Globalization and Racial Discrimination - Research Paper Example

?ABC XYZ English 29 April Racial discrimination Most people are of the opinion that racism existed in the past, and can be viewed on the age old black and white cinemas. However, it is widely believed that isolated acts of discrimination still mar our society. Many believe that these horrendous incidents of bias are still conducted. Americans hold the notion that racial discrimination is isolated events despite the fact that exceptions will always be prevented. This thought can be viewed as immature. On a worst case scenario, racism can never be associated with mere slurs and insults; but signs of a deeper illness. Racism involves more than cognizant ill-will, more than willful acts of exclusion, avoidance, violence and malice committed by individuals. Racism explains the actuality of unjust benefit, bestowed authority, and unseen concession which the white Americans enjoy, to the burden, detriment, and drawback of the individuals of color. We may infer that racial bias works my means of acts carried out of conscious alertness. Also racial discrimination is not naturally bestowed upon human beings, it is a created vice. Racism or racial discrimination is rather complicated and is not the mundane understanding. It is far worse than the actions of bigotry, bias, and exclusion. Racism is a way of accepting and inferring discrepancies in the color of the skin which makes the white Americans have the benefit of an advantaged social class which provides admission and gains to the disadvantage, detriment and trouble to individuals of color. In all permutations, racial discrimination is at the centre a resistance of social benefits based on racism (Synder, 2008). Globalization and racial discrimination The super powers of today, like, Australasia, European countries and North America and pockets of wealthy nations have quickly adjusted to the strategy to embrace apartheid in a bid to protect themselves from the risk of privileged lifestyles and territorial integrity. This hazard is posed by the imminent increase in international migration from underdeveloped to developed nations, especially nations witnessing the collapse of its governments to those having a strong and stable functional political environment. In fact, a bulk of 23 million displaced persons and immigrants worldwide hail from the poorer Third World nations. This is where racial discrimination with reference to inhospitable reactions from developed nations towards these migrants is the highlight of widespread racial discrimination conducted. Despite the fact that, official apartheid conducted in South Africa has now been banned, nations worldwide are in favor of making preventive policies and acts of control which are strikingly similar to those acts of apartheid conducted in the 1950s in South Africa. Moreover, these nations have plausible reasons for imposing such policies in the name of defending the existing social institutions and cultures, maintaining law and order, enhancing security in states, preserving economic benefits, safeguarding ethnic identity and a means of managing and regulating movements in population. The breakthroughs attained in technology especially in the field of communications have spurred interdependence and closer linkages in many parts. Occurrences taking place in a particular area may activate a series of incidences which may have effects in nations which are far away from the scene of crime. Also one can opine that globalization is responsible for certain challenges. The worldwide economy is subject to the interlinked economies of the Europe, United States, Japan, and the quickly increasing ones of Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Pressures of migration have resulted from changes in the region of economic growth places and from dislocation caused by clash (Richmond, 1994). Racial discrimination in the workplace Racial/ethnic pestering and discrimination means unwanted, uncomfortable or unwelcome treatment on the basis of ethnicity or race and pressurizes the targeted individual’s wellbeing in the workplace which also includes employment terms. Racial discrimination in the workplace is related to racism and intergroup biases while at work. In this kind of discrimination, individuals display favoritism towards members of the same group and dislike, exclude and derogate those belonging to other groups and this is especially true for people belonging to ethnic minority communities. Such treatment tends to adversely affect the well being of those being discriminated (Kessler et al., 1999; Klonoff, Landrine, & Ullman, 1999; Roberts, Swanson, & Murphy, 2004; Sanchez & Brock, 1996; Schneider, Hitlan, & Radhakrishnan, 2000). Until long, scientists and scholars have recognized acts of racial or ethnic discriminations as stressors (Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999; Harrell, 2000; Roberts, Swanson, & Murphy, 2004; Sue et al., 2007). Harassment in the place of work and discrimination have adverse outcomes for well being related to employment like the attitude towards work and turnover harassment and discrimination have