Intrduction To Diabetes - Coursework Example

Type 2 Diabetes 2 Introduction Diabetes is a lifetime disorder that causes the blood glucose level to rise higher than the required sugar level. This disorder is typically referred to as hyperglycaemia. Diabetes exists in two forms: diabetes 1 type and diabetes 2 types mostly affecting some ethnic groups such an Asian Americans, Latinos, Native Americans and African Americans. (Merlin Thomas, 2013, pg 46). However, the disorder exists in many forms but diabetes 2 types are the common disease among the population. Type 1 diabetes is frequently diagnosed in a population of age 40 but often among the teenagers while type 2, diabetes is highly diagnosed in older people. (Barnett, 2012, pg. 20) With type 2 of diabetes, the body does not respond as required by insulin usage. This form of not responding is typically referred to being resistance to insulin. The disorder frequently is taken care of, by the pancreases as it produces extra insulin to help in regulating the blood sugar. But with time, the pancreases wear out in producing enough insulin. (Merlin Thomas, 2013, pg85) From a research conducted by Diabetes UK suggests that in England during the year 2010, there were an approximation of 3.1 million individual with over 16 years diagnosed and un diagnosed with the disease however the figure is expected to rise to 4.6 million by 2030 with those being diagnosed type 2, 90% covers diabetes. In addition, the UK based company suggests that around 850, 000 individual in England are infected with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes in mostly diagnosed in individual over 45 years ,those experiencing the overweight nature, lack of proper exercise, personal with gestational diabetes, individuals who have low ‘High Density Lipoprotein’ (HDL) cholesterol or high triglycerides(Sebai, 2004, pg. 100) Diabetes 2 type has the following symptoms ;great feeling of tiredness, thirst, frequent night urinating, blurred vision, unrecognised loss of weight and muscle bulk, slow healing of cuts and wounds and constant itching of the genital parts( Cousens , 2007, pg. 98). Because the disease if not curable with time it may lead to blindness and visual impairment. Within working class people, lower limb amputation is also experienced, and a more major one is the kidney failure that can be experienced in time. However individual with the diseases are at a very high risk of being infected by other complicated diseases for instance stroke and cardiovascular disease. More complication is accompanied by conditions such as damage to organs, sexual dysfunction, stillbirth and miscarriage, foot problem, blood vessels and nerves due to excess glucose. (Nash, 2014, pg 120) The Pathway of Diabetes Care Diabetes type 2 is a lifetime disorder but it can be controlled once diagnosed in the body as this is mainly aimed at keeping the blood sugar level as normal as it can be managed, through eating a balanced diet as ordered by a doctor and keeping body active in day to day exercises that help in reducing weight. (Cavan, 2014, pg145) , the ‘Body Mass Index’ of health individual is recommendable to be within the range of 18.5-24.9kg/m2 for most of the general population but to Chinese and South Asians Origin being 18.5-22.9kg/m2. Infected individual under the obesity nature should always aim to reduce at least 5-10% of their eight in a year. (Sebai, 2004 pg. 210) First stage: Diagnosis At the initial stage, blood tests are usually used for diagnosis of diabetes and predict is level in the body, since during the early stages it cannot be recognised from the symptoms. All blood tests for diabetes involve the activity of drawing blood samples from the health care provider‘s office, then send the blood samples to the laboratory for analysis. Through testing, it enables the health provider to provide early medication. In addition, an oral glucose tolerance testing, ‘Aicardic Syndrome’ (AIC) testing and fasting plasma glucose can be used for diabetes testing. The table below provides the results when diabetes is diagnosed Second Stage: Treatment Once diagnosed with the disease ‘General Practice surgery’ may be required as the first line of caring or be referred to a diabetes specialist team. The treatment or reducing the level of diabetes can involve transplanting a healthy kidney from a healthy individual as this well help in keeping the glucose level at the recommended level. Once diagnosed with type two diabetes diet, weight and physical activity need to be the observable event in your lifetime. (Nash, 2014, pg 76) Third Stage: Cooping up with the disease