Town and Country Planning Regulation Act 2011 - Book Report/Review Example

The report revolves around the project, “Surface mining at Netherton” that involves extraction of coal and fireclay. The project has been explained with reference to Schedule 1 & Schedule 2 of Town & Country Planning Regulation Act 2011. The environmental statement of the project has its own strength and weaknesses which have been critically analyzed. Later in the report, are mentioned the measures and option of environmental assessment that have been discussed and analyzed keeping in view the issues included in the environmental statement. Table of Content Table of Content 2 Introduction 4 Town and Country Planning Regulation Act 2011 4 Schedule 1 4 Schedule 2 5 STRENGTHS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 5 1.The General Structure of the Report was systematic and orderly 5 2.Enough maps to support the mine operation period 6 3.Maps were mostly clear and technical, 8 WEAKNESSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 11 1.Report generally showed some biases as it was mainly skewed towards the success of the project application. 11 2.Lack of objectivity with regards the potential levels of impacts the project would have on the nearby environment. 11 3.Criteria used for the major assessment approaches were not in-depth and technical enough. 12 4.Nearby residents and the existing economic activities seemed not to be given much consideration with regards the potential impacts the project would have on them. 12 5.Remediation measures for mid and long-term environmental impacts were not clearly drawn out. 13 6.Visitor numbers were not very clear. 13 EVALUATION OF MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 14 3. Air Quality 15 4. Hydrology and hydrogeology 16 5. Traffic and Transportation 16 6. Noise 17 7. Blasting 17 8. Archeology and cultural heritage. 18 CONCLUSION 18 Bibliography 19 Introduction Today, if we look around we will find various products having “eco-friendly” or “biodegradable” written on their packing, why is it so? And why such products are used more. The reason is that increasing pollution in environment has created awareness among the companies and even individuals, because now everyone is effected by the pollution whether its car smoke, noise, water pollution etc. Perhaps, every new project has to undergo environmental assessment in order to get their project approved. Thus, many companies and industries are now incorporating environment restoration programs as a part of their project proposal in order to get the project approved. Town and Country Planning Regulation Act 2011 According to this act, every project has to follow and fulfil the regulations mentioned in this act. Therefore, every project has to meet the requirements which includes purpose of the project, the criteria or threshold for the project, characteristic of the project site of the project etc. In Town and country Planning Act Regulation act 2011, there are different schedules but our main focus is Schedule 1 and Schedule 2 (Town and Country Planning, 2011). Schedule 1 Schedule 1 of town and country Regulation act refers to the “purpose of the project development” (Town and Country Planning, 2011). Therefore, the purpose of our project is the extraction of coal and fireclay which will be used in energy generation sector and brick making material respectively. The method that will be used to extract coal and fireclay is surface mining. The main objective of the project is to extract 4 million tons of coal and 500,000 tons of fireclay (ATH Resources plc, 2009). The aim of this project is to keep the operation area to minimum so that there is minimum damage to the natural resources and environment. In addition to this, another segment of the project proposal is the restoration of the construction area, which was affected during mining and other project related activities. Schedule 2 Unlike Schedule 1, schedule 2 includes the description of development and applicable threshold and criteria for the purpose of definition of Schedule 2 development. Although bricks are used as an input of ceramics products, which is referred to as the mineral industry in schedule 2 of regulation 2011 of town and country planning, but the inputs of bricks is categorized in extraction industry because of the nature of the input creation. As the project is concerned with the extraction of Coal & fireclay Techniques at Netherton so the description of development lies in the category of extraction industry. Therefore, the schedule 2 needs to be looked under the extraction industry, which provides the description of such projects along with the threshold or benchmarks in terms of areas. In section (e) of the schedule 2 of Town & Country Planning Regulation 2011 under extraction industry, it identifies that the description of development of extraction industry is concerned with the surface industrial installation (Town and Country Planning, 2011). The schedule 1 does not provide the details of the description but provide more generic description of the underlying project. The schedule 2 of Town & Country Planning Regulation Act 2011 covers the facilities requires for the construction and installation of the project. The schedule 2 bifurcates the project into description of details and threshold, which may also be referred to as the benchmark. STRENGTHS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 1. The General Structure of the Report was systematic and orderly The purpose of the report is to provide