Recycling Plant: Advantages and Disadvantages from a Business and Environmental Perspective - Literature review Example

? Topic:  Setting up a paper recycling plant: discuss advantages and disadvantages from a business and environmental perspective Introduction Paper production is the fourth most energy- intensive of all manufacturing industries and one of the most polluting industries. The use of so much paper comes at a significant environmental cost. In the last decade, many large paper purchasers have recognized the environmental impacts associated with paper and changed their practices accordingly. Whether driven by consumer demand, governments purchasing directives, cost savings, or management commitment, these companies are using less paper, buying more recycled paper, and encouraging their suppliers to adopt cleaner manufacturing or recycle paper and practice better forest management. The development level of a country determines its technological resources to improve the recycling systems in use. Latin America is considered a developing world (Medina, 2000) Recycling is a process - a series of activities, if you will that includes: the collection and sorting of waste materials, the processing of these materials to produce brand new products, and the purchase and use of these new products by consumers. Recycling has been suggested as a means for replenishing dwindling energy supplies, reducing solid waste accumulation, and conserving natural resource bases.( Hamad, Charles, Donald, George 1977) Recycling sharply reduces the amount of waste that gets deposited in our landfills or burned in incinerator plants. It helps conserve limited resources. Through recycling newsprint, office paper and mixed paper, we can save nearly over 8.2 million trees. Rapid urbanization and population growth are largely responsible for very high increasing rate of solid waste in the urban areas, its proper management and recycling is major problems of Municipal Corporation (Gautam &Bundela, 2009) Need for paper recycling The world is becoming increasingly conscious of the environmental implications not only of production processes but also of products discarded after use. The recycling of waste materials as a means of tackling the solid waste problem is attracting growing interest. (Nermin Mokhtar Mohamed,2010).In this era, when countries are running short of resources, there is a dire need to change our production and consumption patterns. Paper production is one of the most energy intensive industries, but there is a huge potential to cut of this energy demand by recycling the paper. The economics of recycling including markets, decreasing landfill space and rising waste disposal costs, and concerns about incineration are major motivational forces.( Lisa , Timn et al 2003) Positive Impacts of paper recycling from environment perspective Recycling benefits the environment in several ways. As an alternative source of paper fiber, it reduces the demand on forest resources and the adverse impacts of commercial forestry. At the pulp or paper mill, making paper from recovered fiber is generally a cleaner and less resource-intensive process than making paper from wood fiber, since much of the work of separating fibers from the wood and bleaching the pulp has already been done. Finally, recycling programs cut the amount of trash that must be collected, transported, and disposed of in landfills and incinerators. Less waste disposed of means less air and water pollution, and fewer greenhouse gas emissions (primarily methane) that result from the breakdown of paper in landfills. Even though paper recycling and the production of recycled paper have their own environmental impacts, these are far outweighed by the gains Society is generating waste at an increasing rate while our landfilling capacity is continuing to decrease; we will inevitably run out of space to put our waste. Again, the outcome is clear, the more waste we recycle the less landfill space we will need. According to Franklin Associates, paper and paperboard historically comprised the largest single component of landfills in the United States by weight. Because of this, newsprint was an early target for recycling initiatives.( Joshua Nasielski ,2009) High concentrations of dust were recorded in the paper machine area in one plant and in the repulping unit in another plant.( Bo Andreassen Rix,Elsebeth Lynge 1996) so its very not even safe for the workers to work in such enviornment. The distinction between post-consumer and pre-consumer used paper matters to the environment. Post-consumer materials are finished products that have served their useful lives and would otherwise end up in a landfill or incinerator. Pre-consumer materials include trim and scrap from manufacturing processes, such as the conversion of paper rolls into envelopes, most of which has been recycled for decades. Buying paper with postconsumer recycled content rewards paper manufacturers that have made substantial investments to expand the recycling infrastructure (e.g., by building a new deinking facility) and creates a direct incentive for paper producers to continue increasing their use of paper diverted from disposal. In contrast to grades like paperboard, newsprint, and tissue, which typically contain much higher levels of