The Issue of Cannabis Consumption - Literature review Example

Evidence-based Healthcare Author Institution Evidence Based Health Care Introduction This is the conscientious usage of present best evidence in decision making about the provision of health services. It may include the use of current information from valid researchers about the effects of diverse forms of health care. Researchers carried out in solving the issue of cannabis consumption. The first research by (Barrowclough et al., 2014) looks at the ways of reducing cannabis consumption. It specifies that the young people who have had their first episode of psychosis (Schubart et al., 2011) mostly consume cannabis, in his research cannabis consumption causes psychosis in young people. In this research, a young person at the age of around 12 years has a developing brain and so use of drugs in this age damages one's brain causing psychosis. The last problem associated with cannabis use as well as genetic predisposition was researched by (Veling et al., 2008), which is called schizophrenia. It is a mental disorderly that mainly appears in the late adolescence and early adulthood. This is a clear indication that cannabis consumption requires minimization and the health units require proper training on how to handle various conditions. Problematic people use specificities phased Psychological Therapy and use Following a First Episode of Psychosis Psychosis is a mental condition suffered by persons who extensively consume cannabis. A randomized control trial method employed in this research. The researcher takes an approach of psychological therapy meant to help the people who suffer from cannabis consumption (Barrowclough et al., 2014). The research uses a motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy methods that involve motivating a client to change their behaviors. Three groups of participants selected who supposedly subjected to an early stage intervention with standard care, which has 12 sessions, and run for 4.5 months. The standard intervention includes a standard care that has 24 sessions and runs for 9 months and the standard care alone (Barrowclough et al., 2014). According to the increasing number of cannabis and other drugs consumers, the research conducted on how to minimize cannabis consumption is relevant. It is evident that drugs consumption is at a high rate for the young people. This is a cause of concern because it is associated with quite some negative clinical conditions that are delayed remissions, social instability, suicidal behavior, and homelessness. Therefore, to prevent these long-term negative impacts a solution is required (Barrowclough et al., 2014). The research involves participants recruited in the North West of England and their age brackets included 16-35 years. The following criteria used in acquiring the participants, they were to meet the statistical and diagnostic manual of the mental disorders. There should have table accommodation and proper language in order to carry out assessment and cannabis dependence diagnosis. There was independence in the research in that the participants and the therapists did not know how many groups they were (Barrowclough et al., 2014). A motivational style used in the first phase where the participants given motivation materials to educate them about cannabis consumption. The materials they were youth friendly and focused on cannabis information. In the second phase, the participants subjected to a plan for change. This is a stage where the members were supposed to decide to stop the use of cannabis also were given time to maintain and implement those changes. Supervision done weekly where individual discussions and therapy sessions recorded. A sample of 20 recordings from different participants used to take the fidelity treatment test. These tests were to identify the number of days that cannabis abstained and the approximate weight of cannabis consumed per day. A readiness to change questionnaire provided as well. According to the research, data analyzed according to the intervention to treat principals. In the three groups, non-parametric tests used to make variable comparisons. There were multiple imputations for data missing using gender, locality, and age regression (Barrowclough et al., 2014). Due to non-completion of the follow-up assessment multiple analyzes were adjusted. However, the research results found out that there was no impact on the reduction of cannabis consumption using this intervention method. On the other hand, it is better for interventions to pay more attention to the problems associated with drug abuse such as physical health issues. Others are social, lifestyle issues, and non-adherence to medication rather than reducing the amount of cannabis consumption. Therapists should also visit their patients at home to suit their convenience and enable them to have a different perspective towards drug abuse. Use of Cannabis at a Young Age Associated with the Psychotic Experiences According to (Schubart et al., 2011) the age of starting cannabis consumption is highly related to the risk of subclinical psychiatric symptoms. A person who starts cannabis consumption at the age of twelve years is likely to suffer from psychosis in future that is a threat in the mental conditions increment in the population. This is because his brain is not entirely developed. In the research conducted by a cross-sectional data from young population and taken in Netherlands. It was clear that in every three adolescents among 15 who are 24 years of age have ever cannabis (Schubart et al., 2011). Participants of this research recruited using a project website that targeted the young adults and adolescents between the