Foundation Improvement Techniques - Literature review Example

Foundation Improvement Techniques

Introduction

Engineers were forced to upgrade the entire properties of soil because of the continuous and fast development of structures in the cities in the recent years. They were compelled to bear the that was transferred through some structure such as bridge, building, and road constructions. Removal and replacement, pre-compression, vertical drains, and densification are the advancements that engineers opted to for the ground improvement. Maximizing the bearing capacity of the soil its primary purpose of using these techniques (Arulrajah et al. 3-14).

The importance of improving the land comes with some of the techniques the stabilizing of ground. Engineers have the basic principles of applying these techniques to different types of groups. Mechanical features are not enough to bear the load of them; they work on only grounds that the engineers have recommended them. If they force to work because have been recommended, property will have to be sprinkled and others to be reconstructed.

Since time in memorial, land improvement techniques have made advances that are considered practical. Though it may not seem useful, these methods have been used in the most countries and proved to be working. Due to modernized ground improvements, most of the techniques have undergone through most changes (Adam, Vogel and Zimmermann 229-235).

Possible alternatives need to be taken when a project site comes across challenging conditions. These choices are considered so as to avoid the particular site or even the design targeted for an individual property. The involvement of using a soft and supported piles to come up a rigid and stiff structure revolves around the need for the technicians for better ground improvement. An example of this is when removal and replacing of the unsuitable soils and trying to modify part of the existing will take a long way to achieving the desired construction.

Importance

For a structure to be designed, the property of the and the beginning of the project need to be considered. The size of the engineering properties and the shapes of the intended soil may change in the due time significantly. In the ground areas, the ground upgrade is necessary. In some regions, the field might be weak to support the needed structure. Therefore, before the construction taking place, the proper analysis need to be made so as not to exceed the design requirements of a client (Jefferson, Faisal and Pinto 45-45).

The study will help the designers to understand the type of the structure they need to construct. Grounds can be classified into structural basing on the various ground treatment techniques. Factors to consider include; the height of the structure, thickness, compensability of the soil and the time and cost. Below is the ground improvement techniques can be useful because having the poor condition.

•Soft and replacement of soft cohesive deposits of limited thickness removal and replacement

•Vertical drains preloading

•Dynamic replacement

•Stone column

•Vibratory surface compaction and dark Vibrio-compaction

•Piled Embankments in sites which have soft soil to very significant depths

•Viaduct for high dams on the ground which have such deep soft soils with organic deposits (Jefferson, Pinto and Faisal 45-45)

Technical review

To have an enough load capacity. Usually, you need to design a better foundation. The dependence of this deeply relies on the type of soil on which the foundation has been set. It also depends on the structural system that is designed by the engineers. Factors in the statements and the bearing capacity are the sole factors that are considered in the average signing. It is considered as being a core part of the foundation that works more as compared to other factors (Mohamed 73-85). With due time, other factors may encounter some challenges because of the presence of the clay soil. For better and for long lasting structures, there has to be various improvements techniques that will be incorporated in the foundation engineering.

Vibratory and profound Vibro-compaction

Compaction of soil using surface compaction method helps in the identification of lands that have loose through the utilization of the vibratory roller. In the other perspective, deep Vibro-compaction is typically done for the soils that have free sandy deposits. The type of soil is believed to have less than 15 percent of depths up to 10m. For the compaction to take place, it is done by inserting a probe to a design depth of improvements. It is done by allowing the soil surrounding the probe to be compacted to a specified period. After, you will need to raise the probe for about 0.5m (Murty and Krishna 159-166). The reason behind the rising of the probe is to ensure that it compacts the vibrator. The process in done repeatedly.

Removal and replacement

Unsuitable material such as soil that is soft in the areas that are localized with depth and thickness is limited; a suitable replacement can be done. The material that is unsuitable is found in the valleys and low-lying areas. These areas can be replaced with a well-compacted fill that is adaptable in the area. For the excavation process, it can be done up to the depth of 5 to 6 meters. Even in the cutting area, removal and replacement can be done. Even in the areas where soils occur naturally with little shear strength but with high moisture content, removal and replacement are done (Murty and Krishna 159-166).