the environmental impact statement which means purpose of project development, the relevant impact on environment and ways to mitigate these negative environmental impacts (Kreske, 1996). The report is focused on the statement of proposed development along with the likely impacts of proposed development on environment. Afterwards, the measures proposed to mitigate the unreasonable effects on environment. The study of general structure of the report identifies that in order to receive permission from East Ayrshire council, ATH develops a detailed scoping process. Scoping process involves narrowing down of an environmental impact to ensure focused decision making (Donelly, Clayton, & Hughes, 1998). Although scoping is done informally and the scope of Environment Statement has been established with the help of informal discussions with consulters, members of the community and other relevant stakeholders. The discussion, which was conducted to establish the scope of environment statement lacks the report to formally conduct the scoping of environment statement. In addition to this, the report identifies the major stake holders along with their impacts on the environment. It identifies the principal applicants of the projects along with their core purposes. The format of the report is quite much directional and on general structure. The report has shown the technical, as well as, the non-technical issues. Moreover, environmental effects on the area have also been covered. Therefore, the structure of the report in terms of environment impact analysis is systematic and covers the major areas of influence of the project. 2. Enough maps to support the mine operation period Map is considered to be geographical representation of area of land or sea showing physical features, cities, water bodies, roads etc. (Pidwirny, 2014). This is more of a general description of map which can be restructured and modified with regards to field of study. In our project of surface mining operation of coal and fireclay at Netherton, the map is representing the construction sites which are distributed in two areas which includes Northern extraction Area that will occupy 127 hectares of land and Southern Extraction area occupying 81 hectares of land (ATH Resources plc, 2009). In addition to the two main construction site, map also inculcates land marking that will be was used in establishment of coal transfer area. Storage area, road and water treatment centers. Map NSM 3/1 is representing the development overview thus has been formulated in the start of the project (ATH Resources plc, 2009). This map is highlighting everything that project will have at the end of its operations and entire idea of the project. This map is demonstrating the operational areas, thus giving a quite glance of the project through a very comprehensive and clear map. Furthermore, Map NSM 3/3 is depicting Project Development from 0-5 months that includes Prelims and initial soil strip (ATH Resources plc, 2009). The main operations that can be extracted from looking at the map is that Southern Extraction Area is the prime focus in this developmental phase. During this period the soil from the Southern Extraction area is being stripped and is being placed in the soil storage mounds. Similarly, soil from the Overburden area A is also being stripped and placed in soil storage mounds or in final restoration which will be later used during the restoration phase of the project. During the developmental phase of 6- 20 months, project is undergoing excavation in phases which can be seen from Map 3/4 (ATH Resources plc, 2009). This map is showing that the main purpose of surface mining has been started in this phase but in the Southern Extraction area only. Furthermore, the extraction area is further divided in two phases; the backfill and the advance. However, soil is still being stripped and placed in soil mounds. Apart from this, soil is also being stripped from the overburden Area B and being placed in the soil mounds or in final restoration. Map NSM 3/5 is representing the development phase of 21-48 months which includes excavation that will be taking place in Phase 2 of the project to maximum void (ATH Resources plc, 2009). Map depicts that Southern Extraction area is starting to restore soil while stripping soil from Northern Extraction area. However, Southern Extraction Area still continues to work in backfill face and advance face are still being worked on. In addition to this the Overburden area A has been fully restored, while soil from Overburden Area B has been completely stripped, thus making it a maximum soil storage mound for temporary extent. The project final restoration phase of Southern Extraction area has been depicted in Map NSM 3/6 which elaborates the Final Restoration level South Excavation to Max Void North during 49-66 months of the project cycle (ATH Resources plc, 2009). This map represents that Southern Extraction area is in the phase of final restoration and in addition to this water body has been created in the area that will be used for plantation in the area during the restoration phase. While, Northern Extraction area is in still in the phase of soil stripping, however it is also going through backfill face and advance face. The final stage of project will be done in 67-72 month of the project cycle. During this stage final void in Northern Extraction area is ready for backfilling (ATH Resources plc, 2009). The Northern area is in the restoration phase and excavation have been completed. While Southern Extraction area has been fully restored And now seeding plantation is being done progressively. Furthermore, the temporary overburden mound from the Overburden storage area B, is being returned to the final void which in the Northern Extraction area Thus, every phase of the project cycle is depicted in the report through map which is aligned with the operations of the project. Map of every phase is very comprehensive and self-explanatory, thus making it easily understandable. 