Insulin Resistance Issues - Assignment Example

Arteries

Veins

Capillaries

• Take blood away from the heart
• Carry oxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery
• Blood under high pressure
• No valves
• Thick muscular wall
• Lumen smaller than veins

• Take blood to the heart
• Carry deoxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins
• Blood under low pressure
• Valves
• Thin muscular wall
• Wide lumen

• No valves
• One cell thick
• Smaller than veins and arteries
• No muscular layer

Labels

On the right side from top to bottom:

1. Superior vena cava
2. Tricuspid valves
3. Inferior Vena Cava

On the left side:

1. Arch of aorta
2. Pulmonary artery
3. Pulmonary vein
4. Bicuspid Valve
5. Interventricular septum

Functions of Blood

Oxygen transport from lungs to body

Carbon dioxide transport from the body to the lungs

Transport of waste products (lactic acid and urea)

Transport of nutrients

Maintaining homeostatic conditions such as temperature

Immune reaction (transports white blood cells to sites of injury)

Risk factors

Substance abuse (alcohol and tobacco)

Hypertension

High cholesterol

Obesity

Physical inactivity

Poor diet

Metabolic syndrome components

Atherogenic dyslipidemia is a disease associated with raised triglycerides and a low concentration of HDL cholesterol.

Abdominal obesity, an increased waist circumference associated with metabolic syndrome.

A prothrombotic state is an increased amount of fibrinogen and plasminogen inhibitor/activator in the plasma.

Proinflammatory state, in this disorder there is an elevated amount of C- reactive protein.

Insulin resistance is associated with metabolic disorders and is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Arrhythmia: is a disease that is associated with asymmetrical time between each heartbeat. The beating can either be too fast or too slow at an irregular rhythm.

Bradycardia is a condition associated with a decelerated heart rate. The heart beats slower than normal.

Tachycardia is a condition associated with an elevated heart rate. The heart beats faster than normal.

The person is hypertensive.

Difference between percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass

Percutaneous coronary intervention is a nonsurgical procedure that involves the treatment of stenotic arteries. It is usually referred to as coronary angioplasty. Whilst a coronary artery bypass is a surgical procedure. It involves the grafting of other arteries to supply blood to the heart muscle. The percutaneous coronary intervention involves the removal of blockage on the same artery.

Ways to prevent and treat hypertension

1. An individual must monitor and maintain healthy body weight. Obese patients are predisposed to hypertension.
2. An individual should try to maintain his stress levels.
3. An individual should stop any bad habits such as smoking as nicotine causes an increase in high blood pressure.
4. Regular exercise could reduce the chances of an individual getting hypertension.
5. An individual should reduce the amount of salt consumption
6. Olive oil reduces blood pressure

Definitions

1. Hemorrhage is the discharge of blood to the exterior part of the circulatory system from the vascular compartment.
2. An aneurysm is an abnormal increase in the diameter of the vessels due to the weakening of the walls.
3. Occlusion is the obstruction or blockage inhibiting the normal passage of blood in the case of coronary arteries.
4. A thrombus is a stationery blood clot formed in the blood vessels and remains in its area of formation.
5. An embolus is the obstruction of circulation by a blood clot or any foreign material.
6. Transient Ischemic attack is the brief stoppage of blood flow to a certain part of the brain.
7. Rheumatic heart disease is chronic valve damage as a result of rheumatic fever. This can lead to heart failure.
8. Peripheral artery disease is a circulatory artery disease that results in a reduction of blood flow to the limbs.
9. Pericarditis is inflammation of the sac covering the heart.
10. Endocarditis is a condition associated with inflammation of the anterior part of the heart chambers and valves.
11. Phlebitis is the inflammation of the vein caused by a blood clot.
12. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the thickening of the heart muscle. This thickening is usually local.