The Patients Hyperkalemia - Case Study Example

Some of the critical symptoms include appetite loss, weight loss, dulled mental ability, increased cough, hemoptysis, a history of lung cancer and tobacco abuse, wheezing, and muscle weakness. Apart from the abnormal figures obtained from the examination of the patient, there are other abnormal laboratory results. For instance, such patients also have levels of glucose that are above normal (hyperglycemia) with levels of sodium in some cases being below normal (hyponatremia) (Aladesanmi et al., 2005). Based on the presenting symptoms, laboratory findings, and radiographic evidence, the patient’s diagnosis is lung cancer with hypercalcemia as a complication.

The patient had elevated levels of PTH-rP which has been associated with shortened survival times. Additionally, another study revealed that hypercalcemia-leucocytosis syndrome is associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome which is an indicator of poorer outcomes in patients of lung cancer (Hiraki, et al., 2004). Therefore the prognosis is grave.Case 2The girl is suffering from Vitamin D deficiency which has resulted in rickets. According to Berman (2002), children who presented to the hospital with a deficiency of Vitamin D often have stunted growth with bow legs.

In some cases, such patients will have a history of having the disease within their family. The laboratory test revealed that the girl had abnormally low levels of calcium in her blood (hypocalcemia). The patient has a history of taking mil, and this eliminates the possibility of the cause of the hypocalcemia being dietary. The follow-up laboratory tests on 25-hydroxy Vit.D and 1, 25 dihydroxy Vit.D were to evaluate the amount of these substances in the blood. These substances particularly 1, 25 dihydroxy Vit D is responsible for the regulation of blood calcium levels (Children’s health, 2010).

It does this by stimulating the absorption of calcium from the intestines. The absence of these substances will mean that the absorption of calcium at the intestine level will be impaired. In this case the levels of 1, 25 dihydroxy Vit. D was undetectable, with normal levels of 25 dihydroxy Vit.D indicating that the girl may have an impaired renal hydroxylation of 25 dihydroxy Vit.D (Berman, 2002). This is the patient’s inborn error in metabolism. In case the physician decided to withdraw Vitamin D treatment the patient will develop osteomalacia in her adulthood.

Case 3Some of the causes of the thyrotoxicosis include autonomous hyper-functional nodule, TSH- induced hyperthyroidism, functioning nodule, toxic adenoma, and postpartum thyroiditis (Craig, & Stitzel, 2003). Other causes include transient hyperthyroidism, hyperemesis gravidarum (Hackley, 2006). Postpartum thyroiditis is one of the most common causes of postpartum thyrotoxicosis. And there is a need to differentiate it from graves disease its differential (Thyroid Australia, 2001). In the case of toxic n multinodular goiter, hyperthyroidism onset is gradual and the symptoms much milder when compared to graves disease.

Plummer’s disease on the other hand is caused by autonomous adenomas in the thyroid gland. It is much rare (Becker, 2001).