Circuit Symbols with Construction And Operation - Assignment Example

ASSIGNMENT DETAILS Task 1:- LO 1.1 From the international standards ISO 1219 – 2 various regulations should be followed when making drawings for Pneumatic and Hydraulic to be used for human activities. These regulations are meant to assist in having a standard system for the safety of users. Some of the requirements are; The Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawing should conform to ISO 1219 – 2. All the components in the drawing should be according to the symbols recommended by the standard. All components should be named. The symbols that should be number Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawing are actuators, spring, basic pressure relieve, valve, pump and many other. The following numbers present various component Some of the Symbols used are presented below; The ISO standards for drawing size and the information that should be contained on the drawing is ISO 1219. The junction of two lines is where to lines meet as shown by the symbol below; According to the standard, pilot lines should be presented follows. The above is presented in the drawing as shown below for both Hydraulic and Pneumatic. Pressure lines are lines showing and be represented as shown below. This can be present in the system as shown below Fig 1 – Speed control system. Graphic Description Adjustable throttle valve-This start and stop points or flow rate values from the optimum range in which the mechanical power of the pump rises. Here a small increase in the flow rate brings about a noticeable change in the pressure value. Adjustable flow control valve allowing flow in one direction. While outside this bracket only large changes in the flow rate values are necessary to bring about a little change in the mechanical power of the pump. The flow control valve is equipped with an adjustable variables orifice placed in series with compensators. The compensators automatically adjust to varying inlet and loads pressures so as to maintain the essential constant flow rates under the operating conditions. This is a flow valve that line by a roller plunger, spring-return. Gradual energy, pressure and stress values associated with the pump. As the pump works, these values increase and thus the total head falls. The valve is used to allow fluid to flow freely into or out of the motor or actuator. Shuttle valve- a shuttle valve is the type of valve that allows fluids to move through it from one or more sources. It is generally used in the pneumatic system to allow the outlet have flow due to high pressure in the inlet. This means that the inlet and outlet valves should be completely opened or else it can obstruct with the flow rate of the liquid. Double –acting, Single-rod cylinder - Pneumatic slow start fitted with inlet system. It is a valve that allows air pressure to increase gradually when a compressed air line is restarted at the end of the work or after an emergency stop. The gradual pressure prevents the whole machine from experiencing shock. Fig 2– Electro Pneumatic Double Bulkhead Lock Graphic Description Double- acting single rod cylinder Adjustable flow control valve. In order to maintain the desired flow rate of a desired volume of liquid, it is necessary that the centrifugal pump has a definite total head value. This equilibrium can be achieved when the total dynamic head produced by the pump becomes equal to that desired. This is desired to ensure that the fluid flowing into the system has an equal pressure for a uniform operation of the machine. Solenoid –operated directional control valve with return spring For high-pressure system and where the substance has to be fed into a system that is, maintained at a high pressure. Fixed displacement System motor. Separator - The separator is tasked with the responsibility of reducing the flow velocity in the vessel which adequately allows dirt and air removal within a system. Blown tanks are designed to feed materials into positive pressure pneumatics conveying systems at the pressure of up to four bar gauge. This is a stand-alone feeder without the use of a lock hopper When the mechanical power of the pump remains below the hydraulic power, then the efficiency will increases. But as time passes, the mechanical power increases and exceeds the hydraulic power value and thus the efficiency starts decreasing. LO 1.2 Task 2 Fig 3– Hydraulic Rudder System Graphic Description Adjustable control valve-This start and stop points or flow rate values form the optimum range in which the mechanical power of the pump rises. Here a small increase in the flow rate brings about a noticeable change in pressure value. 4/3 directional control valve, directly controlled by two solenoids with the spring-centred central position. Double-acting, double-rod cylinder, with different piston rod diameters; cushioning on both sides with adjustment on right side only. Directly controlled pressure relief valve, in which the opening pressure is adjusted by means of a spring. The pressure relief valve –direct and the opening pressure is also adjustable by the springs. Fixed displacement System motor. The hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system is typically a 5-way directional control. They possess adjustable springs to set and control their changing pressure. Most of the time, these systems are used to begin the second operation after the end of the initial one or after an emergency break. In the past machines used to have one solenoid valve to boost the cycle and numerous sequence valves to extend and retract all other actuators. Its circuit is air-powered and extends to clamp together when an electrical inputs signals move the solenoid piloted-operated valve (Park, 2013). The Cyl.1 will extend pressure to the clamp part beyond the meter-in flow control especially when the cap end rises in height as it moves the load and the cylinder at the same time. The hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system will then set to shift the 70psi while at the same time making Cyl.2 not to move until the first Cyl.1 has full extended and clamped the parts. When the clamp is at position 70 psi or higher, the sequence valve will then turn, and