postconsumer recycled content, the average postconsumer recycled content in printing and writing papers (including the coated paper used for catalogs and magazines) is currently less than 10 percent From the paper purchaser’s perspective, each ton of recycled fiber that displaces a ton of virgin fiber results in a host of environmental benefits. The higher the postconsumer recycled content and the more paper purchased, the greater the gains. The good news is that better paper practices often cost no more and sometimes even save money, both now and in the longer term. The people now-a-days are very concerned about environment so, companies would also be wise to address an issue that is of real concern to their customers. Study after study shows that the majority of Americans is concerned about the environment Public attention to the environmental impacts of paper in particular runs in cycles, but the issue has regained prominence with a recent campaign against taking timber and pulpwood from old-growth forests. Major paper purchasers can therefore expect the public’s continuing scrutiny of their paper practices in the years ahead. Recycling generates more jobs than land filling or incinerating waste. That's a benefit we can't lose sight of, in this time of recession and high unemployment rate. Consider the disposal of 10,000 tons of solid waste: burning it for electricity will create 1 job; collecting and dumping this on a landfill will create 6 jobs; processing the waste for recycling will generate 36 jobs.(EPA,1994) Recycling is far more efficient, in terms of energy consumption, than producing something out of fresh raw material. Every cost-reduction, energy efficiency, materials conservation, and job generation benefit of recycling adds up to help build a strong economy for our country. Recycling, done on a country-wide scale, has a huge positive impact on the economy. Jobs are being generated and city and town governments are enjoying huge savings in electricity, garbage collection, and land filling costs.(Marilyn Killian, Weyerhauser,1996) Negative impacts of paper recycling from environment perspective From an environmental perspective, this recycling surge is a positive development – but only up to a point. Recycling does yield some distinctive environmental disadvantages: paper can only be recycled a half dozen times before the fibre starts to disintegrate; from a carbon footprint vantage point, the oversees shipping of scrap paper is counterproductive; the de-inking process by which the ink, laser and copier toner and labels, glues, plastic windows, paper clips and other materials are removed from the fibre produces sludge that, if not otherwise used, ends up in landfills Proper storage and handling of recycled paper prior to off-site shipment should include an evaluation and reduction of potential fire hazards associated with accumulating loose, waste paper. Most hazards can be reduced by regular collections and storage in appropriate containers away from heat sources. Recycling also requires handling and transportation to recycling facilities and sorting of waste to obtain most beneficial reuse for each type of paper. It also requires effective personnel training to carry out the respective task. Positive Impacts of paper recycling from business perspective From a business perspective the idea of setting up a paper recycle plant presents us with a great market opportunity and other great advantages. (Lance Roberts,1999) Market Opportunity Despite minor fluctuations in the consumption of paper over the years, it is showing an increasing trend. With the growing level of population, we can easily predict that in future this demand will be increasing; as a result production capacities will be needed to be increased to meet the world demand. Per-Capita Paper Consumption in World Paper market is large and growing but the pace of growth is declining, because of increase in cost of production due to rapid increase in fuel and energy prices. Despite of the constraints, the market will grow because of the increase in demand of paper products forthcoming years. There is growing evidence that consumers expect companies, at least as much as the government to be part of the solution to environmental problems. A company’s environmental reputation is closely correlated to its overall reputation, which in turn is tied to customer retention. Several recent studies demonstrate that along with other “social” issues, the environment is an increasingly important element in brand switching. Setting up a recycling facility will help local industries or businesses grow and will bring more employment. Other than that, there is 28 - 70 percent less energy consumption in producing recycled paper compared to virgin paper. Every ton of recycled paper saves approximately four barrels of oil, 4200 kilowatt hours of energy and enough energy to heat and air-condition the average North American home for almost six months. So, setting up a paper recycling facility is a cheap business than setting up a paper manufacturing plant. Using recycled paper reduces the need for primary raw materials, therefore cutting off the cost required for purchasing new raw materials. Another advantage is that there is also less water usage. This is because most of the energy used in