the animal. This gives rise to a challenge given that an appropriate level of ME is nearly impossible to achieve with the consideration of the need to balance other nutrients in developing a balanced diet. In addition, it is critical to note that the commercial diet developed is relative to the age of a pig (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). The pellet sizes and mash are based on the age of a pig to optimize nutrient absorption and achieve the desired weight, crude fat, and size. The commercial nutrients used namely Tyrosine, Arginine, and Valine are noted to have exceeded the anticipated limits given that it was a challenge to ensure that they were in normal range levels. The price per 100killogram was AUD$302 renders the diet efficient and cost effective given that it has been able to achieve a variety of nutritional requirements. The diet was developed based on ratios sourced from existing reliable literature on nutritional needs for pigs (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). It is developed with considerations of cost effectiveness, nutritional optimization, and ensuring a high level of lean meet for modern farmers in pig rearing. Some of the nutrients namely limestone, peas, Calcium H. Phosphate, Methionine, oats, Cotton Coat, canola meal, lysine, blood meal and Sodium chloride have been incorporated into the diet. Cotton coat is not a common feature in pig diets. This diet used a high level of sorghum given that it provides a high level of the much-needed protein value for growing pigs (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). In addition, it is critical to consider that some of the nutrients used may bring about issues such as heavy weight resulting in the need to ensure that they were used in negligible quantities. Such items include sodium chloride (NaCl), lysine, and methionine. In addition, accuracy in some amounts such as sodium chloride, lysine, blood meal and methionine and tallow was a challenge. The diet was prepared using a large number of ingredients with some of them being a challenge to obtain. Additionally, the use of Tallow was limited given its role in reducing the quality of pork meat by increasing the amount of crude fat, which reduces the amount of lean meat (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). Essentially, the increase in energy levels demands an increase in density of vitamins minerals and amino acids. In addition, energy that is consumed in excess of that needed for muscle growth, body maintenance, lactation and reproduction results in an increase in the overall fat and in the process reducing the quality of lean meat (Miller, Ullrey & Lewis 1991, 32). Question 2 Increase in the overall costs of wheat and barley would have detrimental effects on the market. This would induce high demand for alternative grains such as sorghum rendering such commodities expensive for purchase (Ceron, et al., n.d, 17). This would also affect the availability of pig meat in the entire of Australia, resulting in increased prices of the commodity. This would also create an opportunity for entry of imports to subsidize the availability of pig meat in the country because of the inadequacies of in the local industry (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). Sorghum is an effective alternative to wheat and barley given its availability in the market. In addition, another commodity that can be used as an alternative is maize. However, it is ineffective given that it results in a high fat diet and reduces the level of lean meat in pigs. In feeding, the reproduction efficiency can be enhanced through enabling moderate weight gains in the gestation period and enhancing weight losses during lactation periods. These are two critical periods in the entire reproductive lifecycle whereby the energy intake can affect the production efficiency Question 3 Dietary Lysine (%) Sex 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 Feed Conversion Ratio Gilt 3.20 2.90 2.80 2.75 2.79 2.80 Boar 3.0 2.70 2.60 2.40 2.42 2.41 Barrow 3.35 2.98 2.85 2.83 2.79 2.80 Essentially my estimates are 0.59% of lysine for the gilt finisher and a 0.655 for the boar finisher diet. Such estimates are derived from extensive existing literature that provides that the requirements and estimates of lysine should focus on achieve the lowest level of FCR. Additionally, it is noted that it is critical to appreciate that FCR is effective for development. FCR levels would ensure minimal inefficiencies in the diets (Hauschild, Lovatto, Pomar, & Pomar, 2012, 41). The graph developed is a reflection of the feed and gilt ratio conversion that achieves stability as approaches the 0.58 dietary lysine levels. The feed conversion ration for the boar achieves stability as it moves towards the 0.6 level. Existing literature notes that the lysine requirements of finisher boars ranges from 0.62% and 0.67 (Ceron, et al., n.d, 14). Additionally, it is noted that the lysine requirements for gilts is lower than that boars giving rise to a range of between 0.56-0.60% for gilts.               