3. Maps were mostly clear and technical, Lots of maps have been used in the reports which are representing different aspects of the project like maps depicting phases of project cycle and their operations, nature, habitat plan, topography, landscape designations, ZTV operational site, Final restoration landform, air quality receptors, location plan, development overview, restoration master plan etc. (ATH Resources plc, 2009) Most of the maps were legible and can be easily be understood by the layman. The project life cycle explains different phases of the project ( Westland, 2007); and maps depicting project lifecycle were very clear, concise and comprehensive. Every map of project cycle depicted one phase of the project development and the operations going on during that phase. The maps explained soil stripping, soil storage, excavation, and restoration phase during various stages of project cycle. Maps related to ecology and biodiversity are usually regarding the plantation sites, wild life area and natural habitat. In natural conservation map (NSM 5/1), wildlife site within 2km of boundary were highlighted, and apart from this ancient woodland inventory was also marked. Similarly, in Habitat Plan Map, boundaries of the site were marked and the main Extraction area were marked as semi-improved neutral grassland thus depicting that this area will be restored after completion of the project (ATH Resources plc, 2009). Moreover, map representing landscape character (NSM 6/1) shows that the marked designated site for operation basically comprises of Ayrshire Lowlands and Foothills with Forests. Similarly topography map (NSM 6/2) is highlighting the terrain height in meters of the project site. This map is clear but quite technical. Landscape designation map (NSM 6/3) elaborates that our project site neither includes gardens and designed landscapes nor sensitive landscape areas. Construction site view have been mapped using ZTV analysis (NSM 6/4 a, b & c). Furthermore, air quality receptors have been used nearby site that can be seen in the map thus showing the dust sensitive receptor that surrounds the operational site which are installed 2km away from the project site (NSM 7/1) (ATH Resources plc, 2009) Maps regarding location plan (NSM 2/1), development overview, (NSM 3/1), restoration master plan (NSM 3/8) have depicted the project’s construction site. The maps includes and marks the location of the extraction areas, storage mounds, overburden area etc. The restoration master plan is representing the restoration phase of the project which will be completed in period of 2 years after completion of project in order to restore the damage habitat and other environmental natural resources (Allison, 2012). Thus, it is obvious now that all the maps depicted in the reports are clear, comprehensive and some are quite technical as well. All maps are self-explanatory thus depicting that they can easily be interpreted my any educated person without having too much technical expertise. 4. Wildlife History was satisfactorily incorporated in the Report. Wildlife refer to flora and fauna and their natural habitat (Tapper, 2006). The preliminary report on the project covers the wildlife history to preserve the environmental impacts. The scheme is focused on Glaisnock Moss/Carnivan Hill Wildlife site. The environmental design measures minimizes the negative impacts of underlying project on the wildlife by considering the proper history of the habitat. The mapping issue persists, the reason is that the Boundary Scheme has been changed historically. The reason is that the boundary of Wildlife site is based on older plan, which lead to the improper mapping of the project in terms of wildlife site. However, the eastern boundary established proper fence line but the Moss are highly dependent upon the maintenance of hydrological regime which is currently existed. The extraction of coal and fireclay project considers the limited loss to wildlife in areas, which will be cleared during the implementation of the project. The impact of such loss at an individual level is significant. The report incorporates the wildlife history but the loop holes remained in the identification and evaluation of maps to mitigate the wildlife damages during the implementation of the project because of the lack of proper or updated mapping. In addition to this, the environment statement comprehensively asses the potential losses that may arise due to the variation or changes in the water flows, which may lead to the deaths or sickness among wildlife. WEAKNESSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 1. Report generally showed some biases as it was mainly skewed towards the success of the project application. The report on surface mining at Netherton is very comprehensive, it has covered all the process that will be involved in the extraction of coal and fireclay. Along with this, report has also included the restoration plan in the proposal, though mitigating the adverse effect of the extraction on environment at minimum possible level. If we look at the report we will observe that everything is going good and there are no major problems or hindrances which cannot be resolved. Thus, portraying an idealistic scenario of the surface mining at Netherton. For instance, it has been mentioned that when the extraction excavation process will be going on, noise will be created and will be at its peak during operation hours. And according to the report, noise level fall under the noise threshold but as mentioned in the report the nearest dwelling is 600 meters from the site, therefore it is obvious that the local residents will be disturbed and they may create problems during the project because it is impossible to tolerate noise during tenure of 8-10 years. Thus, report is mostly portraying the brighter side of the picture (ATH Resources plc, 2009). 