Comparison of Chinese and American Medical Insurance System - Coursework Example

Comparison of Chinese and American Medical Insurance System due: Comparison of Chinese and American Medical Insurance System Abstract Medicinal services change assumes a critical part in the social insurance framework by adjusting it to match the nations health awareness needs. Various studies look at the changes of diverse nations, yet the destination of this capstone is to offer an examination of China and the United States (US). It demonstrates that administrations attempt to offer available and moderate protection inside their capacities to back the human services frameworks. The article is composed as takes after two nations experience data, human services framework, change, and the conclusions. To begin with, the foundation data area gives a presentation of the advancement of the medicinal services framework and Healthcare markers. Second, the health awareness framework area is separated into a gathering of stores, pooling of trusts and obtaining of administrations and a clarification of administrations and exceptions. These parts stream; and the people pay their premiums into the accumulation of trusts where they are pooled with commitments from different sources. The stores go into organizations, and they buy administrations with the trusts. Administrations are rendered by medicinal services suppliers and people pay out-of-pocket payments (OOP) while using them (a few populaces are fit the bill for OOP payment exclusions). Third, the changed segment presents the focuses and points of change, changes of scope and administrations, and income. The conclusion demonstrates the pattern, which is generally fulfilled through the three changes. USA The national Healthcare arrangement of the United States epitomizes a few significant peculiarities. To begin with, as a princely industrialized nation, the U.S. has bottomless assets, and it uses much cash in its Healthcare framework. Second, as the issuing country, it oversees its framework in an exceptionally decentralized way through various states, districts, and groups. Third, as an issue with free market economy, it fuses extremely tolerant lasisez-reasonable ideas all through its Healthcare framework (Roemer, 1991). Department of Health and Human Service The Department of Health and Human Service (DHHS) is in charge of the countrys enormous projects of government-managed savings and open help, and in addition for most parts of Healthcare. Inside this office is an unlimited authoritative structure to handle the system of the U.S. central government in Healthcare asset advancement, Healthcare administrations, Healthcare examination, medicinal services financing epidemiological observation, Healthcare arranging and regulation, and other legislative capacity inside the national Healthcare framework. In DHHS, numerous obligations are satisfied by distributing cash and designating power to various other open and private substances all through the country (Mayes, 2004). The U.S. constitution concedes the states much power and obligation in all social issues, including Healthcare (Jiang, 2004). Generally few Health care capacities are completed specifically at the national level; these incorporate such assignments as the Healthcare examination of settlers, regulation of medications that move in interstate business, unique epidemiological examinations, and arrangement of national Healthcare measurements, or restorative administrations to American Indians. Healthcare capacities did by the states, for which the government DHHS gives monetary stipends incorporates transferable ailment control, natural sanitation, preventive maternal and kid Healthcare administrations, Healthcare labor preparing, Healthcare office development, therapeutic consideration of poor people, Healthcare administration research, and a few different fields. In exceptionally expansive terms, more than 60 percent of all U.S. Healthcare consumptions originate from private sources, and short of what 40 percent originate from all open or open segment sources, which typifies the entrepreneurial characters of the U.S. Healthcare framework and help clarify numerous parts of its conveyance designs. The U.S. is the main well-off industrialized nation in which short of what 50% of Healthcare consumptions originate from government sources and more than half from private sources. General U.S. government incomes, as an issue of Healthcare consumptions, incorporate assessment collected at a few political levels. The breakdown in 1980 was about 56 percent from national government sources and 44 percent from state and neighborhood government sources. The real Healthcare capacity, on which both government and state incomes are used, is for the medicinal consideration of poor people, essentially through Medicaid. Government levy incomes are gotten mostly from individual and corporate salary charges. State incomes come essentially from wage and deals charges. Adjacent government, incomes are gotten fundamentally from duties on property. The long haul patterns have been to an increment in the elected offer of government Healthcare uses, albeit in the 1980s this pattern was changed. Medicare and Medicaid The U.S. exhaustive Healthcare arranging law of 1967 was passed as an issue to the first national social protection for restorative consideration of the matured (Medicare) and the substantial open therapeutic watch over poor people (Medicaid). Medicaid, which is directed by the central government, with the help of around 150 private monetary delegates, has two viewpoints. One is the obligatory clinic protection for the elderly recipients