Identifying diabetes in you is the first stages of controlling the disease in time as this usually help you in keeping with the challenge as early as possible. For Instance, keeping physically fit is crucial for managing or preventing diabetes 2 types (Kowalski, 1999, pg. 67). As by the ‘World Health Organization’, it recommends a 150-minute moderate- intensive exercises a week, such as fast walking and cycling between the age of 19-64 years and muscle strengthening activity once or twice a week. In terms of diet the patient should always increase the amount of fibre intakes such as beans, cereals, wholegrain and lentils and high vegetable and fruit intake, reduces fat consumption, low fats yogurt consumption, skimmed and semi-skimmed milk and meat consumption should only consist of lean and fish meat rather than fatty meat such as burgers and sausages. (Cousens, 2007, pg. 164) Regular ‘Haemoglobin A1c’ test should be involved as this always helps in identifying day-to-day glucose level and have a clear structure in maintaining the condition. (Nash, 2014, pg 56) Being diagnosed with the disease is always involved in a risk of developing some of disease hence some activities should be avoided, for instance, the use of alcohol should be minimized and avoid smoking. (Barnett, 2012, pg. 134) Overview of the Current System in UK As per the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), across the world there are more than 371 million individual diagnosed with diabetes and the number is predicted to raise highly to 550 million by year 2030.Over the estimated individual living with the disease across the world. As by the records, more than 90% of the people with diabetes, 90% of them live with diabetes 2 types, and it is estimated that half of the 90% are unaware of their conditions. In UK, more than 2.7 million individual are living with the type 2 diabetes disease and a further 750, 000 person are doubted to have some similar symptoms that are highly related to the disease infection. Diabetes prevalence is estimated to rise to 5 million by 2025. (Day, 2002 pg. 234) Distribution of UK diabetes population as the country is represented as below Country Prevalence % Number of People Northern Ireland 5.3 79,072 Scotland 5.2 252,599 England 6.0 2,703,044 Wales 6.7 173,299 (Day, 2002,pg 202) Diabetes across adults and children is as shown Adults 90% Children 10% (Day, 2002, pg 205) Challenges in the Management of Diabetic Patients Records Keeping the diabetic records and following day-to-day activities is a challenge for many of the health organisation however with the innovation of the ‘Electronic Medical Record system’ (EMR) has enticed and increased the best chances of proper keeping of the record as per the required rules and regulations. (Hamilton 2012, pg 101) The use of EMR system has greatly improved the record keeping system since with a good use of the system health organisations are able to improve the documentation caring, better communication of clinical records within the organisation and across the sites, the systems has significantly led to improvements in care in some clinical domains. (Carter, 2008, pg 289) Nevertheless the innovation and being taken as an excellent system associated with proper record keeping, the potential impact of outpatients EMR on the quality of services given the chronic disease care has not fully been realised. (Amatayakul, 2012, pg 220) Once diagnosed with diabetes, in most cases the individual gat a risk of chronic diseases. An example is the cardiac muscular disease; thus the records of the patients will always keep changing and this can significantly influence the treatment procedure. In most cases, some of the drugs administered can frequently keep changing as a new disease is involved in the body system. (Carter, 2008, pg 211) Data Capture and Standardisation Passage of the patients Protection and Affordable Healthcare Act, the use of electronic health systems have been largely adopted by most of the health organisations across the world either large or small. With the adoption of the system health services have greatly improved due to improved accessibility to the patient’s information, increased charge capture and improved preventative health. (Busch, 2008, pg 100) Also in relation to data capture and standardization, use of the international standards contained in the ‘Health Level 7’ (HL7) is of high help. Health Level 7 System defines the set of the international laws in relation to transfers of various clinical and administrative in formations by using software applications possessed by other healthcare centres. Data capture and