shift the Cyl.2 downwards[Qua08]. The two cylinders can then return simultaneously without any problem to their original states once the operation is ended. One of the distinctive characteristics of the hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system is the fact that it does not matter the distance to be travelled by the first cylinder before the next operation begins. Thick and thin parts are usually clamped with the same force when the machine is at a standstill or before any operation is initiated. The sequence valves usually generate a lot of heat since the first actuator to move takes higher pressure than the subsequent actuators. This results in the drop of pressure across the sequence valve which leads to wasted energy. Fig 4– Hydraulic ferry visor lock Electro Hydraulic Sequence Circuit – ferry visor lock Graphic Description Fixed displacement System motor. Separator - The separator is used reduce the fluid flow velocity as they move through the vessels thus allowing removal of air and dirty from the vessel. Solenoid –operated directional control valve with return spring For high-pressure system and where the substance has to be fed into a system that is, maintained at a high pressure. Directly controlled pressure relief valve, in which the opening pressure is adjusted by means of a spring. LO 1.3Task3 The following diagram is hydraulic reversible rotary actuation system with a control valve for unlocking/locking system that operates a digital lock and allows flow when it is necessary. The hydraulic reversible rotary actuation system a for heavy duties and high torque. They are known for their high power capabilities and good mechanical stiffness with dynamic responses. They are connected directly to the rotating loads so as to give control for the deceleration and smooth reversal of a machine (Park, 2013). They allow a lot of flexibility in design and eliminate the bulk weight of the electrical and mechanical transmission. Hydraulic Reversible rotary actuation system can be installed without damage when the machine is loaded and will start up almost immediately when the load is reduced. The pressure relief valve in a hydraulic system protects them from the load damages. Therefore, when designing this system, the hydraulic fluids must be non-compressible so that it has the ability to transmit power from one part of the system to another. Additionally, the hydraulic fluid should be able to lubricate the moving parts so as to reduce friction loss and cool the system so that the generated heat does not damage other parts or lead to fire outbreaks. This system will also consist of the delivery subsystem. The subsystem is charged with the duties of carrying fluids from the pump to the actuators. Again this system will have filters that will help to clean the fluids. Another component that is part of this design is the lines (Park, 2013). The lines consist of hoses, pipes, tubes or connectors that carry hydraulic fluids between components. The line passes the fluids and at the same time dissipates heat. Fittings and seal will be required to join the pipe and the tubes sections so as to prevent internal and external leakages in the hydraulic reversible rotary actuation system. Hydraulic pumps will form part of the design of this system. Task 4:- LO 2.1 Pneumatic Cylinder with cushioning and proximity sensors Features The Pneumatic Cylinder with cushioning and proximity sensors is characteristic with having the body of extrusion with multiple sensors grooves that facilitate mounting of fit flush mechanically protected sensors in optional positions. This cylinder is also designed with splint scrapers and rods seal that have that keep off abrasive particles from reaching the rods seals. The precision rod placed in the PTEFE in proximity sensors provides high strengths functions with little or no piston rod play. The end cover screw is usually made of zinc plated steels or stainless steels. The end cover and the body extrusion is made of ionized aluminum while its piston rods and cushioning screws are made of stainless steels. The proximity sensing is normally specified for full performance down to -25 degrees Celsius only. The made of ionized aluminum so as to prevent the overall system from corrosion. It is also has lightweight die-cast aluminum construction, but it still has the ability to maintain torsional rigidity. These cylinders are the mechanical tools that use power of compressed gas to give a force in the reciprocating linear motion. A good example is the 6431st which is used by the manufacturers to manufacturing these cylinders. Solenoid operated 5 port 3 Position NC Control valve These are directional control valves that control the flow of the fluid in one direction. Solenoid operated 5 port 3 position NC Control valve. The Solenoid operated 5 port 3 position NC Control valve is characterized by the possession of an electric coil with a movable ferromagnetic core within its centres. The core is known as the plumber. In the rest state, the plumber closes off a small orifice leading to the creation of the magnetic field. Functions This control valve is used to close, mix, dose and distribute the flow of gas and liquids in a pipe. Gear pump – they are used to pump the liquid into the system. They have rotating gears to help in the production of flow. As such, the thrust generated by the pump depends on two basic things, which are the speed of the gear and the mass of that fluid to be pumped. For a pump to generate more thrust, it can either increase the speed of the gear or the mass it exits (Lee, 2014). Additional gears increase the efficiency through which the pump can increase its velocity of ever when one section is affected. Desiccant dryer Features Desiccant dryers especially the regenerative type delivers a dew point of not less than -1000 0F (- 73 0C) The refrigerated type gives a dew point that is not low than 35 0F (2 0C) The deliquescent dry gives suppression that usually depends on air temperatures. Desiccant dryer has a wide range of usage in various industries. It is used in telecom industries so as to force the underground cables to repels moistures and avoid any shorts cases. Again, it is used in truck and even