papermaking is required for the pulping needed to turn wood into paper. Demand and Supply gap Paper recycling will help the paper industry to fulfill the rapidly increasing demand of paper products. Due to the inability for paper industry to meet the demand of paper, country needs to import paper from abroad. Due to this demand-supply gap, prices of paper products are increasing day by day. This will not only decrease the import bill of the country but also will decrease the price of paper products which will increase the purchasing power of the individuals and hence it will increase their welfare. Lower prices The lower prices of recycled paper will increase the purchasing power of the people and they will favor it over the new paper. There is preferably a huge market demand for paper because in an era of high rate of inflation, this low priced range of products will attract people to purchase. Recycled paper products are also friendly to environment. Most of the people don’t know about the concept of recycling. If awareness is created amongst the individuals, this will lead to increase in recycled product’s demand. Competitiveness with other industries Since this production process requires used paper, less energy, less water and other raw materials, it is a cost effective process. In this way it has advantage over other products in the market. Another aspect of advantage is that of environment friendliness. This product will not only compete with the existing paper maker firms but also it will compete with the other closely related industries, such as polythene bag manufacturers. We all know that polythene bags are in one way or the other hazardous to the environment. This weakness of polythene bags becomes our strength and hence gives us competitive advantage over them. Compliance Recycling paper will help to comply with the nation environment quality standards of a country, and hence it will help to boost the business and will result in governmental support and funding for setting up a facility. Negative impacts of setting up a paper recycling facility One of the major drawbacks of setting up a recycling paper facility is that the technology required for recycling is not common worldwide. Especially it’s a problem in developing countries where the rate of inflation is very high. Also, there is lack of human expertise in handling recycling facility. Another important factor is that, the marketing of the product should be in a way that it should attract the customers, otherwise they may not accept the product. The initial input that is used is paper that needs to be collected from the community, at times poor participation and lack of awareness of people may result in failure of the business. And last but not the least, the firms may react on this establishment and may affect the profitability and sustainability of the new recycling facility. (Kamal taori,2002) Plastic wrappers, telephone books, magazines, and junk mail are examples of contaminants turning up in bundles of newspapers at the recycling mills. A good rule of thumb is to think of everything that is delivered as part of the newspaper package, even ad fliers, as something that can be recycled along with newspapers that is mostly ignored.( Deborah A. Boerner,1990) Recycling of paper may lead to a countries decrease in export of paper, as low quality paper will be produced (Jeffrey A. Michael, 1998) References: Bo Andreassen Rix , Elsebeth Lynge.1996. Industrial hygiene measurements in a new industry: The repulping and deinking of paper waste, American journal of industrial medicine, 30(20) ,pp142-147 Deborah A. Boerner.1990"Recycling the paper forest - includes related information". Journal of American Forests EPA, 1994. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States. Gautam, S.P., Bundela,P.S.2009. Biodegradation and Recycling of urban solid waste, American Journal of Environmental Sciences 5 (5),pp 653-656 Hamad, Charles D.; Cooper, Donald; Semb, George.1977, Resource recovery: Use of a group contingency to increase paper recycling in an elementary school,Journal of applied pshychology, 62(6), pp 768-772 Jeffrey A. Michael,1998 Recycling, International Trade, and the Distribution of Pollution: The Effect of Increased U.S. Paper Recycling on U.S. Import Demand for Canadian Paper, Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 30(1,)pp:217–223 Kamal taori,2002 Green and gramin: the eco-friendly handmade paper industry, regency publications, Marilyn Killian, Weyerhauser, May 1996,PaperMatcher Recycling Directory, American Forest and Paper Association Medina, M.,2000. Scavenger Cooperatives in Asia and Latin America. Journal of Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 31,pp 51-69. Mokhtar Mohamed,N.2010 Reuse of Industrial Materials in Buildings To activate their application in Egypt, Journal of American Science, 6(12) Nasielski ,j.(2009) Bad aim: Separating the intentions and effects of American newsprint recycling legislation on landfill space, forest conservation and Canadian newsprint producers, American City Business Journals,3(1) Pike,L., Shannon,K., 2003 Science education and sustainability initiatives-campus recycling case study shows the importance of opportunity, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 4( 3), pp. 218-229 . Read More