Effect of Different Exercise Durations on Arterial Stiffness - Research Paper Example

? Effect of Different Exercise Durations on Arterial Stiffness Effect of Different Exercise Durations on Arterial Stiffness Arterial stiffness is an established cardiovascular risk factor. Research indicates that consistent aerobic exercises are associated with decreased arterial stiffness. On the other hand, the intense effects are not well established. Cardiovascular disease is by and large an indicative classification that consists of a number of complications of the heart and the blood circulatory system. It is evident that cardiovascular complications are the significant health problems and the central cause of mortality rates in developed nations. Even with remarkable and continued reduction in mortality rates arising from cardiovascular disease, the intensity of the problem is still on the rise. Arterial stiffness is a condition that arises as a result of growing old and atherosclerosis. The 2 significant causes of death in the developed world include myocardial infarction and stroke (Laurent, 2006). These diseases are in consequence of atherosclerosis and advanced arterial stiffness which is linked to an advanced risk of cardiovascular occurrence. The blood circulation relies on how the heart contracts. When the heart contracts it creates a pulsation or energy waves that travel via the circulation. The velocity of pulsation waves affects the stiffness of the arteries. There are other terminologies used to describe the mechanical features of arteries which involve arterial elasticity of the reversed alternative which is the arterial compliance. Arterial stiffness is a developing problem connected with advanced risk of cardiovascular occurrence, dementia and loss of life (Zoungas, & Asmar, 2007). Reduced compliance of the core vasculature varies the arterial pressure and the flow patterns and affects the cardiac functioning and the coronary perfusion (Covic, Gusbeth-Tatomir & Goldsmith, 2005). Patients with end stage renal diseases managed by persistent dialysis have remarkable mortality where above 50% of this mortality is related to cardiovascular disease (Foley, Parfrey & Sarnak, 1998). In spite of stratification for sex, race and the incidence of diabetes, cardiovascular mortality is 10-30 times advanced in dialysis patients when measured up to wide-ranging population (Foley et al., 1998). In dialysis patients, equally atherosclerosis which influences the intima of the arteries and arteriosclerosis that have an effect on the media of large and middle sized arteries diffusely are favorably outstanding. Arteriosclerosis which is typified by decreased arterial compliance for instance decreased arterial elasticity is as a result of advanced fibrosis, damage of elastic fibers and massive vessel wall calcification (Gusbeth-Tatomir & Covic, 2007). Arteriosclerosis is strongly connected with arterial stiffness. A commonly known mechanistic view is that an advance in arterial stiffness leads to early return of reproduced waves in late systole, advancing core pulsing pressure, consequently systolic (Covic et al., 2007). An advanced arterial stiffness can lead to advanced risk of stroke via a number of mechanisms. This include an advance in central pulsing pressure, having an effect on arterial reproducing equally at the site of extra cranial and intra cranial arteries. Additionally, it intensifies wall width and the development of stenosis and plaques and a probability of plaque opening. It is also scientifically proven that arterial stiffness separately plays a significant role in aggravating recurring kidney disease progression. There are several transformations and treatment procedures that help decrease arterial stiffness which entail weight loss, exercises, cutting back salt, reducing alcohol intake, neuroendocrine directed treatments, for instance the ones that target the rennin antiogensin aldosterone system, natriuretic peptides, insulin modulators, in addition to simple treatments that are intended for increased glycation end products. This paper focuses on effect of different exercise durations on arterial stiffness which entails different exercise durations on arterial stiffness. Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Numerous studies are conducted in many countries to help establish the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. These risk factors can be classified into 2 main groups which include un-modifiable factors for instance the male gender and paternal history of early heart diseases and prospectively identifiable factors for instance cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol levels, bodily inactiveness, diabetes and obesity. These factors can be applied to aid in establishing individuals in population who are at great risk of getting cardiovascular disease. They Include following: Cigarette smoking – This is an example of a risk factor proven to lead to lung cancer, emphysema and bronchitis, additionally for coronary, brain and peripheral vascular disease. This connection is established in a wide range of countries amid a diversity of ethnic groups in both genders and crossing a