train brake systems to get rid of the excess pressure. It also used in textile industries to expel needed from wastes. Shuttle valve- the value in the Pneumatic equipment will allow fluid into the equipment from one source while closing the source outlet. This means it cannot allow fluid to flow to other sources when there is a flow. The striking feature of a shuttle valve is the tube with three openings[Kam13]. Each end has an opening and at the mild exists a ball or blocking valves element that moves freely within the tube. When pressure from a fluid is forced through one of the ends, it pushes to ball towards the other end. This blocks the fluid from flowing out through the other end. Through this process, pressure can be provided to the system without the risk of back flow of liquid from one end to another. Sequence valve – Sequence valve controls actuators that are in a sequence. These valves usually control pressure by use of adjustable springs within them. The sequential valves are usually used the sequential operations the operation that precedes the other. They react to the actuators within the equipment acting as automatic stabilizing of equipment. The simple configuration allows the “feel” to be simulated through the control of equipment. Features It has a balanced spool which is held in position by an adjustable force spring. The function of the spool is to block fluids at the inlet from reaching the spring setting. It also has a bypass check valve which allows the reverse flow of when the valve is used in line with the bi-directional flow (Johnson, 2005). These sequence valves are typically five-way directional control valve with adjustable springs to set their shifting pressure. Another great feature of this valve is the fact that its circuits do not matter how far the first circuit is travel before the next operation begins since pressure must build at the same level to trigger the next sequence. Hydraulic cylinder – is an actuator that provides force through the stroke. It can be noted that the Compression process is preceded by intake process while the exhaust is preceded by power. Intake is a process where the volume of a cylinder is increased by piston strokes at the top to the bottom while Compression takes place when valves close and the piston return to the top to compress the air (Johnson, 2005). Gear pump– they are used to pump the liquid into the system. They have rotating gears to help in the production of flow. As such, the thrust generated by the pump depends on two basic things, which are the speed of the gear and the mass of that fluid to be pumped. For a pump to generate more thrust, it can either increase the speed of the gear or the mass it exits. Additional gears increase the efficiency through which the pump can increase its velocity o ever when one section is affected[Qua08]. As such, the thrust generated by the pump depends on two basic things, which are the speed of the gear and the mass of that fluid to be pumped. For a pump to generate more thrust, it can either increase the speed of the gear or the mass it exits. Additional gears increase the efficiency through which the pump can increase its velocity o ever when one section is affected. Pressure relief valve- this are applicable if the pressure goes down below the stated limit. Pressure relief valve is the type of valve that is used to release gasses from a boiler automatically. The pressure relief valve are used to protect industries against thermal protection and flow protection. In the liquid –packed vessels thermal relief valves are characterized by the relatively small size of the safety valve required to provide protection against a lot of pressure coming from the thermal expansion (Park, 2013). The flow protection is known to require larger safety valve than the normal size mounted on the thermal protection. Such valves are meant to function in situations where large quantities of gas or high volumes of gasses have to be discharged quickly so that pipeline or the valve can be protected. Solenoid operated 4 Port 2 position spool valve—this are directional control valve that is they control the flow of the fluid in more than one direction. Solenoid operated 4 Port 2 position spool valve The key features of the Solenoid operated 4 Port 2 position spool valve includes; it has a Porting pattern to DIN to 24340 form A and ISO 441. It is also known for its leak-free isolation of closed ports. This valve also has detachable coils. It does not require that the tight chamber open when changing the pressure. Again it is the most reliable valve when the machine has under pressure for a long time of standstill. It is usually operated by the means of lever and rollers. The mechanical positions switch are optional. It possesses a cartridge valve. Pressure reducing valve – Pressure reducing valve is meant to work as a pressure regulating device for the secondary circuits. Its main function is to maintain and keep the secondary pressure in correct level at all branches of the hydraulic systems. Features The Pressure reducing valve has two opening ways that allow the pressure to flow freely to reach downstream, where there is a set and regulated pressure. It has a lockable rotary knob with a threaded pin with hexagon sockets. Task 5:- LO 2.2 A) Pneumatic Screw compressor – Comp air L series Model L 15. As their names suggest the kind of action they perform or the way they perform that action. Pneumatic Screw compressor has rotors in place of pistons to provide a continuous supply of air for the compressor to convert to outside pressure (Park, 2013). This requires lower starting torque and operates at high speed. Because of screw type of rotor they have small vibrations thus chances of failure are minimised. When carrying out the comparison, the comp air L series Model L 15 has low Noise level as compared to the pneumatic screw compressor. The Comp Air L series Model L 15 has a low noise level of almost 70 dB(A) while the Pneumatic Screw compressor gives the high sound of about 100 dB(A). Again, in terms of reliability of operation Comp Air L series Model L 15 is more reliable than the pneumatic screw compressor. This is because the Comp Air L series Model L 15 has the option of incorporating new technologies such as the DELCOs Pro intelligent controls system such technologies ensures reliable operation and protect the system from external damages. B). Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor –Atlas Copco ZH 7000 Pneumatics functions by increasing air velocity to be converted into pressure at the outside. The flow of air and pressure are interrelated since the heat that is generated from the combustions help to accomplish its operations. Forces that are derived from the changes in the pressure lead to sanction action within the system (Marcinek & Marková, 2014). In the pneumatic Centrifugal compressor, the inlet and outlet together with the compressor lie at the same height and are usually connected to the rotating impeller which provides mechanical energy to the pressure. On the other hand, centrifugal compressors are designed to save energy that the system consumes while operating. This compressor also has the capacity of operating at the highest speed and high efficiency. The model is driven by a permanent magnet that is situated within its synchronous motor. The optimal three stages help to reduce the operating costs, which was initially difficult to attain with the original models. On the comparison, Atlas Copco ZH 7000 has the maximum energy saving capability than the pneumatic centrifugal compressor. All the components of the Atlas Copco ZH 7000 are made in a manner that saves energy. It has a high-speed drive which makes it require no oil lubrication, fewer rotating gears, and no intermediate gears. On the other hand, the pneumatic centrifugal compressors do not have any capacity of saving energy. This is because it has a forward leaning impeller and a carbon ring air with no air seal. With this, the pressure drops cannot be lowered leading to high consumption of energy (Lee, 2014). The Atlas coco ZH 7000 are known for their ease to maintain, dismantle and re-assemble if needed. This reduces downtime. The opposite is observed with the pneumatic centrifugal compressor. It has rigid components which are not easy to dismantle or to reassemble back hence increasing the downtime C). Hydraulic Radial Piston Pump –Bosch radial piston pump Fixed displacement Model EO55 Bosch radial piston pump Fixed displacement Model EO55 is able to be used in a wide range of pressures and has a variable displacement value. They are costly compared to the Bosch fixed displacement gear pump Model RE 10213. When any part of the pump is damaged it, functions are hampered meaning that it is more sensitive to damage than any gear pump. They have a high capacity than the gear pumps. These are the oldest and the simplest forms. As the name goes, in such pumps the liquids flow from one chamber to another occurs due to the difference in volume and pressure in the two chambers. Hydraulic Radial Piston pump permits continuous pressure out of the machine than the Bosach radial piston pump fixed displacement model EO55. The hydraulic Radial piston pump has different kinds of bars such as the 280 bar, 350 is and 400 bar. These bars are absent in the Bosch radial piston pump Fixed displacement Model EO55 which is unable to permit pressure continuously out of the system (Lee, 2013). Again, in the large selection of controls, the Bosch radial piston pump has numerous selections that make it easy to operate and monitor. However, in the Bosch radial piston pump fixed displacement Model EO55 their difficulty in operating the pump since a person has to acquire technical skills to operate such machines. This is totally different with the Bosch radial piston pump as it owns different selection for its operation such as standard pressure, digital electro-hydro control, and the flow control. Again in the Bosch radial piston pump pressure can be controlled more effectively without affecting the flow rate. This is in contrary with the Bosch radial piston pump Fixed displacement Model EO55 which is very heavy and bulky making it harder to change pressure flow without tampering with the flow rates. D). Hydraulic gear pump–Bosch fixed displacement gear pump Model RE 10213 The Bosch fixed displacement gear pump Model RE 10213 are low cost, rugged and have a capacity of 3500 psi operating pressure and their displacement is fixed. They have rotating gears to help in the production of flow. As such, the thrust generated by the pump depends on two basic things, which are the speed of the gear and the mass of that fluid to be pumped[Kam13]. For a pump to generate more thrust, it can either increase the speed of the gear or the mass it exits. Additional gears increase the efficiency through which the pump can increase its velocity o ever when one section is affected. Which is studied with the help of characteristic curves of these variables? Hydraulic gear pump deploys various forms of energy and as per the first law of thermodynamic, where total work done can be equated to the change in each different type of energy and the change in pressure. We know, in order to maintain the desired flow rate of a desired volume of liquid, it is necessary that the pump has a definite total head value. This equilibrium can be achieved when the total dynamic head produced by the pump becomes equal to that desired. Hydraulic gear pump has low operating noise when compared to the Bosch fixed displacement gear pump Model RE 10213. This is because of the way the components of the hydraulic gear pump are arranged and works giving low noise while operating. Again the hydraulic gear pump is made in such a manner that they handle most aggressive and corrosive liquids (Johnson, 2005). This gear are made from varieties of materials which are matching each industrial use thus making it have the longest life cycles than the Bosch fixed displacement gear pump Model RE 10213. The Bosch fixed displacement gear pump Model RE 10213 are usually made of soft and weak materials that cannot stand corrosive liquids for a long time thus making them have the shortest life circle. More so, in terms of speeds the hydraulic gear pump performs at high speed than the Bosch fixed displacement gear pump Model RE 10213. Reference List Qua08: , (Anon., 2008), Kam13: , (Kam, et al., 2013), Read More