of the government managed savings program. The other is the non-compulsory yet government protection for specialists consideration and certain other medicinal administration for the same populace of elderly persons. The last make immediate payments to healing facilities, specialists, and others for the benefit of the legislature. Much litter in their aggregate uses are the 50 state system of laborer’s recompense for word related wounds or ailments; each of these state projects is distinctive, yet a typical gimmick is the payment of protection premiums just by bosses. The applicable consumptions are those made for therapeutic purposes, and not for pay substitutions amid handicap. Essentially, the requirement for general Healthcare arranging was not acknowledged until a considerable measure of Healthcare cash was to pass through government channels. With such open perception of Healthcare consumptions, one can admire that there would be political worry that the trusts be sagaciously used, more noteworthy than such sympathy toward simply private uses. The profoundly lenient and entrepreneurial character of the U.S. Healthcare framework proposes the sort of issues progressively experienced. In the first place, medicinal services expenses have been climbing exorbitantly. The free market in restorative consideration has been so uncontrolled, actually for administrations paid for by government programs, which have spiraled to levels much higher than the general shopper value record. The Medicare program for consideration of the matured licenses the specialist to charge the patient any expense he wishes. Healing facility charges have been mounting to particularly towering statutes as clinic innovation has expanded, clinic staff for every patient has increased, and pay rates have climbed. With the heightening of expenses, access of the lower-wage gatherings to required consideration has ended up more troublesome. Government projects to fund administer to poor people, in the same way as Medicaid, have been decreased at both elected and state levels. Indeed in the social protection Medicare program, co- payments needed from the patient have expanded so that the overwhelming trouble of sickness in the matured is getting consideration just with expanding the trouble. The entire political environment of the Regan organization in the 1980s has prompted lessening out in the open uses for all human administrations and much more noteworthy dependence on private area financing. Plus, advancing rivalry among suppliers, the favored supplier association (PPO), has been produced, as an issue by which gatherings of specialists and doctors facilities consent to serve certain open or private recipients at aggressively lower costs. For a few years, the prepaid Healthcare upkeep association (HMO) has demonstrated the economies attained by change of doctor motivations, particularly in doctors facility utilization, and various varieties on the HMO topic are consistently investigated. Despite the fact that rival is politically supported in inclination to regulation, an exceptionally extraordinary advancement out in the open restorative forethought strategy has been basically administrative. For instance, prospective payment to doctors facilities for the judgment related gathering (DRG) of every patient under Medicare, as opposed to for review charges for every unit of administration was embraced (Roemer, 1991). Citizens Opinions to Health Care System Geyman (2003) pointed out that the U.S. human services framework has three noteworthy issues: diminishing access to give a second thought, expanding expenses of consideration, and no practical, excessively intricate, wasteful framework with poor execution. A study, "Open Views on U.S. Medicinal services System Organization: A Call for New Directions, " of more than 1,000 grown-ups was directed by Harris Interactive in May 2008 and discharged by The Commonwealth Fund, demonstrating that Americans are disappointed with the U.S. social insurance framework and 82 percent think it ought to be on a very basic level changed or totally remade. The Commonwealth Fund Commission on A High Performance Health System additionally discharged a report, "Sorting out The U.S. Social insurance Delivery System for High Performance," illustrating what an in a perfect world composed U.S. medicinal services framework would look like, and specifying procedures that could make that composed, proficient social insurance framework while at the same time enhancing mind and cutting expenses (PA TIMES, Sep. 2008). The lions share of those reviewed felt it was vital that the chose president proposes change arranges that would enhance medicinal services quality guarantee that all Americans can bear the cost of protection, and diminishing the quantity of uninsured. 47 percent of patients accomplished inadequately facilitated medicinal mind in the previous two years meaning that they were not educated about restorative test outcomes or needed to call over and again to get them, imperative therapeutic data was not imparted in the middle of specialists and medical attendants, or correspondence between essential consideration specialists and experts was poor. Grown-ups overall salary gatherings reported encountering wasteful forethought. Furthermore, eight in ten grown-ups crosswise over pay gatherings underpinned endeavors to enhance the Healthcare frameworks execution regarding get to, quality and expense. Regarding access to social insurance, almost 73 percent respondents had a troublesome time getting auspicious medical check-ups, telephone guidance, or the night-time mind without needing to go to the crisis room (Klein, 