Building a Stadium as a Civil Engineer - Report Example

BUILDING А STАDIUM АS А СIVIL ЕNGINЕЕR by Student’s name Code+ course name Professor’s name University name City, State Date BUILDING А STАDIUM АS А СIVIL ЕNGINЕЕR Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction. Background to the Topic: Purpose of the report: Preview of themes/sub-themes: 2.0. Civil engineering and Human mind. 2.1. Civil engineering and human psychology. 2.2. Civil engineering and Ethics. 3.0. Civil Engineering and Human body. 3.1. Civil engineering and disability. 3.2. Civil engineering and sport. 3.3. Civil engineering and health. 4.0. Recommendation and conclusion. 1.0 Introduction. Background Information: The report is based on London’s temporal Stadium which was constructed for 2012 summer Olympics. The stadium is to be reconstructed permanently by 2016. The structure was not up to the standards of durability therefore we are now examining the possible permanent changes that can be made to this stadium cutting across all populations. We must be genuine and realistic to tackle on the essence of applying both human body (disability, sporting and health) and human mind (psychology and ethics) in civil construction of this stadium. Purpose of the report: The purpose of this report is to evaluate and scrutinize the most possible and important changes that can be made by a civil engineer during the construction of the sport stadium. The report should define the relationship between the civil engineering and the Human body regarding the disabilities, sport and health. In the report we shall come to see the linkage between civil engineering and the human mind especially psychology and ethics. Preview of themes/sub-themes: The theme of the report is how to build a stadium as a civil engineer. The topics of discussion are; the relationship of civil engineering and the human mind which involve the study of human psychology and ethics and the relationship of civil engineering and human body. The case study on the topic is the human disability, sport and health. 2.0 The relationship between Civil Engineering and the Human Mind. When engineering is blended with the psychology produces Engineering psychology (Easa et al 2008). Engineering psychology is a science of man’s ability to apply the concept of ergonomics in order to improve the linkage between the machines or environment or interactions and the people to make user friendlier. The situation is achieved by changing the design of the equipment (Easa et al 2008). The case study is the London stadium re-structuring to make it friendlier to the users. Civil Engineering is much related to human mind that is psychology and ethics. The human mind is categorized into two fundamental settings; the clinical (diagnose, treat and prevent mental, emotional and behavioral disorders therefore promote the well-being.) and experimental psychologies(Approaches psychology as a natural science hence interested with both basic and applied aspects of human behavior.) (Easa et al 2008). 2.1. The civil engineering and psychology. Psychology tools are mostly applied in many areas of Civil Engineering. Psychology is the science of mind therefore creating a strong linkage to Civil Engineering. Psychology encompasses ergonomics which is identical to human characteristics (physical, behavioral and psychological) and address the human machine system interface. This concept of ergonomics optimizes the presentation, efficiency, usability and safety of civil engineering. According to the article Easa et al 2008, categories of Experimental psychology are much important to civil engineering. These include: Cognitive Psychology; it deals with the human thought processes i.e. creating awareness, perception, reasoning, judgments and decision making. Industrial psychology; this category involves workplace behavior so as to enhance productivity, efficiency and safety. Educational psychology; helps the learner to remember, think, develop and examine materials and procedures taught during the training. Ergonomics is much used in engineering areas such as construction (Easa et al 2008). It is the key ingredient in the designing of the buildings and other infrastructures like stadiums. Civil engineers needs to pay greater attention to the design and the arrangement of the stadium facilities and the associated structures e.g. the lightening and furnishings which should be human friendly. This offers safer and comfortable interactions between the stadium structures and the humans (Easa et al 2008). In structural civil engineering, ergonomics considerations are of great importance for occupant comforts. 2.2. The civil engineering and ethics. The safety of the public, health of the people and the welfare of the nation is key factor for Civil Engineers in the construction exercise. This discipline understands that the life welfare and the safety of the people lie on the hands of the engineer’s decision. As a discipline, civil engineering take caution in the exercise in order to reduce hazards and fatalities, minimize the compensation of the workers premiums, improve productivity as the accidents during construction is reduced. The code of ethics encourages collaboration of the designer-contractors thus reducing completion. The nature and the civil expertise are based on the experiments which evaluate human recital. In this, they work with human participants more frequently to realize the environmental designs and the effects of it to the construction. The civil engineer should involve the planners, social agencies and medical profession during the strategic planning of the stadium construction to ensure success. 