The hydraulic reversible rotary actuation system a for heavy duties and high torque. They are known for their high power capabilities and good mechanical stiffness with dynamic responses. They are connected directly to the rotating loads so as to give control for the deceleration and smooth reversal of a machine (Park, 2013). They allow a lot of flexibility in design and eliminate the bulk weight of the electrical and mechanical transmission. Hydraulic Reversible rotary actuation system can be installed without damage when the machine is loaded and will start up almost immediately when the load is reduced.

The pressure relief valve in a hydraulic system protects them from the load damages. Therefore, when designing this system, the hydraulic fluids must be non-compressible so that it has the ability to transmit power from one part of the system to another. Additionally, the hydraulic fluid should be able to lubricate the moving parts so as to reduce friction loss and cool the system so that the generated heat does not damage other parts or lead to fire outbreaks. This system will also consist of the delivery subsystem.

The subsystem is charged with the duties of carrying fluids from the pump to the actuators. Again this system will have filters that will help to clean the fluids. Another component that is part of this design is the lines (Park, 2013). The lines consist of hoses, pipes, tubes or connectors that carry hydraulic fluids between components. The line passes the fluids and at the same time dissipates heat. Fittings and seal will be required to join the pipe and the tubes sections so as to prevent internal and external leakages in the hydraulic reversible rotary actuation system.

Hydraulic pumps will form part of the design of this system. Task 4:- LO 2.1 Pneumatic Cylinder with cushioning and proximity sensors Features The Pneumatic Cylinder with cushioning and proximity sensors is characteristic with having the body of extrusion with multiple sensors grooves that facilitate mounting of fit flush mechanically protected sensors in optional positions. This cylinder is also designed with splint scrapers and rods seal that have that keep off abrasive particles from reaching the rods seals.

The precision rod placed in the PTEFE in proximity sensors provides high strengths functions with little or no piston rod play. The end cover screw is usually made of zinc plated steels or stainless steels. The end cover and the body extrusion is made of ionized aluminum while its piston rods and cushioning screws are made of stainless steels. The proximity sensing is normally specified for full performance down to -25 degrees Celsius only. The made of ionized aluminum so as to prevent the overall system from corrosion.

It is also has lightweight die-cast aluminum construction, but it still has the ability to maintain torsional rigidity. These cylinders are the mechanical tools that use power of compressed gas to give a force in the reciprocating linear motion. A good example is the 6431st which is used by the manufacturers to manufacturing these cylinders. Solenoid operated 5 port 3 Position NC Control valve These are directional control valves that control the flow of the fluid in one direction. Solenoid operated 5 port 3 position NC Control valve.

The Solenoid operated 5 port 3 position NC Control valve is characterized by the possession of an electric coil with a movable ferromagnetic core within its centres. The core is known as the plumber. In the rest state, the plumber closes off a small orifice leading to the creation of the magnetic field. Functions This control valve is used to close, mix, dose and distribute the flow of gas and liquids in a pipe. Gear pump – they are used to pump the liquid into the system. They have rotating gears to help in the production of flow.

As such, the thrust generated by the pump depends on two basic things, which are the speed of the gear and the mass of that fluid to be pumped.

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