standardisation under the HL7 involve the code concept of BPN (back propagation neutral network), WPN (Wizards play networks), EMR, (Australian science network) SN, VHN, NET and ORN. Benefits involved by the use of HL7 include the assumption written standards that an incidence across the world in healthcare establishes the need for information to flow among systems. (Schanhals, 2012, pg 290) However, the system is considered to be only good if and only proper technology required to its function is well and actually deployed or else hospital may invest in a complicated and expensive technology. And later, these may result in wastage of resources in acquiring the system. While in the process of learning the new system of the electronic machine a well-planned structure, need to be laid to ensure positive outcome before deciding in investing largely in the investment. The objectives can be meeting with the lean management, as it will help in educating the healthcare executives and staff to help in eliminating the system. (Willemssen, 2010, pg 35) No matter the required policies, rules and the investment finances in the ‘Electronic Health System’ it is of high importance in the health sector. For instance, the use of EHRs in the hospitals helps in improving data accessibility. Previously accessing the medical charts, it involved a physical labour. For example, once the patients visited the hospitals their files were only kept on the shelves, and they were needed to be pulled out for one to access their information. This type of storage really was time wasting in looking for patients files and would easily lead to loss or misplacement of the file. Time wastage in searching for the patient’s file, problem in terms of storage space in large hospitals, and the transportation involved in moving the files as a result, this would generally lead to several human errors in terms of providing the required services to the patients. (Busch, 2008, pg 180) The adoption of Electronic Health System has significantly transformed health sector by ensuring and eliminating the issue involved in storage. Patient’s information can be accessed within a short time, and data transfer from one hospital to another would be easily enhanced.EHS also eliminates the unnecessary movements within the departments as the patients information can be sent through the system. (Schanhals, 2012, pg 120) Usually, health organisation keep patients tracks that later enables using of the hospital resources like diagnostic testing, equipment, hospital staff and medical supplies. These charges are easily recorded and then given to the third party being attached to the patient. The process of capturing the information is typically complicated without the use of this system. However, with the use of the EHRs recording and capturing of charges is complete and accurate hence maximum reimbursing revenue potential. (Melvin, 2010, pg 205) EHRs enable Prompts for protective health screenings. On daily basis doctor visits, the physician is able to access the health records conveniently in a specified place. In case the patient is on appointment for screening or blood testing, the doctor can Schedule an appointment through the EHR s. (Scarlat, 2012, pg 100) Data Sharing and Exchange Computerized physical order entry enables the practitioners to place lab and imagining orders and some of the date information electronically. This kind of system helps in reducing the problems of errors that arise from hand-written orders enabling other physicians and patients within the Electronic Health System network access to the order. This system substantially reduces time wasting and help in eliminating errors such as drug interactions or duplicating prescriptions that will potentially harm the patient. (Liang, 2010 pg 45 ) Telephone tag between two parties is considered a time waster. Thus with the adoption of the Electronic ‘Health Records’ (EHR) installed with the software, physicians can e-message across practices. This system is more effective and efficient in referrals. (Sittig, 2013, pg 271) While the Electronic Health System varies from state-to-state as an effect of law, physician assistants and nurse practitioners need to sign and approve their notes off by their supervisor. EHRs enables the co-signing and revision of records to happen electronically rather than the physically waiting for the director to sign the notes (Kulkarni, 2006, pg 177) Human Factors Despite the importance and health benefits associated with the adoption of the Electronic Health System, it accompanied by inherent problems to both the patients, the hospitals and the