Tone and Implications of Death in Dickinson - Essay Example

? Emily Dickinson (1830–86).  Complete Poems.  1924. Part Four: Time and Eternity L THE ONLY ghost I ever saw Was dressed in mechlin,—so; He wore no sandal on his foot, And stepped like flakes of snow. His gait was soundless, like the bird,         5 But rapid, like the roe; His fashions quaint, mosaic, Or, haply, mistletoe.    His conversation seldom, His laughter like the breeze         10 That dies away in dimples Among the pensive trees. Our interview was transient,— Of me, himself was shy; And God forbid I look behind         15 Since that appalling day! How many times these low feet staggered (238) BY EMILY DICKINSON How many times these low feet staggered - Only the soldered mouth can tell - Try - can you stir the awful rivet - Try - can you lift the hasps of steel! Stroke the cool forehead - hot so often - Lift - if you care - the listless hair - Handle the adamantine fingers Never a thimble - more - shall wear - Buzz the dull flies - on the chamber window - Brave - shines the sun through the freckled pane - Fearless - the cobweb swings from the ceiling - Indolent Housewife - in Daisies - lain! Tone and Implications of Death in Dickinson’s “The Only Ghost” and “How Many Times” Emily Dickinson, as a poetic writer, composed most of her works with the theme of death, the entirety of which can be categorized into three different periods of writings, the earliest mainly contained the themes of death and immortality, personifying death and elegiac poems and lacked the intensity and urgency of her later poems or their fascination with the physical aspects of death (Van Daesdonk 2007). Because of Dickinson’s immense fascination with this subject, it is interesting to compare her pieces against each other to see how her view of death changed over the years of her writing. These poems are “The Only Ghost I Ever Saw” and “How Many Times These Low Feet Staggered.” “The Only Ghost I Ever Saw” has a softer tone and composition that suggested an early fascination with death and disillusionment with the Church’s idea of death, while “How Many Times These Low Feet Staggered” has a more realistic and macabre tone and composition because of the realization of how death reveals a person’s past identity, which suggests that, in some cases, death is better than life after all. “The Only Ghost I Ever Saw,” written in 1857-62, is an example of the earlier period of Dickinson’s writing. There are many different interpretations of this piece, the most obvious one is that the poem centers on an individual who has encountered the spirit of a person and is shocked by the meeting. A deeper analysis shows the possibility of the poem being about how the speaker, or Dickinson, is forced to reassess her loyalty or belief of Christianity through the encounter of a ghost. In contrast, “How Many Times These Low Feet Staggered,” written 1890, can be recognized to belong in her later period, as its theme centers on the viewing of the corpse of a mundane housewife and the physical aspects of her death. The poem itself is in the first person persona and contains a grotesque dreary tone; and from the poem’s fascination with the corpse, the Dickinson’s frustration and obsession with death is shown. Concerning the form and structure of “The Only Ghost I ever saw,” the piece is a ballad, one of the two main forms of narrative poetry, as the poem uses the traditional ballad metre, which is made up of rhyming quatrains of alternative four-stress and three-stress lines. It is written in iambic metre which gives the poem a soft flowing, lilting rhythm, this along with the many pauses throughout the poem cause the pace to become slow and smooth, much like the movement of the poem’s subject, a ghost, would be. “How Many Times” differs from this in that the meter of the poem is iambic, the first syllable of each line is unstressed followed by a stressed one; however, the first line of the poem intentionally breaks this pattern. “How Many Times” makes the rhythm disjointed and gives the impression that the sentence itself is staggering like the line is trying to describe the housewife staggering over her work. The hyphen at the end of this line also helps to throw the rhythm off, as it forces readers to pause in their reading, but, it also gives readers time to stop and envision what the life of this drab housewife would have been like, and how hard it must have been if she would be “staggering” her way through it. The idea about contemplating the dead woman’s life could be linked to the words “low feet,” as they are such usually unnoticed things to note about a dead person when normally a person would be looking at the face. It gives the impression that the persona of the poem is staring at the corpse’s feet in her death bed and wondering about how her life was and what she must be feeling in death. The poetic voice of “The Only Ghost I Ever Saw” has a dreamy tone to it which shows Dickinson’s feelings about death to be innocent, almost naive, in that she seems to view death as something peaceful and/or sublime. However, in the final stanza, the persona’s tone changes from the earlier dreamy quality of when they were speaking about the ghost and snaps to a harsher, berating tone, where the persona never wants to remember meeting the ghost, which could be an indication of Dickinson’s realization that the afterlife is not as simple and innocent as she first viewed it to be. Throughout the first three stanzas, the lines all finish in a rhyme, “so” and “snow,” “roe” and “mistletoe,” “breeze” and “trees,” which gives the poem a smooth flowing rhythm to it and a dream-like quality. However, the final stanza breaks that pattern using “shy” and “day,” which do not rhyme, ruining the original lilting rhythm that the poem previously had. The breakage in the pattern accentuates the change in tone from dreamy to harsh. In contrast to the dreamy tone of the earlier poem, “How Many Times” has a distinctly more realistic and macabre tone to it. The mention of “flies” gives readers the image of decomposing meat, as though the corpse was rotting, which helps establish the more realistic side of what physically happens when a person dies. However, the flies