2. Lack of objectivity with regards the potential levels of impacts the project would have on the nearby environment. Though report has mentioned in detail the potential impacts of the project on the nearby environment but the level of impact has not been stated objectively. Objectivity refers to explanation on the basis of numbers (Doran, & Monsour, 2013). Like if we take the example of impact on landscape and visual amenity; though report has mentioned in detail regarding effect of project on the landscape and measures that will be taken to mitigate the risk to the lowest possible level. But it is lacking objectively, as it is mentioned that site operation will have major/moderate (adverse) residual effect on the character of landscape (ATH Resources plc, 2009). Thus, major or moderate is not describing the objectivity for measuring the impact it’s a mere subjective explanation. 3. Criteria used for the major assessment approaches were not in-depth and technical enough. Some of the impacts on the environment have not undergone in-depth and technical assessment. Mostly, major assessment has been explained subjectively. Like in case of Landscape sensitivity of project site, criteria used is on the scale of high medium and low. Thus, it is more of generalized criteria which is not at all technical. On the contrary, measurements of monitoring dust have been done in-depth and are technical as well. The dust has been monitored in the unit of milligram per meter square per day, and dust has been monitored for the two location, the Skares Village and Auchlin. Assessment of dust deposition has been done comprehensively using technical measures (ATH Resources plc, 2009). 4. Nearby residents and the existing economic activities seemed not to be given much consideration with regards the potential impacts the project would have on them. However, when mining is to take place then extra care need to be taken for the nearby local dwellers. Though, it was mentioned in the report that local residents located nearby were taken on board during the planning phase. But, they might have not been informed about the impacts that this project will have on them. For project fulfilment, forests will be deteriorated, agriculture land will be finished, noise and human disturbance during operational working hours, dust pollution, loss of landscape, disruption to drainage pattern, blasting process will create vibration and noise. The people mostly impacted would be the locals which are residing 600meter from the project site. The project is having a tenure of 8-10 years thus local resident will get frustrated because they were not informed regarding the adverse effect that they will have to tolerate for couple of years till the project reaches restoration phase (ATH Resources plc, 2009). 5. Remediation measures for mid and long-term environmental impacts were not clearly drawn out. The restoration phase is expected to be completed in 2 years after the project has been completed. The report has inculcated the measures that need to be taken after project completion in order to restore the environment that has been effected by the project. All the measures taken are short term and one time activity like suppression of dust includes wheel and body washing, sweeping public roads, damping haul roads etc. (ATH Resources plc, 2009) All these measures will be done when the dust will be created but this dust might get deposited on places like windows, walls and doors of houses; which at time might react with the chemical composition of walls and create problems. Similarly, dust will be having a long term effect on the soil if it get deposited on it, thus changing the chemistry of soil and then effecting the agriculture that will cultivated in that soil. Although long-term impact are difficult to foresee therefore, they might have not be included (Barthwal, 2002). 6. Visitor numbers were not very clear. The report did mentioned that various consultants and companies were involved in the projects including SLR consulting limited (SLR) and ATH. In addition to these, some sub-contractors, traders and small business in connection with the project development were involved along with employees working on the project. But the exact number of employees working on the site and company’s representatives visiting the project site were not clearly mentioned in the report. EVALUATION OF MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Environmental statement provides accurate information regarding the possible environmental effect that will result from the proposed project development and then taking measures to mitigate these environmental effects (Glasson, Therivel, & Chadwick, 2013). The environmental aspects that had potential impact of the project development includes; Ecology & Biodiversity, Landscape and visual amenity, Air quality, Hydrology and hydrogeology, Traffic and transportation, noise, Blasting, Archeology and cultural heritage. The prediction of environmental impact on the above mentioned aspects have been done during the designing phase of the project. Now we will be evaluating measures for the environmental assessment against each aspect. 