Effects of Using Biofuels in Commercial Airlines to the Environment - Term Paper Example

Embry-riddle aeronautical university Intra-university transfer Analytical report assignment On Effects of using biofuels in commercial airlines to the environment By -XYZ Submitted to -prof.ABC Contents LIST OF VISUALS Figure: US biofuel plan Figure: Lifecycle emission from biofuels Figure: oil producing regions of the world Figure: optimum land for growing suitable aviation biofuel Figure: Flight profile of biofuel trial in 2003 LIST OF TABLES Table of facts Table of future aspects CHAPTER.1 ABSTRACT CHAPTER.2 BIOFUELS 2.1. Introduction 2.2. What are bio-fuels? 2.3. Use of bio-fuels in aviation CHAPTER.3 METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE 3.1. Production Challenges 3.2. Technical challenges 3.3. Sustainability challenges BENEFITS: A. Environmental benefit B. Economic and social benefits CHAPTER.4 4.1. Economic feasibility 4.2. Literature review 4.3. Airlines projects and procurement activities CHAPTER.5 CONCLUSION CHAPTER.6 ANALITICAL REPORT (ANALYSIS) APPENDIX Interview: Mr. Mitchell Geraci Survey REFERENCES Chapter 1 Abstract Air transport helps in progression of life and living gauges in numerous courses as it gives the main quick overall transportation system which is essential for tourism and encourages world exchange and moves in excess of 2.2 billion travelers yearly while creating what added up to 32 million employments universally. Aeronautics' worldwide financial effect (immediate, backhanded, instigated and reactant) is assessed at USD 3,560 billion, comparable to 7.5 percent of world horrible domesticated item. As stated by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the overhauled data says that air transport helps up to 2 percent of man-made Co2 outflow in climatic change. In the event that for every IATA the flying area develops 4.5 percent yearly, these figures could even achieve 3 percent by 2050. This advancement is dependent upon the presentation of biofuels as a fuel for a development in flying with Co2 discharges of 2-3 percent for every year and yearly movement expansion of 5 percent. The flight business is currently broadly focussing on carbon-impartial development as a first step towards a without carbon future, which implies there will be no expansion in carbon discharges regardless of movement development. In today's reality, air ships devour just 3.5 liters for every traveler for every 100 km and are 70 percent more proficient than in the recent past. A few illustrations gathered shows that the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 787 expends short of what 3 litres/100 km which is less as contrasted with a little family auto. Separated from natural issues, there are some different reasons likewise like regulations, assessments and additional expense, which push carriers more towards biofuels. Administration of some European nations have created "green" imposes on aerial shuttles as added substance charge. As stated by a late report "Avionics Biofuels in 2011" (Biofuelwatch,2011), arriving at the carrier business' objective of zero carbon development will require 225 refineries the same size of Neste Oil's 800,000-metric-ton biofuel refinery, Europe's biggest. Feedstock for a solitary refinery at full creation requires something like 800 square miles of oil palm ranches and considerably more land for other food stocks, in view of normal palm oil yields, which is an alternate issue confronted. The main air transport that utilized original biofuel was Virgin Atlantic. Till now numerous airlines have performed or plan to perform limited tests using a mix of biofuels with regular jet fuel. There are numerous different aerial shuttles additionally which are attempting to upgrade their development and diminish carbon rate all the while. Chapter 2: biofuel 2.1 Introduction Today, our motors are in the front line of productivity and our general air ships are more aeromechanic and lighter than at any time in the past. Still enormous enhancements are focused in every sense in flying to bring about a noticeable improvement step by step. Presentation of biofuels in business aerial transports has taken another turn in the historical backdrop of science and innovation. Biofuel is in the untimely phases of headway. The thirst to specialty and produce innovations running on biofuels may support aerial shuttles meet fierce Co2 targets and by and large keep a wiretap the fuel costs. The world is turned to business and governments to lessen the effect of human deeds on climatic progressions and the avionics trade is going to get on another ride. Maintainable biofuels are significant to giving a cleaner wellspring of fuel to power the world's armada of flying machine and help the billions of individuals who go via air every year to bring down the effect of their adventure on our planet. The runway store of biofuels is joining of a general exchange street to all other second energies to abbreviate reliance on fossil energizes, for both budgetary and environmental examination. The carrier innovation sees biofuels as an overwhelming like perform supreme xerographic duplicate loading up. This methods keeping carbon outflows at the current level while the aerial shuttle industry keeps on growing. Extensive value of biofuels obliges ingrained hurry of feedstocks as plentifully as inherent convenience to biofuels to truncate way spare. Regardless of how, this may grizzle interest be monetarily legitimate fitting to second decision contemplations. 