range of adult age groups. The risk adds up with increase in cigarette use and when one smokes for a long period of time. Similarly, it is significantly established that intensified risk factors drop fast with time when people stop smoking. According to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2011), for coronary heart disease, about 40% of the increased risk is eradicated in 5 years of quitting smoking. However, it takes a couple of years for the individuals who have quitted smoking to reach the normal health of individuals who have never smoked in their lives. High blood pressure – This is a strong risk factor for brain vascular diseases in addition to coronary heart disease. Approximately 50 million have high blood pressure, marked as intensity measured up to or more than 140 mmHg systolic pressure or 90 mmHg diastolic pressures or as presented on a schedule of antihypertensive treatment (Anderson, Odell, Wilson, & Kannel, (1991). A significant outcome of epidemiology research establishes that the connection flanked by blood pressure and cardiovascular risk is not only a constructive one. Increased blood pressure leads to increase in disease occurrences. However, there was no high cut-off point in a given blood pressure intensity. For this reason, the risk stayed stable or became nonexistent. Therefore, reduced blood pressure, in rational physiological confines, leads to reduced intensity of risk. These argument triggers a number of significant interventions that have presently proven the value of insistently managing increased blood pressure. Blood cholesterol intensity – Scientific research has proven a significant connection flanked by cholesterol intensity and consequent coronary heart disease. Cholesterol in the plasma is transferred by the lipoproteins (Jackson, Lawes, Bennett, Milne & Rodgers, 2005). The cholesterol intensity connected with low density lipoprotein (LDL) portion is confidently linked with coronary heart disease. On the other hand, the cholesterol connected with high density lipoprotein (HDL) is in the negative linked. In actual fact, elevated the level, the lowered the risk factors (Jackson et al., 2005). These arguments have been proven in a number of populations and have been established to be free from each other in addition to other established risk factors. The proof relating to HDL, even though more contemporary as compared to LDL, maintains a strong and free role for HDL in reducing risk factors flanked by both gender where women show elevated HDL intensity as compared to men. Obesity – Primary epidemiologic information established that obesity is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease. Successive research suggests that obesity is not a significant risk factor, but somewhat acts indirectly via increase in blood pressure and cholesterol intensity. On the other hand, more research with extensive patient follow up have established that obesity is without a doubt a significant risk factor that acts unfettered by the other risk factors. In medical terms, the matter of primary versus secondary causation is to some extent beside the point (World Health Organisation, 2000). Losing weight is a remedy for reducing the risk of coronary heart illness, despite acting via a reduced blood pressure and/or cholesterol intensity or as a reduced risk factor itself. Diabetes – This is a strong and free risk factor for cardiovascular disease that stands as a significant cause of death in people suffering from diabetes. A significant standing concern is if an increased blood sugar level is accountable for the established increased rate of cardiovascular disease and if it is, whether reducing or, if at all possible, returning to normal the blood sugar level will reduce the risk. In spite of the results, presently, the significant establishment is that people suffering from diabetes are highly at risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, critical consideration is needed not only to the blood sugar level and its management but furthermore to other risk factors that may be present in every patient and above all reduce the risk. Physical inactiveness – A number of studies have proven that individuals living a less engaging lifestyle are at high risk of contracting coronary heart disease. This is associated with exercises and considered one of the 4 significant changeable risk factors for coronary heart disease. For this reason, there are a number of ongoing suggestions for active lifestyles and recognition of its significance not only to fitness but further to deterrence of diseases. From the above mentioned risk factors, it is apparent that exercising of the body helps largely in reducing the arterial stiffness, a developing problem that is as a result of advanced cardiovascular occurrence. Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Arterial Stiffness Studies are conducted regarding intensive, restrained resistance exercise program on arterial stiffness in patients. In particular on 20 minutes aerobic exercise programs the heart rate, carotid femoral PWV and Aortic all significantly improve at about 20 minutes, 30 minutes and 40 minutes respectively after the period of exercise (Blacher, Asmar, Djane, London & Sa-far, 1999). It is therefore clear that exercises help prevent individuals from cardiovascular disease. Presently, most studies focus on the effect of aerobic exercises on arterial stiffness. According to cross sectional research (Tanaka, Dinenno, Monahan, Clevenger, DeSouza, & Seals, 2000) and interventional studies, (Edwards, Schofield, Magyari, Nichols & Braith, 2004), aerobic exercises decreases cardiovascular risk factors and is connected with reduced cardiovascular mortality rates and reduced arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffness can be effectively reduced by changing vascular structural and performing factors. According to (Seals, et al., 2000) a long duration of aerobic exercise program can decrease or lead to improvement from structural disintegration of the vascular wall which is connected to aging and therefore decrease arterial stiffness. Additionally, short term aerobic exercises for instance exercises that last for about 20 minutes to 40 minutes can enhance the performing capability of blood vessels (Tanaka et al 2000). According to Moreau, Donato, Seals, DeSouza & Tanaka (2003), it is evident that arterial stiffness is reduced by improved representation of genes connected with vasodilatation entailing factors and reduced oxidative stress. Moreover, the decrease in arterial stiffness subsequent to long duration of aerobic exercises is a hindrance of the reduction in cardiovascular risk factors in the recent past. These observations help ascertain that aerobic exercises help decrease arterial stiffness (Donato et al., 2000). On the contrary, resistance exercise programs have put emphasis on development of musculoskeletal performance as compared to cardiovascular performance. Resistance exercises have been valuable on protection of performance capability and on cardiovascular risk factors based on the recent past methods (Braith & Stewart, 2006). Established on this argument, The American Heart Association recommends that resistance exercises be integrated in exercise programs for avoiding and managing cardiovascular disease (Haskell, Lee & Pate et al., 2007). On the other hand, there is inadequate evidence to illustrate a preventive effect of resistance exercise on cardiovascular diseases as weighed against 20 minutes 40 minutes or long duration of aerobic exercises. In addition, a number of studies have analyzed the relationship flanked by resistance exercises and arterial stiffness where the outcomes are conflicting. There are studies that have accounted that resistance exercises intensify arterial stiffness (Miyachi, Kawano & Sugawara et al., 2004). Additionally, arterial compliance was reduced in young men in times of resistant exercises in comparison with inactive men in similar age group (Kawano, Tanaka & Miyachi, 2006). Even though the mechanism that is the cause of increase in arterial stiffness subsequent to resistance exercises is not known, there exist probable justifications founded on preceding research. The variance in arterial stiffness after resistance exercises and mild versus long duration of exercises are established to have originated from variance in blood pressure in time of the exercises. Due to the fact that exercises significantly apply the large muscles in a distinctive pattern, variances in blood pressure are mild in times of exercises. On the other hand, resistance exercises add up blood pressure up to 310/250 mmHg in times of exercises (Tanaka et al., 2006). Long term resistance exercises leads to added content of smooth muscle cells on the vascular walls and variances in the loading bearing features of elastin and collagen. This can lead to a patho-physiologic function where resistance exercises intensify arterial stiffness. In conclusion, it is established that arterial stiffness instantaneously reduces subsequent to controlled aerobic exercises. This is including mild exercises that can last for 20 minutes, 30 minutes or one hour and controlled long duration of exercises. In addition, it is seen as result of vascular dilation of the vasodilator and sympathoinhibition. Additionally, this instantaneous effect of exercising can lower the baseline arterial stiffness in the long run. On the other hand, continuous inferences may not be drawn yet in regard to the effects of strenuous and resistance exercises on arterial stiffness. However, instantaneous exercises which include 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, one hour can be used to restore arterial stiffness. It is clear that acute or intensive exercises conducted for long periods of time can lead to increased arterial stiffness in both young and old people. For this reason, all kinds of aerobic exercises especially long durations of exercises should be conducted cautiously by people who have high risk of getting cardiovascular disease. Above all, it is crucial for people suffering from arterial stiffness and cardiovascular disease to ensure that they undertake exercises under special care of a fitness instructor and further more by following guidelines and specifications by a medical doctor. 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