2003).Despite the uninsured were the destined to report issues getting convenient consideration without setting off to the crisis room, 26 percent of grown-ups with Healthcare protection likewise said it was hard to get same- or next- day arrangements when they were debilitated. Furthermore, 39 percent of guaranteed grown-up said it was tricky to traverse to their specialists on the telephone when they required them. Respondents called attention to the requirements for a more iron forethought framework. Nine of 10 overviewed accept that it is critical or essential to have one spot or specialist in charge of their essential nurture facilitating the greater part of their forethought (Jacobs & Skocpol, 2012). Correspondingly, there was significant open backing for more extensive reception of Healthcare data engineering, in the same way as automated medicinal records and offering data electronically to different specialists as an issue of enhancing patient consideration. Nine of 10 grown-ups needed simple access to their own particular restorative records, and thought it was essential that all their specialists have such get to also. The Commission report then blueprints systems that could help lead to a finer health awareness framework with higher quality and better effectiveness: (1) Payment Reform: Report creators suggest moving far from conventional expense for administration payment to a framework in which suppliers and healing facilities are paid for quality, patient-focused, composed human services. (2) Patient Incentives: Patients ought to be offered motivators to go to the human services experts and foundations that give the most effective, most noteworthy quality health awareness. In any case, with the goal this should work, human services suppliers and social insurance frameworks would need to be assessed to figure out whether they are giving high caliber, effective health awareness and data on execution would need to be freely accessible. (3) Regulatory Changes: Regulations ought to expel obstructions that keep doctors from offering data that is crucial to facilitate mind and guarantee sheltered and compelling move for patients. (4) Accreditation: Providers and Healthcare frameworks ought to certify focused around six characteristics of a perfect social insurance framework: •Patient data is accessible to all suppliers and patients at the purpose of forethought •Patient forethought is facilitated among numerous suppliers and moves from one supplier to anther or from a clinic stay are effectively overseen •All health awareness suppliers included in a quiets consideration have responsibility to one another, audit one anothers work and team up to convey great forethought •Patients can get the consideration and data they require when and how they require it, including nightfall, and suppliers are socially equipped and receptive to patients need •There is a clear responsibility for patient forethought •The human services framework is consistently attempting to enhance the quality, esteem, and patients encounters. (5) Provider Training: Physicians and human services experts ought to be trained to work in a sort of group-based environment needed for a composed social insurance framework. (6) Government Infrastructure Support: As suitable, the administration ought to backing the framework vital for an overall sorted out health awareness framework. For example, supporting with the reception of Healthcare data engineering or execution change exercises. (7) Health Information Technology: Providers ought to be obliged to actualize and use electronic Healthcare record in a span of five years (Ron & Scheil-Adlung, 2001). China Health insurance programs make the use of the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance Plan (UEBMI), the New Cooperative Rural Medical Scheme (NCMS), the Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance Program (URBMI), and the urban and country restorative help system give access to health awareness to choose coverage of Chinese natives. While in name China has accomplished general wellbeing scope as of late, profits stay low, and quality and degree of consideration and scope fluctuate broadly. Co-pays are regularly high, and certain medications are avoided from scope, and out of pocket costs are deficiently repaid. The out-of-pocket expense issue is the most pressing, particularly in provincial ranges. Commitments to the URBMI plan and district commitments to the NCMS plan change, while commitments to the UEBMI are to a degree steadier since they are focused around vocation and altered at 8 percent of the payroll. Together, the URBMI and NCMS plans represent the greater part of the populace. Contrasts in commitments, especially outside of the urban worker therapeutic protection plan, have offered climb to substantial contrasts in Health insurance scope. Varieties in advantages bundles likewise help this dissimilarity. Exacerbating these distinctions, health awareness staff in rustic ranges is frequently far less qualified than those in urban regions. Some group wellbeing focuses face an issue of poor administration. Administrations gave to protected patients may be less savvy to permit suppliers to charge more to these patients. Patients protected by NCMS paid by and large 1921 RMB more in out of pocket costs than the uninsured (Hamed, 2010). The range covered by URBMI had no effect on out of pocket costs. Chinas administration is mindful of the inadequacies of the health awareness framework. They are endeavoring to address the issues of came up short on specialists since this has made reliance on supplementary pay from recommending excessive medications and restorative