technician involved in handling the system. The adoption of Electronic Heath Records systems in all care settings is rising. The Electronic Health support System is of great importance in that it can support and revolutionize the way data and information are carried within the health facility. The system proves high quality and ensuring safety in-patient caring. However, there has been a slow adoption rate to the Electronic Health system due to issues of workflow integration in some specialty care settings (Hyeoun-Ae Park, 2006, pg 88). For instance, workflow analysis is an integral system of the primary stage of the User Centred Design process. To be precise, its User Centred Design process is an approach to implementing a system and employs both the summative and formative fields in order to accurately and efficiently achieves the systematic discovery of the importance and understanding of the work domain. (Shirley Eichenwald Maki, 2013, pg 234 ) Despite the growing desire to increase the level for better handling in diabetic patients in various hospitals, the innovation of Electronic Health System is being seen as the efficient way of ensuring that better services are given to the patient. The system has received some criticism and drawbacks to an extent of being identified with the individual, economic and social disadvantages accompanied with the use of the system. (Hyeoun-Ae Park, 2006, pg241) Adoption of the Electronic Health System has drawn some effects on the financial sector. Privacy interference and insecurely, temporal use of productivity accompanied by the use of the system and generally change in workflow. Electronic Health System is greatly increasing the hindsight liability; for instance, an electronic system containing the complete patient’s medical history might be having necessary information hide within the voluminous data. (Shirley Eichenwald Maki, 2013 pg 108) Financially, the implication and the issues associated with the adoption of the system involve the cost involved in adoption and implementation of the system. This substantially includes the cost incurred in purchasing and putting the required personnel and the supportive devices that help in the functioning of the system. For instance in research done in 2002 conducted in 280-bed acute care hospital, the cost budgeted for 7 years, the Electronic system was projected to be at $19 million. The ongoing maintenance cost on the system is some of the incurred costs. Temporal loss or temporal stop of the system leads to a low rate of productivity thus leading to reduced revenue translating to a disincentive thought for physicians and hospitals in adopting a simple meeting the Electronic health system. (Sittig, 2013, pg 94 ) Comparison between Saudi Arabia & the UK Saudi Arabia is among the highest ranked countries with diabetes after India, United States and China. Saudi Arabia is considered a country that has the large number of individual with diabetes in the world. It was estimated to have 3.8 million people diagnosed as by 2010, which represents 16.8% of the population. Due the high percentage of diagnosed individual, it has become an epidemic disease. Research suggests that high obesity rates in Saudi Arabia are the causes of diabetes. This is as a result of high consumption of manufactured foods, for instance, snacks. It was also found out that Saudi citizens of the age over 40 years mostly suffer from obesity at 72.4% while 35.6 % of Saudi society. In gender, Wise Women are more obese than men are, 44% and 26.4% respectively. Children registered a rate of 18%. (Hanas, 2007, 144). Diabetes in Saudi Arabia as by 2014 Total population of adult(1000s) (20-79 yrs) 18,546 Diabetes prevalence in adult (20-79 yrs)(%) 20.5 All cases of adult with diabetes(20-79) 3.806.4 No. Deaths due to diabetes(Adult) 25,527 Cost per a diabetes individual 1,067.3 Cases of undiagnosed adults with diabetes(1000s) 1,549.2 From the table, it clearly defines that the cases reported of undiagnosed diabetes is 1,549,200 different in comparison to U.K‘s 750,000. It is a clear show that the rate at which the population is not ready to have visits to the clinics and lack of clear strategies for ensuring the individual with the disease are identified then, proper medication should follow. (Hanas, 2007, pg 200) From research conducted it clearly shows that the population age group that is mostly affected by chronic disease is the age of 40.In both countries, the prevalence of diabetes is similar to both males and females. In terms of population representative, UK represents 6% of the population diagnosed with diabetes while Saudi