Globalisation Is Leading to The 'End of Geography' - Admission/Application Essay Example

Globalisation Is Leading to The 'End of Geography' Abstract With the development of the world economy the relationship between countries became closer. Many countries lack the labor force or working places, in the other ones production is weak and the population is growing rapidly. The flow of labor from countries where it is in excess, in those countries where it is not enough is a quite normal practice. The governments of different countries affect the import, export, emigration, immigration, encouraging any of these processes depending on whether it is favorable for the economy of this country or not. Some economic and political reasons make this relationship between the countries difficult, but these relationships are constantly increasing. Increase of the economic interaction and interdependence among nations is called globalization. Globalization - is one of the most talked about phenomena in recent years in the modern world. Globalization in the social sciences was first mentioned by economists who drew attention to the fact of the united world market formation. According to the International Monetary Fund, globalization is just an increasing integration of goods and services and stock markets. Keywords: geography, globalization, the End of Geography, development The globalization of the financial sector means a sharp increase in the role and the centralization of the financial markets through the integration of the cash flow. They (money) are easy to move around the world through the computer networks. The daily volume of transactions is about a trillion dollars. For the financier globalization means "the end of geography." Geographers, in turn, allocate two phenomena of globalization: first "glocalization" which is understood as the creation of monitoring and control systems, capable to combine centralization with local economic interests; the second one is the formation of "economic archipelagos" in particular, associations of the largest cities. The 'end of geography' was first announced by economist O'Brien in 1992. The phenomenon of globalization is clearly represented in the pop-culture of the USA. The singer Shakira, a Colombian multilingual singer-songwriter, playing outside her home country. She writes and sings her songs in different languages, also she blends music cross culturally. The collapse of space-time relations and the evolution of new “space-less and placeless” social spaces lead to the query of the importance of geographical places to such a pitch that some believe geography and time do not constitute boundaries any more (Jakobi). Discussing the end-of-geography problem, Ron Martin took such a position which doesn’t reflect the much recent work in economic geography: “Globalisation may well have eliminated space . . . , but it has by no means undermined the significance of location, of place.” Places are usually represented as territorial spaces, and debates about place and globalization have focused on how territories still matter in a space of flows (Sheppard). Paul Virilio told such assumption: “If the application of Francis Fukuyama concerning the "end of history" is very premature, but now it is possible to talk about "the end of geography” (Verilio). Distances no longer have its values​​, and the idea of ​​geophysical boundary in the real world today is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain. Suddenly it becomes clear that the dividing lines that existed on the continents and the globe in whole are only a function of the distance that the primitive means of transport and the difficulties of travel once given the nature of indisputable reality. D. Bell considers that: “We aren't certainly observing either 'end of geography' or even more elusive 'end of history' “(Bell). Murray, in his turn, arguments for the enduring relevance of geography, conceding that while “distance, as measured in an absolute sense, is indeed less important, place, space, locality and the relative distance between these things are not. Even if ‘place’ has been subverted with new specialized flows of knowledge, information and services, geography is still relevant; “a ‘world city’, for example, is a node on a network but it is still a distinctive place” (Murray). In conclusion we can say that, indeed, the concept of "distance" is not an objective, impersonal physical "reality", but a social product; its length depends on the speed with which we are able to overcome it. Every other socially determined factors of the division and maintaining of collective identities - such as state borders or cultural barriers - in retrospect represent only minor consequences of this speed. Annotated Bibliography Richard O’Brien. Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography. London: chatham house pinter, 1992 this is one of the most important book if you study the problem of ‘the end of geography’. The central hypothesis of the End of Geography was that ' geographical location no longer matters in finance or matters much less than hitherto, financial regulators will no longer hold full sway over their regulatory territory. For financial firms the choice of geographical location can be greatly widened, for consumers a wider range of services will be offered outside the traditional services offered by banks, new products and services enter protected markets yet there will be forces seeking to maintain geographical control, product differentiation will intensify, intense battles between stock exchanges will delay the march toward a 'seamless' markets. Retail banking will still rely on close proximity to the customer, operations and people will still have ti have a location. Geography will remain one of the most powerful, evocative and obvious reference points, yet money, being fungible, will continue to try to avoid and will largely succeed in escaping the confines of geography. Murray, W (2006) Geographies of Globalization, New York: Routledge. This informative text offers a geographical perspective on globalization. Here the author critically appraises the concept and processes of globalization from a geographical point of view; analyzes the interconnected economic, political and cultural geographies of globalization; illustrates how the core principles of human geography - such as space and scale - lead to a better understanding of the phenomenon of globalization; examines the impact of global transformations ‘on the ground’ using examples from six continents. Bell D.S.A. Review article history and globalization reflections on temporality. International affairs. 2003. In this book the author describes his point of view on the process of globalization. He says that 'Globalization’ is the indeterminate and multivocal concept that has emerged as the most popular means of comprehending the alleged transformation of global order at the turn of the twenty-first century. Alongside the emerging planetary dimensions of business, finance, trade and information flow, a 'localizing', space-fixing process is set in motion. Ákos Jakobi. Diverse Approaches to the Importance of Geography: the Death of Geography or Geography Matters in the Information Age. Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Regional ScienceBudapest, Hungary. This book reveals all the views on the topic of the ‘end of geography’. Here the author says on the point that: “The importance of physical distance has unambiguously decreased, instead of that the role of network distance and social distance can be emphasised. The paper tries to call attention on those numerous different ways in which geography is being revaluated in the 21st century.” Also he claims that: “The extreme wordings of “the end of geography” and “death of distance”, as well as formulasof “geography matters”, together with the same content appearing is an expression of “the revenge of distance” and “geography returns” and calls attention to recent geographical diversity in the research of the information economy and society”. Sheppard Eric. The Spaces and Times of Globalization: Place, Scale, Networks, and Positionality. Department of Geography, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. In this book is based on the thesis of the thesis of the end of geography and the author pints out the following fact: “Contemporary globalization is shifting the geographic scales at which territorial regulation is most effective, challenging that of the nation-state; the annihilation of space by time, arguing that although globalization does not mean the end of geography”. Stief Colin (Geography Intern). Globalization. An Overview of Globalization and Its Positive and Negative Aspects. On-line resource: http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/globalization.htm In this article we can observe the positive and negative aspects of the phenomenon of Globalization. Also the author gives all main characteristics of the phenomenon under the study they are: Improved Technology in Transportation and Telecommunications; Movement of People and Capital; Diffusion of Knowledge, etc. The author gives such a description to Globalization: “At its core globalization is an easing of borders, making them less important as countries become dependent on each other to thrive. Some scholars claim that governments are becoming less influential in the face of an increasingly economic world. Others contest this, insisting that governments are becoming more important because of the need for regulation and order in such a complex world system..” Read More