Feed Composition Table       UNEForm   by Evan Thomson, Animal Science, School of Rural Science & Natural Resources, University of New England, Armidale 2351 NSW, Australia.   Nutrient Requirement Supplied Units                 Feed formulation     ME 13.60 13.25 MJ/kg   spreadsheet     Crude Protein 14.00 14.50 %   Feed Formulation Box     Crude Fat 3.00 5.20 %   Ingredient Amount     Fibre 5.00 2.50 %     kg/100kg     Linoleic acid 0.60 1.10 %   Peas 6.20         Lysine 0.60 0.55 %   Limestone 1.00         Methionine 0.25 0.25 %   Tallow 1.95   This formulation:   Met+Cys 0.40 0.45 %   Methionine 0.10   Barrow     Arginine 0.19 0.55 %   Calcium H. Phosphate 1.00         Cystine 0.15 0.25 %   Meat Meal 2.50         IsoLeucine 0.45 0.45 %   CottonCoat 1.00         Tryptophane 0.11 0.12 %   Special Wheat 0.00         Tyrosine 0.30 0.75 %   NaCl 0.12         Valine 0.45 0.70 %   Blood Meal 1.95   Scroll right     Calcium 0.55 0.95 %   Sorghum 75.75   to view     Phosphorus(total) 0.5 0.80 %   Canola Meal 1.20   Calculation Table   P. Available 0.45 0.65 %   Oats 6.70         Sodium 0.1 0.20 %   Lysine 0.33   PageDown to view graphs   Mn 4 55 mg/kg   0           Zn 100 75 mg/kg   0           Ca:Avail.P 2.10 2.60     0     COST/tonne $ 292.00   ME:CP 0 945.00     0                     Premix 0.20                   TOTAL 100.00                                                     Feed Composition Table       UNEForm   by Evan Thomson, Animal Science, School of Rural Science & Natural Resources, University of New England, Armidale 2351 NSW, Australia.   Nutrient Requirement Supplied Units                 Feed formulation     ME 13.60 13.25 MJ/kg   spreadsheet     Crude Protein 14.00 14.50 %   Feed Formulation Box     Crude Fat 3.00 5.20 %   Ingredient Amount     Fibre 5.00 2.50 %     kg/100kg     Linoleic acid 0.60 1.10 %   Peas 6.20         Lysine 0.60 0.55 %   Limestone 1.00         Methionine 0.25 0.25 %   Tallow 1.95   This formulation:   Met+Cys 0.40 0.45 %   Methionine 0.10   Boar     Arginine 0.19 0.55 %   Calcium H. Phosphate 1.00         Cystine 0.15 0.25 %   Meat Meal 2.50         IsoLeucine 0.45 0.45 %   CottonCoat 1.00         Tryptophane 0.11 0.12 %   Special Wheat 0.00         Tyrosine 0.30 0.75 %   NaCl 0.12         Valine 0.45 0.70 %   Blood Meal 1.95   Scroll right     Calcium 0.55 0.95 %   Sorghum 75.75   to view     Phosphorus(total) 0.5 0.80 %   Canola Meal 1.20   Calculation Table   P. Available 0.45 0.65 %   Oats 6.70         Sodium 0.1 0.20 %   Lysine 0.33   PageDown to view graphs   Mn 4 55 mg/kg   0           Zn 100 75 mg/kg   0           Ca:Avail.P 2.10 2.60     0     COST/tonne $ 252.00   ME:CP 0 945.00     0                     Premix 0.20                   TOTAL 100.00                                                     Feed Composition Table       UNEForm   by Evan Thomson, Animal Science, School of Rural Science & Natural Resources, University of New England, Armidale 2351 NSW, Australia.   Nutrient Requirement Supplied Units                 Feed formulation     ME 13.60 13.25 MJ/kg   spreadsheet     Crude Protein 14.00 14.50 %   Feed Formulation Box     Crude Fat 3.00 5.20 %   Ingredient Amount     Fibre 5.00 2.50 %     kg/100kg     Linoleic acid 0.60 1.10 %   Peas 6.20         Lysine 0.60 0.55 %   Limestone 1.00         Methionine 0.25 0.25 %   Tallow 1.95   This formulation:   Met+Cys 0.40 0.45 %   Methionine 0.10   Gilt     Arginine 0.19 0.55 %   Calcium H. Phosphate 1.00         Cystine 0.15 0.25 %   Meat Meal 2.50         IsoLeucine 0.45 0.45 %   CottonCoat 1.00         Tryptophane 0.11 0.12 %   Special Wheat 0.00         Tyrosine 0.30 0.75 %   NaCl 0.12         Valine 0.45 0.70 %   Blood Meal 1.95   Scroll right     Calcium 0.55 0.95 %   Sorghum 75.75   to view     Phosphorus(total) 0.5 0.80 %   Canola Meal 1.20   Calculation Table   P. Available 0.45 0.65 %   Oats 6.70         Sodium 0.1 0.20 %   Lysine 0.33   PageDown to view graphs   Mn 4 55 mg/kg   0           Zn 100 75 mg/kg   0           Ca:Avail.P 2.10 2.60     0     COST/tonne $ 252.00   ME:CP 0 945.00     0                     Premix 0.20                   TOTAL 100.00                                       Question 4 Soybeans, Nuda Oats, Triticale can also provide an immediate and effective source of protein as compared to other products such as wheat and sorghum (Swine Production and Nutrition). The amino acid composition of protein as opposed to the total quantity of protein is the primary determination of the feeding value and quality of a feed. In addition, protein supplements may also be used such as soybean meals, which are fortified with vitamins and minerals especially for a majority of classes of swine (Chiba 2004, 23). In selection of supplements and feed, issues such as energy should feature highly amongst the primary considerations for selection of pig feed. Energy can be delivered to the animals in the form of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The fats are usually made up with an estimated 2.2times more energy per single unit of weight as compared to proteins and carbohydrates (Ceron, et al., n.d, 22). The protein supplements supplied to the animals should not be utilized as sources of energy given the