negative consequences for job-related well-being, such as job attitudes and turnover purposes (Ragins & Cornwell, 2001; Roberts, Swanson, & Murphy, 2004; Schneider, Hitlan, & Radhakrishnan, 2000; Willness, Steel, & Lee, 2007). In the literature on sexual harassment, academic scholars projected an incorporated system of sexual harassment in the workplace, to contend that (a) Sexual harassment results in stress (b) An individual being the target of sexual harassment is a role of both situation and personal factors (c) The victims’ response to sexual harassment is a role of both situation and personal variables (Bergman & Palmieri, 2012). Does racial discrimination affect one’s physical well being? The past two decades have witnessed zeal in scholars to examine whether experiences of being discriminated on the basis of ethnicity and race may have severe demonstrations which may affect the physical and emotional well being of the victim. In fact research conducted on racial discrimination by skin color by healthcare professionals may negatively affect healing and recovery. However, these claims have less data on the perceived attitudes and actions of providers of healthcare and on the patients’ treatment decisions. In fact there is very less scholarly investigation conducted on whether racial discrimination may be attributed to be one of the causes of somatic maladies. Until now, there have been only four cross sectional researches conducted. All these studies emphasized on the blood pressure levels of the American black people. These studies found that increased blood pressure levels were attributed to racial discrimination in the workplace, unjust treatment and internal reactions to discrimination on the basis of race and contact with cinemas displaying racist and angry clashes. In fact, a research conducted on semantic health, wherein black men and women ranging from 25 to 37 years participated, observed that eighty percent of those had an elevated blood pressure level while reporting incidents of racial discrimination conducted on them. Supplementary investigations concerning white people demonstrated the change in blood pressure levels amongst black men and women related to experiences of discrimination could result in the discrepancies in the blood pressure levels among the black and white population in the United States of America. The study conducted on the blood pressure levels of black and white individuals did infer that discrepancies in the blood pressure levels should take into consideration the social explanations of ethnicity and race, as illustrated in the experiences of discrimination with relation to race. The studies conducted on the relationship between physical well being and racial discrimination should also take into account how the gender and social strata affect the embodiment of and exposure to such racial and ethnic discrimination. It is quite evident that racial discrimination causes pain to a person. In fact scholars must conduct further studies on how racial and ethnic discrimination may negatively affect the health of the people and cause physical ailments. In fact studies should be conducted to attend to other ailments and not only elevation in blood pressure levels amongst the black people residing in the United States of America (Krieger, 1996). Racial discrimination and mental well being Most research scholars and academics have accepted the fact that individuals suffering from racial and ethnic discrimination have a direct relationship with adverse psychological results like depression, anxiety, low self esteem and a tendency to react emotionally (Carter, 2007; Mossakowski, 2003; Williams, Neighbors, & Jackson, 2003). However, the level to which an individual may have psychological reactions after being discriminated on the basis of race is yet not clear. Scholars have started associating signs of posttraumatic stress disorders or stress due to trauma with racial discrimination. However this needs a lot of research. The history of ethnic and racial discrimination in the United States of America is well documented. Some scholars have argued that people of non European descent or those not having a fair skin color may experience frequent experiences on the basis of color and race and experience higher stress levels which may further develop into traumatic reactions due to extreme levels of reactions due to stress (Allen, 1996; Butts, 2002; Carter, 2007). Further research conducted on the stress levels of ethnic minorities in U.S.A. like Native American Vietnam veterans, Asian Americans and African Americans have found that such people experience higher stress levels than their white skinned counterparts (Norris, et al., 2002). Also the post traumatic stress disorders are far higher in the darker skinned inhabitants and this is found especially after any calamity or natural disaster such as Hurricane Andrew. Hence further investigations have to be conducted to find out the relations between psychological disorders leading to signs of stress and trauma due to racial climate and ethnic and racial discrimination. The beginning of designing equipments to find out and monitor the