2.2 What are Biofuels? A biofuel is any fuel whose vitality is acquired by the procedure of natural carbon obsession. Biofuels are prepared from renewable assets which are likewise organic carbon material, where the basic sources are plants that can retain Co2 and use it alongside daylight to develop. Crops which have high sugar or starch reach like sugarcane or corn could be handled to discharge its substance and is divided to make ethanol. This is called original fuel which is not suitable for flying as it doesn't have the obliged execution and wellbeing characteristics for present day plane motor utilization. Anyhow the bio-inferred oil, ordinarily sourced from plants, for example, corn, soybeans, green growth, jatropha, halophytes and camelina, is prepared and is further changed over by synthetic system or smoldered specifically to make great plane and diesel powers. These are known as second-era biofuels and are fit for flight purposes. Since quite a while First-era biofuels have been utilized for transport, home warming, cooking and force era from stationary motors while, Second-era biofuels are produced out of new sources that don't vie for assets with nourishment supplies and could be utilized within flight. 2.3 Use of biofuels in aviation Biofuels supply the flight business with the possibility to somewhat, and promisingly completely one day, restore carbon-escalated petroleum powers. Due to its ascent, the aeronautics business has seen an enormous development. Today, more than two billion individuals take delight in the social and monetary profits of flight every year. The trade all around gives occupations to about 32 million individuals and has an overall monetary profit of around 7.5 percent of world terrible domesticated item (The Aircraft Finance Guide (AFG), pp.4). The office to fly advantageously, resourcefully and monetarily between nations has been a channel for the worldwide economy and has minimized social hindrances like no other transport part. Be that as it may this advancement takes on at an expense. In 2008, the business aeronautics industry handled 677 million tons of carbon dioxide (Co2) which was around 2 percent of the aggregate man-made Co2 outflows of more than 34 billion tons. U.s. has in like manner arranged its fuel use for the following 10 approaching years on the premise of the examination of the past record as demonstrated in the above figure (Beginner's adviser for flight biofuels, May 2009) site. The advancement of the biofuels has been distinguished as one of the significant system which can trim down its nursery gas outflows. Over the time, biofuels will encourage the business to lessen its carbon foot shaped impression considerably. Chapter 3 Methodology and SCOPE 3.1. Production challenges: Today, the real test is the financing essential to fabricate sufficient fuel to effect the exchange. Accepted flight plane fuel is much less expensive than the manufactured fuel parts. With the simple accessibility of food stock, the costs of biofuels are relied upon to decrease; likewise the quality control could be more noteworthy to fuel quality and security throughout processing and usage. It is additionally capital requesting. Investment can get organizations to the verification of-idea stage. More capital is required on the grounds that it is scarcely ever satisfactory to dispense the money related backing for real scale up. 3.2. Technical challenges: Presently the aviation industry is focussing over the production of biofuels using sustainable sources which make the fuel a “drop-in” replacement to the conventional jet fuel. These prepared “drop-in” (the Aviation Fuel Subcommittee of ASTM, June 2009) fuels are combined with the petroleum based traditional fuel either as a proportionate mixture or as a 100 percent pure replacement. The most important point to be considered is that these second generation biofuels must be capable enough to replace the traditional jet fuel directly without requiring any redesigning of engines or aircraft, or a new fuel delivery system. 3.3. sustainability challenges: The focus of airline industry is over the development of a fuel which has least environmental impact and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) website). For this, production of biofuels should be from fast growing crops that are non-food plants and don’t use productive arable land which would otherwise be used for food production; Extreme farming practices, delivery of pesticides, fertiliser or irrigation are not compulsory. Also they do not intimidate biodiversity; Offers socio-economic significance to local communities and vitally result in a lesser carbon footprint on a total carbon lifecycle basis; Provide equal or advanced energy content than the current petroleum-based conventional jet fuel, Jet A-1, used by the industry. Research shows that the supply of fuel to the commercial aviation