techniques. China likewise plans to expand the repayment rate for administrations identified with basic ailment. Be that as it may, this alteration is a difficult request. While the State Council has sworn to build the social insurance administration division to 8 trillion RMB ($1.3 trillion) by 2020 (Hamed, 2010), the populace keeps on aging and spot expanding strain on this industry. Open healing centers face poor administration structures, and the Ministry of Health, which is accused of representing the health awareness framework in general, has little capacity to completely control the conveyance of human services benefits as different services put their own particular requests on the social insurance part. The medicinal services issue has not been sufficiently tended to by the private segment, which is extraordinarily immature. Short of what 50 percent of the populace is secured by private Health insurance (30 percent of urban clients) and private protection items are befuddling and may incorporate high firm commissions (Wong, Lo & Tang, 2006). The biggest private wellbeing insurance agencies incorporate Ping An Insurance Group, Kunlun Health Insurance, PICC Health Insurance, and Hexie Health. Private human services offices are deficient; for instance, just 12 percent of healing center beds are private. Although one cannot anticipate that China will create a productive and compelling health awareness administration overnight, some crucial issues in the current Health insurance plan and medicinal services supplier system need to be tended to first. Understanding why the current Health insurance plan does not give legitimate repayment to out-of-pocket installments, particularly in the URBMI and NCMS arrangements, is vital. Albeit a few reports express that the repayment rate is approximately 70% for both of these projects (Hamed, 2010), a subsequent meet-up the studies said above necessities to be led with a specific end goal to figure out why out of pocket costs keep on being so high under these arrangements. The issue of specialists pay is additionally essential, as is the extreme load put on healing facilities in consideration procurement. The legislature is empowering the development of private clinics to lessen the weight on open healing facilities, and however this may require significant investment. Besides, repayment of general Health insurance holders in private healing facilities has just as of late get to be arrangement, and it is not clear whether the effect of using a private clinic will be as valuable for open protection holders. Better preparing for social insurance staff is pressing, especially for provincial regions. Most likely, creating a Chinas human services framework is an extraordinary test. Changing the key structure of the framework to place less weight on open clinics, streamlining general Health insurance while enhancing the financing plan, and guaranteeing that patients are legitimately repaid are all vital. Somewhere around 2003 and 2008, protection changes were executed to enhance access and use, decrease costs, and give higher danger security, especially for country populaces, principally to review disparities in the middle of provincial and urban zones. Most projects were launched as pilots, to have the capacity to aggregate lessons scholarly preceding scaling up across the nation. In 2003, the administration actualized a pilot in four regions and 333 districts to redo and stretch the country agreeable medicinal plans (Shaw, 2010). This was called the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS), and the project was immediately extended to cover more than800 million rustic occupants over all regions. Somewhere around 2003 and 2005, the Medical Financial Assistance (MFA) project was made to cover disastrous Health care costs for poor people, with a concentrate on the evaluated 5% secured by the three noteworthy social aid programs. Vast scale base ventures additionally occurred. Somewhere around 2003 and 2007, the administrations Rural Health Services Construction and Development Program put more than US $2 billion in country Healthcare framework and supplies across the nation. In the meantime, there was fast extension in the supply of clinics. Somewhere around 2000 and 2008 (Cheng et al., 2011), the quantity of general clinics expanded by 23%, and authority healing centers multiplied. The aggregate number of general healing centers with in excess of 800 expanded almost 5-fold somewhere around 2000 and 2008. In 2004, changes in supplier payment components got to be more orderly. In distinguishing that client charge frameworks gave solid motivating forces to overuse of administrations and solutions, more precise experimentation started in option supplier payment instruments including analytic related gatherings (DRGS) for clinics, capitation at essential level, and prepayment for maternal and kid (MCH) administrations. In 2004, the MoH began tries over seven territories in clinic case-based payments, huge numbers of which made altered payment rates for particular ailments, in light of information about earlier years human services costs. Typically, in any case, case-based payment frameworks were launched by healing facilities that needed to draw in more patients by capping their out-of-pocket expenses. By 2007, approximately 22% of aggregate healing facilities (more than 4000 offices) were executing case-based payment frameworks outlined and oversaw by the territorial governments, clinics, or now and again the NCMS and BMI supervisors. Protection extension under the National Health Care Reform In 2006, the administration created the Health Care Reform Leading