Preloading

For one resort to the short embankment, someone must have undergone soft comprehensible soil where the ground is not suitable some of the conditions. The conditions that come across are the thickness and the ability to compress under excess load due to the presence of sand lenses. The method primarily based on the concepts of consolidation. In this aspect, it comprises pouring of water into the squeezed voids to the extent of balancing the water inside. As the trend continues, shear strength will eventually gain. The achievement of the ongoing construction and hence after building will have to concur with the entire core consolidation and minimization of the settlement (Pinto, Cardoso and Jefferson 180-180).

Prefabricated vertical drains and preloading

In conjunction with the preloading to make the solution speed up, vertical drainage have to be incorporated. Areas that need to be accelerated is the thickness of the soft clay where consolidation interval and time have a sort of variation. In the places where there is the thickness of the thin soils, vertical drainage is advocated (Pinto, Cardoso and Jefferson 1). Therefore, in the locations of the said state are limited and targeted as being the primary duty.

Dynamic replacement

In the soil that is deep and possesses the height of-of 5 to 6 meters, it can be used in the densification of loose cohesionless soils. To maximize the heavy pounder, capable replacement is lifted by the crane to the dictated height and after that dropped to the ground. The dropping is usually done in a pattern that is a grid and covered entirely every area. The creator that might be formed will be filled with compacted sand ("Recent Developments In Ground Improvement Techniques" 96). To achieve the best in this method, it has to be contacted in the areas far away from settlements and other sensitive structures. They do this because of the large vibrators that drop the pounder.

Stone columns

In the areas where subsoils from more than 5m thick, and a soft cohesive soil, stone columns are provided in this locations. Its primary importance is that it provides stability and stringent considerations. The operation can not be achieved if there is the removal of the substitution of the soft material. Therefore, the method is important because it enables the embarkment for the construction to the intended height without further renewals ("Recent Developments In Ground Improvement Techniques" 96).

Piled embankment and viaduct

The embarkment stage can opt in the locations that are well known for little safety against capacity and the stability of the slope. In this, waiting time have to be introduced within the stages so as enable for consolidation and mechanical gain of strength. Security beans are needed to be added so as to minimize the number of the construction steps in the cases the installation is required (West 71-78). Moreover, the terms can extend to a level that goes beyond the necessary limit timeframe. In cases of challenges of limited time frame and space scarcity, it can be required to resort to the structural solution. In soft soil locations, embankment height beyond the pre-consolidation pressure will lead to rising in the excessive settlement. This may avoid by a way of structural solutions like viaduct. The fundamental solution is advised in soft ground conditions having depths beyond 15m. The basic solution is also necessary where settlement requirement is 0 mm viz points and crossings (West 71-78). In the case height of embankment is more, the cost of piled embankment can be higher, and viaduct can be provided. In both the alternatives, the rail system is enhanced on collections taken through the soft soil and which is founded within the beneath stiffer material. The height of dam governs the decision to choose between the viaduct and piled embankment.

Soil mixing

Soil mixing is a method that depends on the putting of a grout material that is engineered to make either a ground cement matrix for the purpose of stabilization of soil. Stabilization will in turn form surfaces and structured components so to enhance construction loads (Murty and Krishna 159-166). Mixing of the soil can be achieved by many techniques that contain a broad range of equipment and configuring present.

Conclusion

The ground treatment has come a long way in helping to reduce the amount of settlement or the risk of shear failure leading to cosmetic or even catastrophic damage to buildings on certain difficult sites subject to new building loads. Afterward, the probe is extracted, and granular particles are passed in a downward manner through the probe with the adjustable closure to mean open. As desired, the granular material is compacted for instance consolidated, thereby further enhancing the bearing strength of the site, either by bringing such material into the probe during vibratory extraction of the probe. Thus, central ground Improvement techniques are discussed giving its advantages and effectiveness of usage in suitable site condition.