industry is on a relatively small scale and less complex than for other forms of transport. For this reason, it is anticipated that it will be easier to fully implement the use of sustainable biofuels in aviation than in other transport systems. There are many advantages: a) Environmental benefit: Production of biofuels results in a reduction in CO2 emissions across their lifecycle. Plants absorb CO2 during growth of the biomass, which is approximately the same as the amount of carbon produced when the fuel is burned in a combustion engine that returns the CO2 to the atmosphere. This allows the biofuel to be roughly carbon neutral over its life cycle. Ariane Deniset-Besseau and partners (Ariane Deniset-Besseau, Craig B. Prater, Marie-Joëlle Virolle, Alexandre Dazzi) call attention to that with the ascent in oil costs lately, the quest has been on for elective fills. Despite the fact that plants, for example, soy and corn have been well known, the special first night finished as individuals acknowledged what amount of arable area they were consuming. So now, scientists are looking for extra sources, including microorganisms. Streptomycin has turned into an applicant in this inquiry. It can make and store a lot of oils called triacylglycerols (Monitoring TriAcylGlycerols Accumulation by Atomic Force Microscopy Based Infrared Spectroscopy in Streptomycin Species for Biodiesel Applications. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2014; 654 DOI:10.1021/jz402393a), which are immediate antecedents of biodiesel. Likewise, producers know how to develop endless measures of it on the grounds that pharmaceutical organizations utilize the flexible bacterium to handle life-sparing anti-toxins. To better comprehend these organisms' potential as a fuel source, Deniset-Besseu's group needed to investigate how streptomycin saves Tags. They utilized a novel (American Chemical Society-2014, February 5) research facility instrument that joins a nuclear power magnifying lens with a tuneable infrared laser source. This instrument permits specialists to figure out how and where the microscopic organisms store (ScienceDaily, March 25, 2014). A few strains barely aggregate any oil, inasmuch as others put away a lot of oil in a manner that could be not difficult to reap. The analysts infer that their method could enormously accelerate the distinguishing proof of different microorganisms that could process a lot of bio-oil. Figure below shows the lifecycle emissions from biofuels on the earth (Beginner’s guide to aviation biofuels,may 2009) website. b) Economic and social benefits: One of the chief expenses in aviation industry is fuel. Sustainable biofuels can be produced worldwide and across a number of diverse crops, hence reduce airlines’ fuel cost instability. There are economic benefits to various parts of the world that use land for food crops. Many of the developing countries benefit greatly from a new industry such as sustainable aviation biofuels. Chapter 4 4.1 Economic feasibility 4.2 Literature Review “Jatropha, one source of biofuels, estimated using it could reduce greenhouse gas emission by up to 85% if former agro-pastrol land is used, or increase emission by up to 60% if natural woodland is converted to use. In addition, biofuels do not contain sulphur compounds and thus do not emit Sulphur dioxide.” - A life cycle assessment by the Yale School of Forestry (Yale school of Forestry website) “At present there’s 215 million hectares of land being cultivated across Europe and using previous estimates we show that you would actually need to plant one third of that with biofuels to meet the target. Bio fuels are good as due to them reduction of CO2 takes place but it also cause increase in Ozone level on troposphere because of isoprene.” (Article by Harriet Jarlett, Lancaster Environment Centre) FACTS 1. CO2 emission by aviation industry is just 12 percent while road transport produces 74 percent of it. 2. Today’s jet aircrafts are 70 percent more fuel efficient per kilometre per person as compared to those in 1960s. 3. Since 2005, 39 million tonnes of CO2 have been saved by using fuel efficiency methods. 4. Annually the aviation industry consumes around 1.5 billion drums of jet A-1 fuel. 5. 1,715 airlines controls a fleet of 23,000 aircraft serving 3,750 airports through a route network of several million Km managed by 192 air navigation service providers. 6. Worldwide, aviation jobs roughly contribute three and a half times higher than contributed by other jobs to the global economy. 7. The new Airbus A380, ATR-600,Bombardier CSeries and the Boeing 787 use less than 3 litres if fuel per 100 passengers per kilometre. 8. On a average, aircrafts occupy around 79 percent greater than other forms of transport globally. 9. If aviation were a country, it would rank 19th in the world with 539 billion dollars of GDP per year having around the same size as Switzerland. 10. When 0.5 percent of the volume of world trade shipments is carried by air transport, it is over 35 percent by value. FUTURE ASPECTS 1. Estimation says that by 2020, fleet fuel efficiency will be improved by 1.5 percent per annum. For this, they’ll have to purchase 12,000 new aircrafts which will cost 1.3 trillion dollars. 