3.0. The relationship between civil engineering and human body. The human body is prone to contagious diseases especially when subject to poorly ventilated arenas. The occupants’ comfort ability and health is determined by the airflow in the stadium. A standard stadium must be well installed with efficient air-circulation facilities (Horberry et al 2011). Engineers especially civil, work with the psychologists so that they can understand the insights of their work in the population. Mostly they focuses on the special people like the elderly, accident victims, people with disorders or any other group of the sort. In order for the civil engineers to lay down the foundation of the stadium, they should know how they will accommodate the disadvantaged category of people mentioned above (Easa et al 2008). 3.1. Civil Engineering and Disability. The disabled are much disadvantaged when it comes to recreational programs such as sporting. Sport facilities like sport stadiums are structured with a lot of biasness (Roger & Zheng, 2013). The structures constructed in these stadiums are not in favor with people with body deformities. Civil engineers should put this effect into consideration when designing modern social amenities like sport stadiums, in order to cater for the social happiness of the disadvantaged people. Especially in sport stadiums, there are some changes should be made when constructing them. The stadium should have spacious parking lots for both the vehicles and the wheelchairs for the crippled people (Robert, 2011). Ramps/seats should be constructed inclined at a steep of 16.67% to enable the wheelchairs to climb with a lot of ease. The recommended height of each stair within the stadium is 4-6 inches. This height is convenient for the people with mobility problems or walking disabilities to move smoothly. The pathway leading to the sitting arena should be accessible i.e. wider enough to accommodate the width of the wheelchair during the game days when there is congestion in the stadium. This offers a smooth navigation of the disabled individual. Installation of lifts which are much essential in stadium facilities to aid people who are unable to climb up the stairs from their natural body deformation. The lifts assist much for the ascending of e.g. the crippled up the sitting areas. 3.2. Civil engineering and sport. In the sport stadium lighting design, vibration and communication management is very essential (Robert, 2011). The engineer should focus on the physical features that are able to reflect the preference of the people. Example, the arrangement and designing of the facilities like lighting, and furnishing that develop good and harmless interactions with the people (Geddes & Williams, 1996).  In football stadium for instance, weight room, large meeting arena and video rooms should be provided in the layout of the story-stadium construction. More so the offices of the coaches should be improved. The contractors should add seats in the stadium ramps so that to hold large crowd during the sport seasons (Geddes & Williams, 1996).  The viewers of the sport activities become comfortable since the stadium can accommodate them unlike when the some of the people stand. The new stadium complex should incorporate the donor seating, club facilities, and an academic building. The civil engineer should make sure that meeting facilities, rest rooms, scoreboards and lighting package well constructed within the sport stadium (Horberry et al 2011.).  The tripod features can allow for additional lights and sound facilities and theatre equipments that can be used during the occasions. The stadium is to be constructed in consideration of the food service and the restrooms facilities that the fans could use (Geddes & Williams, 1996). Most of the people have ventured in sporting so much. This has become the widest industry; therefore we should take big strides to implement the building technique in sport structure constructions such as stadiums (Roger & Zheng, 2013). The first aim is to focus on the ways of reducing energy consumption. Especially too much lighting affects people’s vision, so the light must be controlled. The construction must aim at increasing the occupants’ comforts (Roger & Zheng, 2013).   3.3. Civil engineering and Health. According to Ettouney & Alampalli,2012 the engineers address the safety and health requirement in the design process to reduce the likely hazards and risks involved with construction, use, preservation, and disposals (Hislop, 1999 ) In construction of the sport stadium, the engineers have to consider technical policies and programs so that to ensure a prominent level of safety for the workers and the attendants (Ettouney & Alampalli, 2012).  The programs modify work protocol and equipment to explain physical and psychological human abilities and weaknesses (Hislop, 1999). For instance, perception balances at a steep roof surface, work compatibility and disorders of the skeletal muscles. 4.0. Recommendation and conclusion. There are several changes that a civil engineer can embrace during the construction of the stadium especially the London Olympic Stadium that is expected to be dismantled and be reconstructed. These changes spearhead equity to all population with regardless of the body deformity, and health status which is with accordance to the human psychology. Clearly psychology has been an outstanding factor to evaluate much in some areas of civil engineering. The managers under the contract should nevertheless involve the role of the human in the whole exercise. Therefore the knowhow and the awareness of the psychology should be by default be part and parcel of the cultural fabric of all civil constructions e.g. the sport stadium. Disability is not inability therefore every social public amenity should ensure that they have created effective accommodations for the people with deformities. Health wise construction of the sport stadium, the engineers have to consider technical policies and programs so that to ensure a prominent level of safety for the workers and the attendants. In the sport stadium lighting design, vibration and communication management is very essential. The engineer should focus on the physical features that are able to reflect the preference of the people. Example, the arrangement and designing of the facilities like lighting, and furnishing that develop good and harmless interactions with the people. The disabled are much disadvantaged when it comes to recreational programs such as sporting. Sport facilities like sport stadiums are structured with a lot of biasness. The structures constructed in these stadiums are not in favor with people with body deformities. Civil engineers should put this effect into consideration when designing modern social amenities like sport stadiums, in order to cater for the social happiness of the disadvantaged people. References. Hislop, R. (1999). Construction site safety: a guide for managing contractors. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. Horberry, T., Limerick, R. & Steiner, L. (2011). Human factors for the design, operation, and maintenance of mining equipment. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Geddes, S. & Williams, J. (1996). Estimating for building and civil engineering works. Oxford Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann Ettouney, M. & Alampalli, S. (2012). Infrastructure health in civil engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Roger D. W. Zheng, 2013, International Conference on Frontiers of Energy, Environmental Materials and Civil Engineering (FEEMCE 2013), DEStech Publications, Inc, Lancaster Easa, S., Reed, M., & Russo, F. A 2008, what do Psychology and Civil Engineering have in Common to Promote Well-Being and Excellence? Available at http://www.ryerson.ca/~seasa/Pub/Psychology%20Civil.pdf Reid, Robert L 2011, 'London's Olympic stadium designed to be dismantled. (Civil Engineering News/Structural Engineering)' Civil Engineering, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 14(4). Citations. Psychology tools are used in many areas of civil engineering, some areas are old and some are recent. Psychology, the science that deals with mental processes and behavior of humans and animals, differs from other social sciences (like political science and sociology) due to its focus on experimentation. Psychology encompasses the field of ergonomics (a term originated in Europe) which is synonymous to human factors (a term often used in North America). Ergonomics refers to three groups of human characteristics (physical, physiological, and psychological or behavioral) and addresses the human-machine-system interface.1 guiding concept of ergonomics is that the human is an integral element of the system, and not merely a user or an operator to be considered after the system is developed. Clearly, this concept is essential in optimizing the performance, productivity, usability, and safety of civil engineering systems as well as aiding education and training. There are several categories of experimental psychology that would be of interest to civil engineers. These are: (1) Cognitive psychology (human thought processes, including awareness, perception, reasoning, judgment, and decision making), (2) Biopsychology (the relationship between the body systems and behavior), (3) industrial/organizational psychology (workplace behavior to increase productivity, efficiency, and safety), (4) Developmental psychology (psychological changes that occur across the life-span), (5) educational psychology (the processes of learning, remembering, and thinking in order to design, develop, and valuate materials and procedures for education and training), (6) Environmental psychology (how cognitive and psychological processes affect the design of environments), (7) Social psychology (how a person’s thoughts, behaviors, and feelings are affected by the presence of other people), and (8) health psychology (how biological, psychological, and social factors affect health and illness). Most experimental psychologists cross a number of these categories. Ergonomics has been addressed in several civil engineering areas, including transportation, construction, and mining (Fig. 2). In construction, technical regulations and programs have been developed to ensure a basic level of equipment and procedural safety for workers. Human factors engineering programs aim to modify work procedures and equipment to account for the physical and psychological capabilities and limitations of humans. Examples of research topics include the perception of balance at sloped roof surfaces, work compatibility and musculoskeletal disorders, and effect of forklift operation on lower back pain. For information on the extensive array of relevant topics in this area, the reader is referred to various ergonomics journals. Ergonomics considerations in other civil engineering areas have been limited. In structural engineering, for example, some sporadic research has addressed occupant comfort during wind-induced tall building motion, human-based design approaches to minimize excessive vibrations in residential timber floors, and human error in structural reliability analysis. Electrophysiology may be combined with behavioral methods to better understand the effectiveness of auditory warnings. For example, galvanic skin (sweat) response provides a useful measure of the physiological reactivity to an auditory warning. Differences in physiological reactivity may provide useful information that helps, for example, in deciding whether a warning was actually perceived. Macro ergonomics, also known as organizational psychology, is among the newest fields in psychology. It focuses on a broad system view of design, examining organizational environments, culture, history, and work goals.2 Its objective is to develop an efficient work system that improves productivity and promotes employee satisfaction, health, safety, and commitment. An example is conducting a safety culture review of a rail industry that may involve analyzing the safety management system, reviewing safety training, inspecting records, and interviewing the workforce. Read More