Group included 16 services, and led by Vice Premier Li Keqiang, State Council. The bad habit seats include the Minister of the National Development and Reform Commission in unison with the Minister of Health. The Leading Group started a methodology of considerations that endured in excess of three years, in how to best change the Healthcare division (Cao, Shi, Wang, & Dong, 2012). Pilots and experimentation were embraced to recognize choices and arrangements, and prior pilots in protection changes were extended. The MoH assigned pilot areas to outline and test far-reaching Health care changes, to convey and pay for widespread access to crucial administrations, meds, and general Healthcare. In the year 2007, the Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance (UR-BMI) was guided in 79 urban communities to cover non-living up to expectations urban inhabitants, including youngsters, understudies, the elderly, and impaired – bunches who had not been secured under government protection programs since the 1980s. By 2008, 229 extra-urban areas joined the UR-BMI test case program. By 2007, the NCMS system had been extended to 86% of country districts, and the Government affirmed an increment in subsidizing to strength of Us$ 25 to 38 billion. In April 2009, the CPC Central Committee in conjunction with the State Council mutually issued the "Conclusions on Deepening the Health Care System Reform." The point is to create a 4–in-1 essential health awareness framework concentrating on general Healthcare, administration conveyance, medicinal security, and fundamental pharmaceuticals. The administration has submitted 850 billion RMB (US $124.26 billion) in excess of three years (2009 to 2011) to execute its national Healthcare framework change plan. Of this sum, about 39% (331.8 billion RMB, US $48.46 billion) was committed from the focal government. The aggregate duty adds up to a yearly increment of roughly 0.8% of 2008 GDP over the three-year usage plan. The objective of the extra finances is to give free or about free widespread access to health awareness (essential, referral, crisis mind, and medications) (Blumenthal & Hsiao, 2005). An expected 46% (390 billion RMB, Us$56.96 billion) is committed to protection sponsorships for the country and urban occupants projects. The national Healthcare change stresses expanding on advancement attained with the protection changes and extending scope and profits. Real advancement was accomplished with the protection changes and endowments executed in 2003. The National Health Service Surveys (NHSS) proved that national protection scope expanded from 23 to 87% somewhere around 2003 and 2008, with scope rates of 72% in urban regions and 93% in provincial zones in 2008. Scope for country inhabitants expanded more than seven-fold from 13 to 93% somewhere around 2003 and 2008, attributable to the extension under the NCMS. By October 2008, 45.29% of urban inhabitants were secured under UE-BMI, and 24.46% were secured by UR-BMI. In view of the NHSS 2008, around 13% were secured under protection for urban occupants (UR-BMI), and 3.0% were qualified free of charge open consideration. Likewise, the Ministry of Civil Affairs keeps on operating the Medical Financial Assistance program (MFA) subsidized by focal and commonplace governments to cover individual premiums and therapeutic costs past protection repayments for the significantly poor (Barber & Yao, 2011). Key exercises and focuses under the Healthcare change plan for 2009-2010 identified with protection incorporate stretching out scope to the populace and growing advantages. The legislature intends to keep up high scope (in excess of 90%) of the NCMS and to develop the scope for the urban projects. Exactly 390 million urban workers and occupants were focused to be secured in 2009. To do this, the legislature expanded the appropriation to 120 RMB (US $ 17.6) for every individual for every year for NCMS and UR-BMI in 2010. In 2009, repayment rates were focused to increment by 5% for inpatient costs in half of districts in excess of 2008 levels. In 2010, the repayment rates for inpatient costs were permitted to be no less than 60% for members of the NCMS and UR-BMI programs (Barber & Yao, 2011). Repayments for outpatient costs from pooled trusts are focused to increment to 60 and half of UR-BMI and NCMS pooling locales, individually. By 2009-10, most extreme repayment tops ought to sum to six times the normal yearly compensation of neighborhood specialists (for UE-BMI), disposable wage of urban inhabitants (for UR-BMI), or for every capita net pay of agriculturists (for NCMS). Pilot ventures will be propelled to give security to cataclysmic occasions for significant adolescence illnesses, for example, kid leukemia, and intrinsic coronary illness, and so forth. "Constant" settlement of medicinal costs is relied upon to come into operation in 80% of the zones secured by the three noteworthy protection projects, and patients will just need to pay out-of-pocket costs. Payment strategies will be actualized, for example, capitation, analysis related gatherings (DRGS), worldwide planning, and so forth. DRG test cases projects will be executed focused around 50 sicknesses with clear clinical pathways. With the publication of the essential level crucial medications list (EML) at focal level, it is proposed to incorporate 100% of vital prescriptions in the medication repayment list for fundamental medicinal protection, with drugs on the EML being repaid at higher rates (Quadagno, 2005). Medications will be acquired through focused tendering for supply and resale to offices at the price tag. Key exercises and focuses for 2011 under the