Heart Disease with Diabetes and Osteoporosis in the US - Report Example

Week 4 DQ: Heart Disease, Cancer, Diabetes and Osteoporosis US Trend: Heart Disease In 2004, the total number of CVD deaths in US is 872,000. (NHLBI, 2006: 35) Heart disease, one of the main forms of coronary heart diseases accounts for 51.83% of the CVD deaths. (NHLBI, 2006:36, 38) Between 1900 – 1980, the trend of individuals who died from heart disease was constantly constantly increasing from 27.427 to 761.085 respectively. Since 1990 – 2004, the trend of individuals who died from heart disease was constantly constantly decreasing from 720.058 to 654.092 respectively. (See Annex I on page 6) Risk Factors of Heart Disease The risk factors for heart disease includes: smoking (Hedley et al., 2006; Steenland et al., 1998); being overweight or obese and having the presence of protein called ‘apolipoprotein’ in the body (BioMed Central, 2003; Emanuele et al., 2003); hypertension, high cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle and diabetes (Dodaniet et al., 2004). Risk Reduction Strategy for Heart Disease Health education regarding heart disease prevention should be extended to the local people in the U.S. Among the important topic includes the importance of daily exercise in order to prevent being overweight. Being overweight increases the risk for other diseases such as diabetes, the production of ‘apolipoprotein’ in the body. Health educators should also focus on discussing the negative impact of smoking to the human body. Proper nutrition such as preventing the intake of too much salts and fatty foods should also be tackled in order to prevent the risk for hypertension and high cholesterol. It is also necessary for the Americans to consult their physicians for a regular check-up. US Trend: Cancer (Malignant Neoplasms) The U.S. trend of cancer or malignant neoplasms has been slightly decreasing from 1980 to 2004 by roughly 2 – 4%. (See Figure I – Percentage of Total Deaths for the Top Five Causes of Death among All Races on page 7) Risk Factors of Cancer (Malignant Neoplasms) Risk factors of cancer includes: genetic and hormonal risk factors (National Cancer Institute, 2002); smoking cigarettes increases risk for lung cancer (Hildesheim et al., 2001); overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, and heavy alcohol intake could result to liver cancer (McCracken et al., 2007; Stewart & Kleihues, 2003); high consumption of preserved vegetables, processed foods, red meat and excessive dairy products like milk and yogurt could increase risk for kidney and colorectal cancer (Hsu et al., 2007; McCracken et al., 2007); excessive multivitamin intake could increase the risk for prostate cancer (Lawson et al., 2007); presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (Walboomers et al., 1999) and prolonged use of oral contraceptives (Moreno et al., 2002) could increase risk for cervical cancer in women; and infection of Helicobacter pylori increases the risk for stomach cancer (McCracken et al., 2007) Risk Reduction Strategy for Cancer (Malignant Neoplasms) There is so little we can do with genetic and hormonal risk factors. The least we could do is to provide health education to Americans with regards to other modifiable risk factors such as the environmental and diet factors that triggers cancer. In line with this matter, Americans should cut down on smoking, drinking excessive alcohol consumption and minimize the intake of multivitamins, preserved vegetables, red meat and dairy products. US Trend: Diabetes The US trend for deaths caused by diabetes has been declining from 1980 to 1995. However, a slight increase was seen during the early 2000s. (See Figure II – Percentage of Total Deaths for the Top Five Causes of Death among Females: 1980 – 2004 on page 8) Between the years 2003 – 2004, diabetes dropped from top five to rank six to seventh respectively. (Heron, 2007) Risk Factors of Diabetes Risk factors of diabetes include: human genetic variability (MSNBC, 2007); smoking or smoking history and snoring (Al-Delaimy et al., 2002); overweight or obesity, impaired fasting glucose (≥ 100 mg/dl), and hyperinsulinism or insulin resistance (fasting insulin ≥ 30 µU/ml) increases risk for type 2 diabetes (Hirst, 2006); lack of physical exercise (Eisenmann et al., 2007); people with amputated lower-extremity (Speckman et al., 2004); low birth weight which increases the risk for gestational diabetes among the pregnany women (Pettitt & Jovanovic, 2007) whereas not breastfeeding to newly born infants could increase the incidence of having a type II diabetes (Stuebe et al., 2005); smoking and poor diet. (Hu et al., 2001) Risk Reduction Strategy for Diabetes Health care practitioners should encourage and educate the Americans with regards to the importance of participating in regular physical activities (DOHHS, 1986) aside from promoting changes in their lifestyle such as being more conscious with their diet and changing their personal point-of-view with regards to smoking habit. For pregnant women, they should prepare themselves to breastfeed their new born infants. US Trend: Osteoporosis Although there is no record that shows the trend of osteoporosis in the United States, there are a lot of reports that shows the high incidence of osteoporosis among the older women. (Patel et al., 2004; Turner, 2000) Risk Factors of Osteoporosis Risk factors of osteoporosis includes: increased aging (Patel et al., 2004); smoking and alcohol consumption (Sampson, 2003); low bone mass or loss bone content due to prolonged bed rest (Turner, 2000; Sampson, 1998); past fractures before the age of 50 years old such as a spinal cord injury (Turner, 2000), estrogen deficiency or being a female, deficiency of protein, vitamin A, C, D and K as well as calcium during the growth age (Heany, 1995), early menopausal which significantly affects the bone mass after 5 years (Bonnick, 1994); disease, surgery, and excessive oral drug intake (Riggs & Melton, 1988); and lack of exercise that could increase the bone mass during growth years (Marcus & Kiratli, 1998). Risk Reduction Strategy for Osteoporosis Men and women should be guided to stop smoking. Advice men especially women to eat properly especially focusing on the intake of oral vitamin D and calcium aside from promoting a regular exercise activities and a moderate weight lifting. Women should focus on increasing their bone mass during the growth years in order to lessen the risk of having osteoporosis after the menopausal stage. Women who have reached the menopausal stage should be advice to undergo a hormonal replacement therapy in order to protect the loss of bone density and reduce risk of hip and spine fractures. (Hannan et al., 2000) Appendix I – Deaths from Heart Disease, U.S., 1900 – 2004 Year Heart Disease 1900 27.427 1910 75.429 1920 137.374 1930 251.153 1940 385.191 1950 537.629 1960 661.712 1970 735.542 1980 761.085 1990 720.058 2000 710.76 2003 684.462 2004 654.092 Source: Vital Statistics of the U.S., NCHS. 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