Arabia constitutes 18% of the total population. (Waters, 2015, pg 127 ) Conclusion Diabetes worldwide is expected to rise by 42% between 2003 and 2025 with high rates being expected at the Bahrain and Oman at 25.7% and 16.1% respectively. In addition, an increase of diabetes mellitus is highly expected to rise. Other than death caused by the disease it can highly either influence the change of the life of an individual or affect the country in terms of economy. (Hamilton, 2012, pg 111) For instance, a country whose individual are highly affected with the disease, for example Saudi Arabia, mostly the actively educative and experienced, skilful personnel at the age of 40 will highly reduce hence reducing the rate of productivity. The country will highly lose skilled people .Other than losing the employers a lot of expenditure need to be spend in regulating the disease for example campaigning and educating the public, importation of expensive hospital equipments, the need to acquire more professional and the cost incurred in the purchase of the drugs(Liang, 2010, pg 176 ) However, an active campaign needs to be enforced to educate the citizens on the effects of the disease and the importance of always being involved in excesses. Awareness need to be encouraged in every country to educate the members of preventive measure like avoiding the fatty foods and also helping the infected and other population to always visit clinics for checkups and maintain their body weight. As it has been concluded that the most causes of diabetes is excess body weight that significantly affect the day-to-day activities of the blood vessels leading to the problem (Barnett, 2012,pg 96). Lack of knowledge is the start of the problem of solving the obesity issues and eventually the diabetes disease in a country. For instance, Saudi Arabia the cases of undiagnosed are significantly large. This can be either lack of proper medication from the child age due to inadequate medical attention most importantly to the poor families. Hence the government should encourage or implement a way of introducing stable diabetes health facilities to the local areas to help the needy individual since this will highly reduce death rates that are mostly experienced at the rate age of 40s(Kowalski, 1999, pg233). Bibliography 1. Amatayakul, M., 2012. Process Improvement with Electronic Health Records: A Stepwise Approach to Workflow and Process Management. s.l.:CRC Press,. 2. Barnett, A., 2012. Type 2 Diabetes. s.l.:Oxford University Press. 3. Busch, R. S., 2008. Electronic Health Records: An Audit and Internal Control Guide. s.l.:John Wiley & Sons. 4. Carter, J. H., 2008. Electronic Health Records: A Guide for Clinicians and Administrators. s.l.:ACP Press. 5. Cavan, D. D., 2014 . Reverse Your Diabetes: The Step-by-Step Plan to Take Control of Type 2 Diabetes. s.l.:Ebury Publishing,. 6. Cousens, G., 2007. There Is a Cure for Diabetes: The Tree of Life 21-Day+ Program. s.l.:Gabriel Cousens. 7. Hamilton, B., 2012. Electronic Health Records. s.l.:McGraw-Hill Education. 8. Hanas, R., 2007. Type 2 Diabetes in Adults of All Ages. s.l.:Class Publishing Ltd. 9. Hyeoun-Ae Park, P. M. C. W. D., 2006. Consumer-centered Computer-supported Care for Healthy People: Proceedings of NI2006. s.l.:IOS Press. 10. Kowalski, C. E. R. E., 1999. The Type II Diabetes Diet Book: How to Beat the Metabolic Trap and Lose Weight Permanently. s.l.:McGraw Hill Professional. 11. Kulkarni, V. A., 2006. Implementation of Electronic Health Records: Modeling and Evaluating Healthcare Information Systems for Quality Improvements in the United States Healthcare Industry. s.l.:Vinata A. Kulkarni. 12. Liang, L. L., 2010 . Connected for Health: Using Electronic Health Records to Transform Care Delivery. s.l.:John Wiley & Sons. 13. Melvin, V. C., 2010. 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F., 2013 -. Electronic Health Records: Challenges in Design and Implementation. s.l.:CRC Press. 21. Sittig, D. F., 2013. Electronic Health Records: Challenges in Design and Implementation. s.l.:CRC Press,. 22. Waters, P., 2015 . The Complete Guide to Weight Loss. s.l.:A&C Black. 23. Willemssen, J. C., 2010. Electronic Health Records: DoD and VA Interoperability Efforts are Ongoing; Program Office Needs to Implement Recommended Improvements. s.l.:DIANE Publishing. APPENDIX Distribution of UK diabetes population as the country is represented as below Country Prevalence % Number of People Northern Ireland 5.3 79,072 Scotland 5.2 252,599 England 6.0 2,703,044 Wales 6.7 173,299 (Day, 2002,pg 202) Diabetes across adults and children is as shown Adults 90% Children 10% Read More