also clarify how monotonous the dead woman’s life and the tone of the poem are, as the flies continuously bang themselves against a window in their attempt to get out through them, which can also represent what this woman’s life was like. The mention of the window also helps to create the idea that her death is the window of freedom she needed to finally escape such a droll life, emphasizing the macabre tone by making death seem better than life. The phonology of “The Only Ghost I Ever Saw” is mainly used to create the atmosphere and help with the imagery of the Ghost. The first simile of the poem in line three shows the reader the qualities of the ghost: “stepped like flakes of snow,” showing that his footsteps were light and pure, the delicacy of “flakes of snow” also links back to the line about his clothes being “Mechlin,” which is lace, a delicate and intricate material (Van Daesdonk 2007). Also, in this line is sibilance, the “s” sounds of the “flakes,” “stepped” and “snow” help to emphasize the delicacy and how incorporeal the ghost is and give readers a softer interpretation of it. In the sixth line the alliteration in “rapid like the Roe-“ ironically enough slows down the sentence creating a paradox, in that a line about “rapid” movement is spoken so slowly, and this is like the previous line “His Gait- was soundless,” which is also a paradox as it seems unnatural for any type of movement to be truly “soundless.” The paradoxes in the poem help to create an other-worldly atmosphere, which ties in well with the subject of this poem as a ghost could most definitely be described as an other-worldly creature, which belongs better in the spiritual plane rather than the mortal plane. In contrast, “How Many Times” uses man-made physical images to describe death. In line two, Dickinson describes the dead woman’s mouth to be “soldered,” this imagery gives the conception that her mouth has been welded shut like metal and also gives the rather repugnant notion of how rigor-mortis has set into her body. These images link up to the idea of how, in death, this woman is unable to communicate with readers, the living. The long vowel sounds in this sentence like in the words “only,” “soldered” and “mouth” cause the readers to use excessive mouth motions which helps to create a contrast between them and their ability to pronounce these words and the dead woman who is so unable to move her mouth at all. In line 5, the two monosyllables “hot” and “so” give the line seriousness and weight to it that tries to sober the mind and thoughts of the reader. The line talks of how the housewife was so often hot and sweaty from her long day of work and it connects to the earlier idea of staggering and again reminds readers of how hard this woman’s life was. Another contrast between the two poems is the lack of nature, aside from the mention of a fly, in “How Many Times.” Nature, which seems to be another favoured subject of Dickinson’s, as can be seen from her other poems, such as “I Taste A Liquor Never Brewed” and “Blazing in Gold,” is often referred to in “The Only Ghost I Ever Saw.” For instance, the paradox of line five about the soundless movement would seem wholly unnatural were it not for the simile that follows after, “like the Bird” and this connects the paradox with nature and causes what would normally seem unnatural to feel perfectly normal and natural. Also, because the poem has been set in winter time, “flakes of snow,” using birds in the line makes it seem far more realistic than the movement soundless because, in winter time, there is a substantial lack of birds, so there would be no movement and thus it is “soundless.” In terms of the poem’s lexis, the use of the word “appalling” in the final line of “The Only Ghost I Ever Saw” is interesting because “appalling” in the dictionary means “causing dismay or horror.” This could be connected with the image of the ghost, who would stereotypically be a pale apparition, and could work with the interpretation of the poem being about how the ghost tests the persona’s faith in religion, As for “How Many Times,” the way Dickinson uses the word “adamantine” to describe the corpse’s fingers shows how rigor-mortis has set in and it also gives the impression of how the corpse is precious to the persona, as adamantine refers to “adamantine lustre of a diamond.” The dead woman could have been precious to the persona in real life by how useful she was in looking after the house, or that, in death, the dead woman is as precious as her body because it is the persona’s link into the world of death and the afterlife. The two poems themselves have very little in common with each other, which is rather unusual considering that they circle the same subject and are written by the same person. “The Only Ghost I Ever Saw” seems to show a young Dickinson’s innocent fascination with death shown though the dream-like tone and links to nature and, therefore life, where the final four lines break this by bringing about a harsher tone through the broken rhyme, which could be said to show Dickinson's fist steps towards the frustration and macabre fascination she shows towards death in her later works. Her greater frustration with, and interest in, death becomes clearer in “How Many Times,” which a more grotesque and dreary poem of death, seen through the referrals to man-made objects such as “handle” and “hasps” and the physical state of the housewife’s corpse. The changes in tone and view of death could have been brought on by age, as they were written about 30 years apart, and it is inevitable that time could have matured Dickinson’s feelings about death, whether by the Civil War she lived though, and how her brother fought in (Van Daesdonk 2007), or the fact that, in aging, she was approaching the end of her life itself, thus, creating an urgency in the need to understand what the next stage of life would entail for her. Works Cited Van Daesdonk, H. “Emily Dickinson Notes Teignmouth College.” Unpublished Dickinson, E. (1997) Emily Dickinson (Everyman Poetry) Phoenix, 2007. Print. Dickinson, Emily, and Helen Vendler. Dickinson: Selected Poems and Commentaries. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard U P, 2010. Print. Read More