ages of 18-25 years. Participants who were ten years and below and 60 years and above were eliminated to increase efficiency. Different symptoms validity was discriminated for the individuals from the public. The researcher used the web-based questionnaire because it is reliable for epidemiological research purposes. In the Netherlands, 99percent of the adolescents use the internet and therefore it was the best method. In research, three criteria used where they accessed the amount of Euros used per week (Schubart et al., 2011). The first group was the cannabis naïve individuals who claimed not having used marijuana or they had used 3 Euros a week. The other group was the one of those who claimed to have used cannabis incidentally that is 3 Euros a week. One that used 3-10 Euros a week also was included. Another one could spend 10-25 Euros a week and finally one that would use 25 Euros and above per week. Schubert also used other criteria in determining which age group is more prone to cannabis consumption (Schubart et al., 2011). There were those who started use in 12 years, others at 15 years, 15-18, 18-20 years, and finally 20 years and above. In this study, he found out that the young people who started at the age of 12 are prone to psychosis and the group of 15 and 15-18 years. Those who start at the age of 20 are more prone to depressive symptoms rather than psychosis. He also considered the concomitant drug users, those that consumed other drugs other than cannabis. The cross-section and retrospective longer effects limit the value of information in this data set. In the research, it is clear that the target is everyone who is in the current stage in cannabis use. Psychotic conditions suffered by cannabis users in a larger percentage caused by early indulgence in cannabis consumption. The psychotic condition is one that can by proper advice and training minimized among the young people. The maturing brain subjection to the effects of ex-cannabinoids and thus young people advised against cannabis consumption at an early stage. Cannabis Use and Genetic Predisposition for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a condition of mental disorderly that mainly appears in the late adolescence and early adulthood, and it can as well appear at any stage in life. This brain disease may include psychosis, loss of personality, agitation, confusion, delusions, and bizarre behavior. Schizophrenia is a condition that anybody can suffer from and at any age group. The research carried out by (Veling et al., 2008) was to know whether cannabis consumption is associated with the development of schizophrenia. This study is significant in that they are different causes of schizophrenia and although some are unavoidable, some such as preventable drug abuse. The research done using a case study from an ethnic group of minorities in Hague stated the target group was raging from the age of 18-54 rears. It was to identify whether the siblings used more cannabis than the general hospital controls. According to the research, there are many causes of this condition but a bigger percentage is because of drug abuse. Other causes of schizophrenia may include the genes where if there is a history of it in a family the chances of developing are high. A chemical imbalance in someone's brain is another cause of the condition where there is an imbalance of dopamine. Family relationships can also be a reason for schizophrenia, some patients believe that tensions in the family can trigger. The environment is also another trigger for this condition that not fully been confirmed because it is hard to know whether some stresses occur because of this condition or whether the condition occurred because of the stress. Drugs also bring about this state in that consumption of drugs such as cannabis causes the first episode, a disabling condition that last for the rest of their lives. The research concludes that though there are many causes of schizophrenia, it is rather difficult to acquire information from people suffering from this condition due to their inability to coordinate. On the other hand, the biggest percentage of people suffering from this disease is because of drug abuse. Determining the age group prone to the condition is also difficult. Integration and Implications There are various suggestions that the people in the nursing practice should learn from the conditions researched. These conditions require special care since the people suffering have their different perception of life. These implications include; Making sense of experience The research by (Barrowclough et al., 2014) clearly indicates that individuals were suffering from psychosis. Just like schizophrenia, it requires someone to modify their personal beliefs thoughts and behavior to admit change and become better people. Nurses should create a friendly relationship with the patients so as to understand their world, what they go through and what makes them think that its only drug addiction that can help in their problems. In this case, a nurse should work collaboratively with these patients to know the causes of their conditions. (Barrowclough et al., 2014) Trust and Alliance According to the research, nobody who suffers from the psychiatric problems would find pleasure while informed they are mentally ill. Therefore, gaining the trust of these people requires excellent skills and sensitivity met by listening to their stories. Psychiatric people need an individual approach for them to open up and share their ideas and probably also the reasons why they ended up that way. Knowing why they hold particular beliefs, and getting into their world. Trust between nurses and patients help these kinds of people to take