Healthcare change arrangement identified with protection underscore keeping up scope levels which additionally enhancing advantages and the administration of the projects. Development in protection scope is focused to 90% of all urban and rustic populaces through each of the three projects. There will be a stronger stress on better monetary administration. For NCMS, the yearly adjust rate ought to be under 15%, and the amassed adjust short of what 25% of the pooled stores. An essential therapeutic protection hazard alteration reserve framework should be created. Normal reports will be issued to people in general about the salary and costs of the trust. Trusts pooling will be raised to a larger amount with the acknowledge raising money at metropolitan (prefecture) level by 2011 for the two urban therapeutic protection frameworks. Areas are urged to investigate and secure arrangement components and change in payment terms between medicinal protection organizations and administration suppliers. The administration will be pushed to utilize acquiring systems and include business protection organizations. Joining of administration frameworks covering urban and rustic ranges will be investigated and created. The medicinal financing aid (MFA) system will plan to cover all qualified family units. The project will build the compelling utilization of support subsidies, and rearrange the endorsement methods for issuing alleviation stores and budgetary help. Conclusion This article has portrayed and thought about the human services frameworks, the point and point of change, changes in scope and administration, and income changes in China and the United States. These two nations examples and social insurance frameworks fluctuate from one another. China and the US have incredible domain, populace, and differences in the middle of regions and states. They have created distinctive pattern for diverse populaces and approved more adaptability for districts and states to adjust the framework as indicated by their condition. Samples of China and the USs variability in health awareness frameworks are URBMIs four pooling models and distinctive Medicaid strategies between states. Be that as it may, all administrations are given more power to direct the social insurance frameworks in the changes. Indeed China, which simply had the time of decentralization, has picked up control of its social insurance framework once more. Chinas intentional protection has practically arrived at widespread scope rate of 92% after the implantation of the change (Yip et al., 2012).Despite the way that these nations experience raising Healthcare expenses, the reasons are diverse. The USs legislative protection has high social insurance usage rates creating high medicinal services use. The USs issue is gotten from the cost for medicinal services products, administrations, and high use of innovation. The US government is attempting to guarantee satisfactory financing of their protection plans. In the space of openness, in the US there are numerous medicinal services suppliers who do not take part in Medicaid and other people who do not partake in Medicare (Boychuk, 2008). To give all-inclusive scope in human services, the paper " Healthcare Systems Financing" demonstrates that, the three measurements to consider when changing social insurance are "uprooting budgetary dangers and obstructions to get to, advancing productivity and killing waste, and raising sufficient assets for Healthcare" (WHO, 2010). In the change, every one of the three nations addresses at any rate piece of these three measurements. To evacuate monetary dangers and hindrances to getting to, they all reclassified the capabilities of the people and managed the premiums. China and the US tried to stretch their protection advantages to the individuals who need scope. To advance productivity and take out waste, the payment frameworks were changed. China is changing their charge for administration payment framework, which are condemned for empowering over-adjusting for safeguarded and underserviced for uninsured. The new frameworks use capitation for essential consideration and different manifestations of case-based payment, for example, DRG for healing centers. In the US, new models of consideration are consistently investigated to supplant expense for administration. To raise sufficient assets for Healthcare, each of the three nations changes expanded the accumulation of trusts from governments and people. In the US, extra expenses were included. Every nation creates their social insurance framework changes as per their political circumstance, restorative administrations required, existing human services frameworks, and the issues they experience. Nonetheless, guaranteeing that people have entry to reasonable protection and keeping up the manageable quality of financing will keep on being a significant issue in every nation. References Barber, S., & Yao, L. (2011). Development and status of health insurance systems in China. International Journal of Health Planning & Management, 26(4), 339-356. Blumenthal, D., & Hsiao, W. (2005). Privatization and its discontents--the evolving Chinese health care system. The New England Journal of Medicine, 353(11), 1165-1170. Boychuk, G. W. (2008). National Health Insurance in the United States and Canada: Race, Territory, and the Roots of Difference. Washington: Georgetown University Press. Cao, Q., Shi, L., Wang, H., & Dong, K. (2012). 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Yip, W ., Hsiao, W., Chen, W., Hu, S., Ma, J., & Maynard, A. (2012). Early appraisal of Chinas huge and complex health-care reforms. Lancet, 379(9818), 833-842. Read More