associated costs. In essence, the substitution of fats for carbohydrates enhances the levels of energy density within a single ration of feed. Pigs usually consume food to meet their daily energy needs, which means that enhancing the caloric density within feeds gives rise to reduction in the overall feed consumed by the animals on complete food and results in optimized feed efficiency (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). Essentially, the increase in energy levels demands an increase in density of vitamins minerals and amino acids. In addition, energy that is consumed in excess of that needed for muscle growth, body maintenance, lactation and reproduction results in an increase in the overall fat and in the process reducing the quality of lean meat. Added fat is usually beneficial in the rations when there is hot weather, a period during which pigs feed less (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). High-energy rations enable a balance with the energy intake. On the other hand, the overall cost comparison between fat and grain sources of energy is a principal determinant of the economical efficiency associated with high energy diets. Addition, the overall levels of fat included within a diet is dictated by economics as well as the physical challenges associated with processing, mixing and handling of rations that contain large amounts of fats (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). Research is indicative that in feeding sows, the reproduction efficiency can be enhanced through enabling moderate weight gains in the gestation period and enhancing weight losses during lactation periods (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). These are two critical periods in the entire reproductive lifecycle whereby the energy intake can affect the production efficiency of a sow. Addition of 4% of fat in the gestation ration in 21 days prior to furrowing has ability to enhance the average birth weight of a pig (NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine). In addition, this can increase the chances of life by increasing the overall fat content in a young pig. Addition of fat in the lactation ration increases the flow of milk, enabling weight maintenance and optimization of the conception amongst heavy milking sows.               Feed Composition Table       UNEForm   by Evan Thomson, Animal Science, School of Rural Science & Natural Resources, University of New England, Armidale 2351 NSW, Australia.   Nutrient Requirement Supplied Units                 Feed formulation     ME 13.60 13.20 MJ/kg   spreadsheet     Crude Protein 14.00 14.50 %   Feed Formulation Box     Crude Fat 3.00 5.20 %   Ingredient Amount     Fibre 5.00 2.50 %     kg/100kg     Linoleic acid 0.60 1.10 %   Peas 6.20         Lysine 0.60 0.55 %   Limestone 1.00         Methionine 0.25 0.25 %   Tallow 1.95   This formulation:   Met+Cys 0.40 0.45 %   Methionine 0.10   Pig Finisher     Arginine 0.19 0.55 %   Calcium H. Phosphate 1.00         Cystine 0.15 0.25 %   Meat Meal 2.50         IsoLeucine 0.45 0.45 %   CottonCoat 1.00         Tryptophane 0.11 0.12 %   Special Wheat 0.00         Tyrosine 0.30 0.75 %   NaCl 0.12         Valine 0.45 0.70 %   Blood Meal 1.95   Scroll right     Calcium 0.55 0.95 %   Oats 75.75   to view     Phosphorus(total) 0.5 0.80 %   Canola Meal 1.20   Calculation Table   P. Available 0.45 0.65 %   Oats 6.70         Sodium 0.1 0.20 %   Lysine 0.33   PageDown to view graphs   Mn 4 55 mg/kg   0           Zn 100 75 mg/kg   0           Ca:Avail.P 2.10 2.60     0     COST/tonne $ 272.00   ME:CP 0 945.00     0                     Premix 0.20                   TOTAL 100.00                                       Bibliography Swine Nutrition (ISBN 0-409-90095-8), CRC Press, Inc 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W. Boca Raton, FL 33431. NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine (ISBISBN 0-309-05993-3), National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055, http://www.nap.edu/bookstore Swine Production and Nutrition (ISBN 0-87055-450-6) AVI Publishing Company, Inc Westport, Connecticut. Miller, E.R., D.E. Ullrey and A.J. Lewis (Eds.). 1991. Swine Nutrition. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston. Chiba (2004; http://www.ag.auburn.edu/~lchiba/swineproduction.html) & NRC (1998). Also, see Chiba (2000) in Theodorou and France (2000). Stahly, T.S. 1991. Amino acids in growing, finishing and breeding swine. Proceedings of the Animal Nutrition Institute of the National Feed Ingredients Association. Hauschild, L, Lovatto, P, Pomar, J, & Pomar, C 2012, 'Development of sustainable precision farming systems for swine: Estimating realtime individual amino acid requirements in growing-finishing pigs', Journal Of Animal Science, 90, 7, pp. 2255-2263, Environment Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 1 May 2014. Ceron, M, de Oliveira, V, Lovatto, P, & do Vale, M n.d., 'Maintenance requirement and deposition efficiency of lysine in pigs', Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 48, 9, pp. 1269-1274, Science Citation Index, EBSCOhost, viewed 1 May 2014. Read More