1. Ecology & Biodiversity In this case Ecological impact assessment has been done which will elaborate the impact of project development on the ecology, to ensure that the objectives are aligned with the policies, and to make sure that legal requirement of the species and habitat is met (Treweek, 2009). The approach adopted for the assessment was field surveys that involves gathering information at local level (Greener, 2008); which included Habitat survey, Otter survey, water vole survey, badger survey, crested newt survey, breeding bird survey, crossbill survey, red squirrel survey, aquatic macro invertebrate survey (ATH Resources plc, 2009). These survey were the baseline that provided the existing situation of the habitat in the project site and perhaps survey was the best possible option for the ecologist. The measures that will be involved in the restoration of the habitat will include; seeding on the construction site with wet grassland mixture, improving exiting ponds, plantation of coniferous woodland, water bodies will include aquatic habitat 2. Landscape & Natural Amenity Many policies have highlighted the importance of restoration of land after project development. Landscape and visual assessment was done which included data collection, field survey and data processing. The method used to measure the landscape and natural amenity is technical, comprehensive and relevant. Preliminary Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) was generated in order to view the construction site. This analysis focuses on area for public interest footpath, roads, and other outside recreation. The visual analysis used different viewpoints in order to the study the project site from different angles (Rose, 2011); initially the residential area nearby, footpath and roads were viewed. The sensitivity of landscape and visual impact analysis can be measures from major, moderate, minor or none. In order to maintain and preserve landscape following measures have been taken; temporary soil storage mounds have been created, two overburden area have been formulated in order to avoid over flooding of soil, strengthening and retaining existing landscape features, plantation replacement will be carried out and soil that have been removed during stripping will be restored in the area for plantation and agriculture purposes. 3. Air Quality The air quality basically refers to the dust and the degree of dust emission depends upon the level of activities carried out. In our project, process of extraction of coal and fireclay involves blasting, excavation activities thus resulting in dust emission. Air Quality Standards (Hester & Harrison, 1998) from England has set the maximum concentration of the pollutants to be present in the atmosphere. Dust deposition limit has been set beyond which air will be considered harmful. Similarly, Effective Area Cover (EAC) of the soil also indicates the dust emission (ATH Resources plc, 2009). Some design measures have been incorporated in the plan in order to control dust emission. In addition to this dust receptors have been located at different location surrounding the project site, and then these receptors are assessed using frequency of dust and distance from the main source. The measures that are taken to reduce dust emission includes; using dust filters, using water suppressants, height should be kept to minimum during transfer of soil and coal, soil storage area will seeded later. The use of dust receptors, measurement of Effective Area Cover are the best possible objective indicators of dust measurement in the atmosphere. 4. Hydrology and hydrogeology In order to study the water dynamics of the construction site, an extensive survey and investigation have been conducted. Moreover, Quality Risk Assessment Methodology which uses probability of impact and magnitude of impact for the assessment ( Pérez, 2012). The measures taken to mitigate the problems includes; decreasing tenure of the project, water treatment lagoons to be sued, all foul water to be tinkered off. Furthermore, investigations were done in order to check the quality of water because previous researchers indicated high level of cadmium, mercury, sulphur etc. are found near coal mining sites (ATH Resources plc, 2009). Moreover mudstone, siltstone, coal seam roof and floor were submitted for Quantitative X-ray Diffractrometery (QXRD) in order to analyze the structure of the material (Suryanarayana & Norton, 1998). Therefore the measures are quantitative in nature thus giving clear results. 5. Traffic and Transportation Qualitative assessment have been conducted regarding the heavy good vehicles on the road and the impact on traffic jams. Also, assessment has been done to study risk of accident linked with abnormal traffic flow. Therefore, traffic survey was conducted with respect to working hours. The mitigation measures proposed includes; improving the highway for safe movement of heavy traffic, wheel wash to clean Heavy Goods Vehicle, ensuring driver follows driving policies. The traffic flow can only be measured using surveys or observations. Moreover, the methods used to mitigate the traffic problems are realistic and practical. 