medication. This implies that the relationship between the nurses and the patients is very influential to their wellbeing (Gleeson and McGorry, 2004) Integrating psychosis According to the study, people with psychiatric conditions fail to come into sense with their condition and therefore in this case nurses have a role to play in helping them do so. The psychiatric people always wonder why them. The way it happened as well as what is doable to be normal and therefore, they would require a helping hand to understand all these questions. The nurse's role, in this case, helps the patients where biochemistry and medication fit in their explanation of the condition. A Nurse possesses a critical responsibility in bringing these patients in their right sense of mind (Barrowclough et al., 2014) Stress and vulnerability The research clearly indicates that every person can get these conditions since environmental stress also plays a crucial role whether or not one is vulnerable. These acute stress conditions can lead someone to be psychotic, and psychosis can lead to the stresses. The nurses should be sensitive and support these patients, and so they should provide emotional space for reflection. Nurses should apply an approach that empowers and respects individuals to help the recovery (Gleeson and McGorry, 2004). Continuum of experience People with the psychiatric conditions have unusual thoughts and sensation they feel left by their families and friends and may have a feeling of maltreatment and set apart. Persons with this critical condition need to experience a lot of love from their therapists as well as their family to as to play a role in their healing. Nurses should relate with these people in a way that their confidence is improved and their self-esteem is uplifted to contribute to their wellbeing (Barrowclough et al., 2014). Introducing the Evidence into Practice There are various implementations that nurses should practice in their daily activities that include. Nurses should implement positive aspects of providing services. Psychiatric people require attention at all times that are in the case of a relapse. They should have assistance at all times and they should be in the company of people with knowledge of how their condition handled. Therefore, professional nurses should include relapse prevention training and coping techniques and that relative and service users should know where to contact for help (Gleeson and McGorry, 2004) The nurses should implement staff recruitment so as ensure quality service offered to the infected individual. This will assist the newly recruited personnel to know the patients better and improve their relationship. Recruitment is also beneficial to the patients since in the process they can are aware of their new therapists and to appreciate them. It is important to ensure service user contribution in the care plans by creating trust between the therapist and the patient. Nurses should improve awareness of the psychosis condition and it causes so that individuals who have not had a chance to acquire the information should know, especially with early indulgence in cannabis consumption. Sensitization needs to be done to all people in all age groups so as to make people understand that it’s not only cannabis consumption that causes psychosis. They should also make it known how to acquire help at its onset and; therefore, they should promote a health strategy in the team (Barrowclough et al., 2014). They should also implement a healthy relationship between the families of their patients. They should also train them how to take care of them in case of emergencies while at home. This is because promoting hope in the families of the patients is vital in that they will help them to love the patients and will encourage them to keep taking care of those patients (Gleeson and McGorry, 2004) Conclusion The results of the research indicate that cannabis consumption is mainly by young people who have no understanding of its immediate consequences. The psychosis problem brought about by an early introduction to cannabis use where the brain development distorted. There exists a need for creating an awareness aimed at making the youth understand that drug abuse is harmful to once health. The society also needs to identify the reasons that lead to drug abuse to help people involved in the act stop. The three types of research have shown that a lot done to curb drug consumption among the youth and to create awareness of its various consequences. Researchers also should extend their research on identifying ways of helping the people who have already fallen into the trap of these conditions. References Barrowclough, C., Marshall, M., Gregg, L., Fitzsimmons, M., Tomenson, B., Warburton, J., & Lobban, F. (2014). A phase-specific psychological therapy for people with problematic cannabis use following a first episode of psychosis: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med, 44(13). Gleeson, J. F., & McGorry, P. D. (Eds.). (2004). Psychological interventions in early psychosis: a treatment handbook. John Wiley & Sons. Malone, D. T., Hill, M. N., & Rubino, T. (2010). Adolescent cannabis use and psychosis: epidemiology and neurodevelopmental models. British Journal of Pharmacology, 160(3), 511-522. Schubart, C. D., Van Gastel, W. A., Breetvelt, E. J., Beetz, S. L., Ophoff, R. A., Sommer, I. E. C., ... & Boks, M. P. M. (2011). Cannabis use at a young age is associated with psychotic experiences. Psychological Medicine, 41(06), 1301-1310. Veling, W., Mackenbach, J. P., Van Os, J., & Hoek, H. W. (2008). Cannabis use and genetic predisposition for schizophrenia: a case-control study. Psychological Medicine, 38(09), 1251-1256. Read More