These include: Cognitive Psychology; it deals with the human thought processes i.e. creating awareness, perception, reasoning, judgments and decision making. Industrial psychology; this category involves workplace behavior so as to enhance productivity, efficiency and safety. Educational psychology; helps the learner to remember, think, develop and examine materials and procedures taught during the training. Ergonomics is much used in engineering areas such as construction (Easa et al 2008). It is the key ingredient in the designing of the buildings and other infrastructures like stadiums.

Civil engineers needs to pay greater attention to the design and the arrangement of the stadium facilities and the associated structures e.g. the lightening and furnishings which should be human friendly. This offers safer and comfortable interactions between the stadium structures and the humans (Easa et al 2008). In structural civil engineering, ergonomics considerations are of great importance for occupant comforts. 2.2. The civil engineering and ethics. The safety of the public, health of the people and the welfare of the nation is key factor for Civil Engineers in the construction exercise.

This discipline understands that the life welfare and the safety of the people lie on the hands of the engineer’s decision. As a discipline, civil engineering take caution in the exercise in order to reduce hazards and fatalities, minimize the compensation of the workers premiums, improve productivity as the accidents during construction is reduced. The code of ethics encourages collaboration of the designer-contractors thus reducing completion. The nature and the civil expertise are based on the experiments which evaluate human recital.

In this, they work with human participants more frequently to realize the environmental designs and the effects of it to the construction. The civil engineer should involve the planners, social agencies and medical profession during the strategic planning of the stadium construction to ensure success. 3.0. The relationship between civil engineering and human body. The human body is prone to contagious diseases especially when subject to poorly ventilated arenas. The occupants’ comfort ability and health is determined by the airflow in the stadium.

A standard stadium must be well installed with efficient air-circulation facilities (Horberry et al 2011). Engineers especially civil, work with the psychologists so that they can understand the insights of their work in the population. Mostly they focuses on the special people like the elderly, accident victims, people with disorders or any other group of the sort. In order for the civil engineers to lay down the foundation of the stadium, they should know how they will accommodate the disadvantaged category of people mentioned above (Easa et al 2008). 3.1.

Civil Engineering and Disability. The disabled are much disadvantaged when it comes to recreational programs such as sporting. Sport facilities like sport stadiums are structured with a lot of biasness (Roger & Zheng, 2013). The structures constructed in these stadiums are not in favor with people with body deformities. Civil engineers should put this effect into consideration when designing modern social amenities like sport stadiums, in order to cater for the social happiness of the disadvantaged people.

Especially in sport stadiums, there are some changes should be made when constructing them. The stadium should have spacious parking lots for both the vehicles and the wheelchairs for the crippled people (Robert, 2011). Ramps/seats should be constructed inclined at a steep of 16.67% to enable the wheelchairs to climb with a lot of ease. The recommended height of each stair within the stadium is 4-6 inches. This height is convenient for the people with mobility problems or walking disabilities to move smoothly.

The pathway leading to the sitting arena should be accessible i.e. wider enough to accommodate the width of the wheelchair during the game days when there is congestion in the stadium.

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