2. From 2020 onwards, net carbon emission from aviation will be restricted through carbon neutral growth. 3. Carbon emission by 2050 will remain just half of what we had in 2005. 4. Forecast shows that aviation will contribute around 1 trillion dollars to the world GDP by 2026. 5. Carbon footprints may get reduced by 5% if commercials aircrafts use only 6% of biofuel and rest the traditional fuel by 2020. 4.3 AIRLINE PROJECTS AND PROCUREMENT ACTIVITIES Lufthansa: Daily flights for 6 months in 2011, Airbus A321, between Hamburg & Frankfurt with a 50% share of biofuels (plant oils and animal tallow) on one engine. Air New Zealand: Test flight, January 2009; Jatropha biofuel Virgin Atlantic: Test flight, February 2008; biofuel made by the mixture of coconut and babassu biofuel. Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with biofuel supplier Virgin Australia: MOU with biofuel supplier Aero-Mexico: Trans-oceanic commercial flight, June 2011; Jatropha biofuel KLM: Commercial biofuel flights between Amsterdam and Paris; used cooking-oil biofuel Formed JV with Spring Associates and North Sea group called SkyNRG in an attempt to source and market aviation biofuels for KLM and other customers Japan airlines: Test flight, February 2009; Jatropha, camelina, and algae biofuel blend Qatar Airways: Gas-to-liquids alternative fuel use. Launched Qatar Advanced Biofuel platform in 2009 – a collaboration to develop a portfolio of biofuel activities British Airways: Joint venture with biofuel supplier Air China: Test flight, November 2011; Jatropha biofuel United: Multiple LOIs for biofuel supply, commercial off-take agreement with one supplier Thomson Airways: Commercial biofuel flights on “green route”; used cooking-oil biofuel. Qantas: Multiple LOIs for biofuel supply; undertaking Australian aviation biofuel commercialization study. American Airlines: Multiple LOIs for biofuel supply. Alaskan Airlines: Commercial flights with biofuels; used cooking-oil and tallow blend. Multiple LOIs for biofuel supply FedEx: Multiple LOIs for biofuel supply; use of biofuels in ground operations. Jet Blue: LOI for biofuel supply. Southwest: Multiple LOIs for biofuel supply. US Airways: Multiple LOIs for biofuel supply. Finnair: Commercial biofuel trial flights; used cooking-oil biofuel. Etihad: Collaborative project to develop feedstock for biofuel TA M Airlines: Test flight, November 2010; Jatropha biofuel. Joint venture for biofuel development National Research Council Canada: 100% biofuel flight; October 29, 2012. CHAPTER 5: Conclusion After all the exploration and reviews I found that from the investment perspective it has great effect on Aviation industry. Regardless of the fact that it is not utilized as the primary fuel now days however as supplementary fuel, yet at the same time it has upper hand over consistent plane energizes monetarily and additionally with reference nature's turf. Feasible biofuels will get to be financially practical and rival petroleum-based fills as expenses are brought down by changes in generation innovation and through economies of scale in creation. They might likewise give important investment chances to groups who can create new wellsprings of salary – incorporating in numerous creating countries. Indeed with a few blemishes we can reason that bio powers are what's to come for avionics and surely will substitute the general plane fuel sooner or later in not so distant future. The flying biofuel bid is independent from anyone else forsaken developing, yet the sleeve of movement champion commercialization is quickening. Solid is a horrifying length of time to decipher push and sourcing exercises and to energize begin a key issue for sentiments framework and practicality proposal in the enhance of the provision. This coarseness give an explanation behind all over stakeholders, extra to settle turn biofuels talk on their self assurance to beautify happen to a workable, sensible, and fulfilling avionics food meet continuing. In the face dynamic drivers and significant focuses for biofuel legitimatization, we agree to go a great deal of budgetary, municipal and change tests sham onwards. Loftiness and scaling biofuel unwinding is a key beggar and uncommon carriers are financially needed in their abilities to on hold and caparison in biofuel appurtenances. The metro and administrative scene is and flawed. Tied, the flying biofuel exchange proceeds to improvement in a direct route and guarantees to put off biofuel advancements in typical. Comparable with clarify, the practicality of this help is of astute support. Chapter 6: Analysis The driving cost in Mitchell Geraci’s opinion is the first reason and the environment is second reason why Aviation companies are moving towards Bio-fuels. They can say you it as good marketing tool on how friendly they are to the environment. But the research is being driven by cost, that the environment is not the primary reason. The cost of fuel is going throw the roof. Now it the largest part of airline budget in Fuel. So if this research over bio-fuels in aviation could reduce that even by cents it saves millions of dollars to the airline. He also said that if the environment is a concern why we are