6. Noise The noise impact assessment is basically used to study the noise that is linked with the development of the project. There is certain level of sound that is unbearable by the audience thus making it a noise (Carroll & Turpin, 2002). Noise sensitive receptors will be installed in nearby places, which was used for environmental noise survey. Noise will be measured at different point of time in order to check the difference during operational hours and normal hours. The measures taken to mitigate the noise include; minimizing noise emission from main plant, roads to be maintained properly in order to avoid rattling of vehicles, construction plant will be maintained properly and exhaust silencers are too be used, generators, compressor to be placed in acoustic covers. These measures will decrease the chances of noise emission. 7. Blasting Blasting involves breaking apart of solids through explosive (Jimeno, Jimino, & Carcedo, 1995). The assessment involves measurements of vibration levels at nearby noise –sensitive receptors. Moreover, research has been conducted regarding the ground vibration levels resulted from blasting involving Vibrock Limited research. Peak Particle velocity is the maximum value of the particle in a stress wave. Blasting also results in air overpressure thus resulting in vibrations of buildings as well. Furthermore, blasting may also involve projection of certain material e.g, rock, stone etc. from the site. Therefore, blast sensitive receptors have been placed in the nearby location in order to estimate the magnitude of vibration. In order to mitigate the problems the measures that have been taken include; correct blast design, correct stemming will be helpful in controlling fly-rock and air overpressure. Moreover, it is advisable to undergo a test blast near construction site before giving a final shoot. 8. Archeology and cultural heritage. Cultural heritage is the physical artifact inherited from previous generations (Navrud & Ready, 2002). The assessment of the heritage value of the area, impact of proposed development are on the cultural heritage, The assessment of importance of the cultural heritage uses six folds scale, while magnitude of impact is indicated through seven point scale. The assessments have shown that there are no such location in the premises that is of cultural importance. Thus, the project planners need not to worry about the preservation of cultural heritage or buildings have cultural importance. CONCLUSION The report summaries the Environmental statement of the Surface mining at Nethertons along with its environmental assessment. The formulated report have shown that report has been structured comprehensively and clearly. The purpose of the project and the criteria/threshold to meet the project’s requirement under Town and Country Planning Regulation Act 2011 have been fulfilled. Moreover, environmental assessment have been conducted for the project and the measures have also been proposed to mitigate the environmental problems to maximum extent. Therefore, project has inculcated restoration plan of the environment. Bibliography 1. Pérez, J. R. (2012). Quality Risk Management in the FDA-Regulated Industry. ASQ Quality Press. 2. Westland, J. (2007). The Project Management Life Cycle: A Complete Step-by-step Methodology for Initiating, Planning, Executing & Closing a Project Successfully. Kogan Page Publishers. 3. Allison, S. K. (2012). Ecological Restoration and Environmental Change: Renewing Damaged Ecosystems. Routledge. 4. ATH Resources plc. (2009). Planning Application for Proposed Surface Mining Operations at Netherton. SLR Consulting Limited. 5. Barthwal, R. R. (2002). Environmental Impact Assessment. New Age International. 6. Carroll, B., & Turpin, T. (2002). Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook: A Practical Guide for Planners, Developers and Communities. Thomas Telford,. 7. Donelly, A., Clayton, B. D., & Hughes, R. (1998). A Directory of Impact Assessment Guidelines. IIED. 8. Doran,, R. M., & Monsour, H. D. (2013). Early Works on Theological Method 3. University of Toronto Press. 9. Glasson, J., Therivel, R., & Chadwick, A. (2013). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment. Routledge. 10. Greener, D. (2008). Business Research Methods. Bookboon. 11. Hester, R. E., & Harrison, R. M. (1998). Air Pollution and Health. Royal Society of Chemistry. 12. Jimeno, E. L., Jimino, C. L., & Carcedo, A. (1995). Drilling and Blasting of Rocks. CRC Press. 13. Kreske, D. L. (1996). Environmental Impact Statements: A Practical Guide for Agencies, Citizens, and Consultants. John Wiley & Sons. 14. Navrud , S., & Ready, R. C. (2002). Valuing Cultural Heritage: Applying Environmental Valuation Techniques to Historic Buildings, Monuments and Artifacts. Edward Elgar Publishing. 15. Pidwirny, M. (2014). Part 1. Introduction to Physical Geography. Our Planet Earth Publishing. 16. Rose, G. (2011). Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. Sage. 17. Suryanarayana, C., & Norton, M. G. (1998). X-Ray Diffraction: A Practical Approach. Springer Science & Business Media. 18. Tapper, R. (2006). Wildlife Watching and Tourism: A Study on the Benefits and Risks of a Fast Growing Tourism Activity and Its Impacts on Species. UNEP/Earthprint. 19. Town and Country Planning. (2011). Statutory Instruments. UK: The Stationary Office Limited. 20. Treweek, J. (2009). Ecological Impact Assessment. John Wiley & Sons. Read More