experiences of individuals due to ethnic and racial discrimination has spurred a healthy study by scholars emphasizing on the relationship between apparent ethic and or racial discrimination and other diverse features of psychological roles (Williams & Mohammed, 2009). A further study on racial discrimination wherein the questionnaire method of research was employed has generated the same outcomes as those conducted on ethnic discrimination using the questionnaire method. General research on the affect of racial discrimination of health reveal that individuals having experienced ethnic or racial discrimination tend to be more stressed and positively related with psychological disorders which are generally featured by anxiety and depression (Carter, 2007; Cassidy, O’Conner, Howe, & Warden, 2004; Paradies, 2006; Williams, Neighbors, & Jackson, 2003; Williams & Mohammed, 2009). Further studies on the field of racial discrimination have found that the people of color have to endure frequent experiences of being racially discriminated than their white counterparts. In a validation research of the PEDQ–Community, academic scholars observed that people belonging to ethnic groups or non – European races apparently experienced frequent discrimination based on their race and ethnicity (Brondolo, Kelly, et al. 2005). Other scholars also tested samples containing a sample population group of Latino and Black people which signifies a racially varied sample and observed that these people were being much more racially discriminated than the other ethnic minority groups like Asian, biracial or white people. The observations from these academic scholars reveal that ethnic and or racial discrimination are still prevalent in the lives of people belonging to ethnic minority groups in the United States of America. Another significant argument which has surfaced from the stress literature of racially discriminated individuals is the length of the discrimination experiences based on racism can be seen in the rubric of mental suffering (Carter, 2007; Ford, 2008). Also academics found out a decade ago that primitive notions of post trauma stress disorders were lengthened in order to take into consideration the features of trauma related to ethnic and or racial oppression and discrimination. Research scholars have argued in their observations of psychological trauma related to ethnicity and race that want to comprehend the trauma related to racial and ethnic discrimination is collective in nature. In order to illustrate the above notion, research scholars have discussed that it is not possible for an individual to effectively reply or completely appreciate the psychosocial wants of the Native American woman sans understanding the current intergenerational stress related to the loss of rights, land and identity. The details of racial discrimination as an invisible vice provides a beneficial example of the repetitive and cumulative nature of racism and discrimination experienced by the people of color. As per these writers, the psychological reaction to racism and or discrimination can be foretold on diverse prior incidents of discrimination. As a strategy to cope with discrimination, some people of color have found out a sense of caution and hence are inclined to constantly anticipate racial hostility or racial discrimination. Also, psychological responses like hostility, anger etc. are exhibited by some people of color and can be seen as a kind of defense mechanism in anticipation or in retaliation to the discrimination conducted on the basis of race and or ethnicity. In fact, the series of psychological retorts observed by research scientists are apparently constant with the banal retaliations to trauma, which includes confusion in identity, evasion, feelings of shame and guilt and problems in maintaining interpersonal relationships. Conclusion On supreme significance in the ethnic and or racial discrimination context is a clear comprehension of the devise by which the trauma and stress related to discrimination may develop into a retaliation which is constant with stress and trauma, psychopathology or emotional hurt. Even though current research find the presence of a relationship between trauma and ethnic and racial discrimination, the actual way from racial and or ethnic discrimination to stress and then to trauma has yet to be established. The adverse impact of ethnic and or racial discrimination on the psychological role of the people belonging to minority races is broadly recognized. In current studies on discrimination, the scholars try to find out a more precise understanding of the nature in which ethnic and or racial discrimination is related to psychological suffering and classify the psychological results related to discrimination on the basis or ethnicity and race. In conclusion, the idea that the psychological retorts to ethnic and or racial discrimination can be better comprehended from the standpoint of traumatic stress and trauma and propose that consistent empirical trials in this field has to be pursued (Pieterse & Carter, 2010). Work cited: Allen, I. M. 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