not looking for replacement for Halon which is a fire extinguisher gas that is very bad to the environment or Skydrol which is hydraulic fluid which bad to the environment, yet there is no big push on that because of the environment. He state that any kind of fuel burning leads to ill effects to the environment, it is just bio-fuels are less toxic than any other fuels like jet fuels. When we asked about any airlines which started to use bio-fuels, he told about Virgin Atlantic which is very big on biofuel. He thinks all the major airlines now are trying the biofuel. But he knows that Richard Branson of Virgin Atlantic is big on this. He also states that the other companies like United, Delta etc. they all are trying to come up with biofuel because it’s not easy to switch to a different type of fuel for airlines and airplanes. We know about it will give same effects like before for the automotive industry when they switch from leaded into unleaded fuel it caused a lot of problems because the car engines were as advance are they are now. Regarding the future of the bio-fuels in Aviation, as a start it will be as supplement but if they come up with a procedure for it. In the US corn is famous so if they came up with biofuel made from corn, you will have a lot of people growing corn making fuel. Down the road they will be future but not right now. It will start as supplement to help fuel but at the end as it develop it will become replace for regular jet fuel. As we simply know that for formation of the bio-fuels we have to convert the land masses into fuel producing fields, so what can be the ill effects of that can come over environment. Regarding that we got two opinions, Mr. Mitchell Geraci states that he believes that transforming corn field into biofuel field, biofuel worth it. Because the growing process is not different but the different they way they harvest it and processes it. It won’t affect the environment. But if they field became fuel processes field that would affect the environment but it won’t impact it like regular jet fuel plant. On the other hand Harriet Jarlett of Lancaster Environment Centre states that the Bio fuels are good as due to them reduction of CO2 takes place but it also cause increase in Ozone level on troposphere because of isoprene. As we all know Ozone is a poisonous gas so it will definitely harm the living creatures. According to Mr. Mitchell Geraci the main problem regarding use of bio fuels will be maintenance point of view. View point of surveys After all the exploration and reviews I found that from the investment perspective it has great effect on Aviation industry. Regardless of the fact that it is not utilized as the primary fuel now days however as supplementary fuel, yet at the same time it has upper hand over consistent plane energizes monetarily and additionally with reference nature's turf. Feasible biofuels will get to be financially practical and rival petroleum-based fills as expenses are brought down by changes in generation innovation and through economies of scale in creation. They might likewise give important investment chances to groups who can create new wellsprings of salary – incorporating in numerous creating countries. Indeed with a few blemishes we can reason that bio powers are what's to come for avionics and surely will substitute the general plane fuel sooner or later in not so distant future. The flying biofuel bid is independent from anyone else forsaken developing, yet the sleeve of movement champion commercialization is quickening. Solid is a horrifying length of time to decipher push and sourcing exercises and to energize begin a key issue for sentiments framework and practicality proposal in the enhance of the provision. This coarseness give an explanation behind all over stakeholders, extra to settle turn biofuels talk on their self assurance to beautify happen to a workable, sensible, and fulfilling avionics food meet continuing. In the face dynamic drivers and significant focuses for biofuel legitimatization, we agree to go a great deal of budgetary, municipal and change tests sham onwards. Loftiness and scaling biofuel unwinding is a key beggar and uncommon carriers are financially needed in their abilities to on hold and caparison in biofuel appurtenances. The metro and administrative scene is and flawed. Tied, the flying biofuel exchange proceeds to improvement in a direct route and guarantees to put off biofuel advancements in typical. Comparable with clarify, the practicality of this help is of astute supporIf we go through the surveys given below: A. About formation of carbon dioxide by jet fuels and bio fuels is same or not. B. About if using 100% bio fuel can reduce level of green house gases. Hence we can summarize this survey as using of bio fuels will have good impact on environment and there are quite many chances that it will take over jet fuels completely. Appendix Mr. Mitchell Geraci Interview Experience: he used to work in United airlines as a mechanic, as engineer, and in a management role for 18 years. Now he teaches transport category aircraft system in embry-riddle University. His experience in the airline would help in having an airline point of view of the subject. 1. How familiar you are with using biofuel in commercial airlines? Relative new since he left United, his knowledge from what he read scholarly resources. It wasn’t a big topic when he was there in 2006 when he left. 2. What do you think started the research for alternative fuel like biofuel? COST, the cost of fuel is going throw the roof. Now it the largest part of airline budget in Fuel. So if we could reduce that even by cents it saves millions of dollars to the airline. So you don’t think the environment was a part of the starting of the research? The driving cost in his opinion is the first reason and the environment is second. But it’s definitely that the environment is not the primary reason 3. Is biofuel the starts for the airlines to reduce their effect on the environment? And how? Yeah it will definitely be a positive impact on the environment. But again he doesn’t think it’s the primary reason. They can you it as good marketing tool on how friendly they are to the environment. But the research is being driven by cost. He thinks everybody wants to take the environment into consideration. It’s our only planet and we have to take care of it but money is driving the research at this point. If the environment is a concern why we are not looking for replacement for Halon (fire extinguisher gas that is very bad to the environment) or Skydrol (hydraulic fluid which bad to the environment) yet there is no big push on that because of the environment. 4. From you knowledge, what biofuel are made from? Waste oil, Corn (big resource, the largest part of the biofuel), Soybean, he know a lot of biofuel are not used in aviation are replacement like peanut oil (they use it in automotive) so they used vegetable oil but not in aviation. 5. Does all type of biofuel that is being produced have the same effect on the environment? Any kind of burning fuel is bad to the environment. He thinks biofuel is less toxic to the environment than traditional fuel. 6. Do you know any airline started to use biofuel that helped to reduce their effect on the environment? Virgin Atlantic is very big on biofuel. He thinks all the major airlines now are trying the biofuel. But he knows that Virgin Atlantic, Richard Branson is big on this. But he knows other companies (United, Delta) they all are trying to come up with biofuel because it’s not easy to switch to a different type of fuel for airlines and airplanes. Like before for the automotive industry when they switch from leaded into unleaded fuel it caused a lot of problems because the car engines were as advance are they are now. 7. Would be there any future for biofuel? Meaning would biofuel be used in the entire aviation industry? He thinks eventually it will have a future, he believes it will have a future. As a start it will be as supplement but if they come up with a procedure for it. In the US corn is famous so if they came up with biofuel made from corn, you will have a lot of people growing corn making fuel. Down the road they will be future but not right now. It will start as supplement to help fuel but at the end as it develop it will become replace for regular jet fuel. 8. With many lands transforming into fuel producing fields, does that effect the environment? And does biofuel worth it? He believes that transforming corn field into biofuel field, biofuel worth it. Because the growing process is not different but the different they way they harvest it and processes it. It won’t affect the environment. But if they field became fuel processes field that would affect the environment but it won’t impact it like regular jet fuel plant. 9. How much carbon dioxide does biofuel produce? It will be definitely less than regular jet fuel. He is not expert on that. General statements: He said they are going to face problems with biofuel from a maintenance point of view. Survey Q1 - How well do you know about biofuel in aviation? On scale from 1 to 10 Q2 - In general, do you think that biofuel is better than regular jet-fuel? Q3 - Is regular jet-fuel a major reason for airlines to have a negative effect on the environment? Q4 - Is using biofuel in commercial airlines will be helpful to the environment? Q5 - Do all types of biofuels produced have the same specifications and quality? Q6 - Using crops, corn, and other plants as a source to produce biofuel, would this have a good effect on the environment? Q7 - Do you know that many flights around the world started to use some percentage of biofuel mixed with jet fuel? Q8 - Do you know that biofuel produce the same amount of carbon dioxide as regular jet-fuel? Q9 - If the airlines started to use 100% of biofuel in their flights would that reduce the greenhouse gases? Q 10 - Do you see biofuel as the fuel of the future that will improve the environment? References Biofuels and aviation. Basics retrieved from http://planetearth.nerc.ac.uk/news/story Biofuel breakthrough as green diesel, retrieved from http://atwonline.com/eco-aviation/boeing-sees-biofuel-breakthrough-green-diesel Biofuel for jets ready for take-off from http://scientificamerican.com/article Beginner’s Guide to Aviation Biofuels(May 2009) pdf. Biofuels-the next Gold Rush (pdf) by Peter Berdy in Ascend Special section Read More