Applications Of Pneumatic And Hydraulics - Research Paper Example

LIСАTIОNS OF РNЕUMАTIС AND НYDRАULIСS by Student’s Name Course code + name Professor’s name University name City, State Date of Submission Task 1:- LO 1.1 Standards There are many fluids power standards that are used to design, commission, construct and operate fluid control systems. Therefore, the first part of this paper will take a systematic look at some of these standards, their purpose and application. One of the current fluid power standards is the Pneumatic fluid power-Assessment of component reliability by testing pressure regulators use of this specification. The goal of these standards is to give precise test procedures for assessing the reliability of the pneumatic pressure regulators by employing different test conditions and calculations methods from ISO. This standard is applicable in the remote- piloted pressure regulators and in the manually adjustable regulators. Another ISO fluid standard is the on the power system and components. This standard majorly covers the Cylinder bores and piston rod diameter and area ratios-Metric series. This standard is the manufacturers and users to of these machines especially the cylinders by giving a globally accepted series of the agreed dimensions and area ratios. The standard is mostly applied on the metric series cylinders bores and piston rod diameters of pneumatic and hydraulic. Hydraulic fluid power- Sequence of tests for verifying performance characteristics of the filter element is the next ISO fluid standards. This standard is purposefully meant to verify filter elements. Moreover, it also meant to mechanical and separation characteristics of the hydraulic. It applies to individuals' fluids and those fluids which have similar chemistry. Other ISO standards are the Hydraulic fluid power- Dimensions and requirements for screw quick-action couplings for use at a pressure of 72 Mpa. This standard is meant to serve the purpose of specifying the dimensional and performance requirements for hydraulic screw-to-connect quick –action coupling designed to be in cooperated in the pressure of 72 Mpa. The application for this standard is directly connected to the hydraulic jacks, hand tools, clamping devices, cylinders, and rams. Furthermore, it also required by the ISO that the hydraulic fluid power has two or three- four part screw-in cartridges valves- cavities with ISO 725 threads. This standard is meant to serve the purpose of specifying the dimension and gives other data relating to holes with ISO 725 UNF or UN threads where two to three or four screw-in cartridge valves are mounted so that the interchangeability of the of the dimensions. Additionally, it the standard applies to a port screw that has two or three or four cartridge valves majorly used in agricultural, industrial and mining sectors. ISO also requires that Pneumatic fluid power should be able to determine the flow rate characteristics of components using compressible fluids. This should include the ability to test methods for steady-state flow. This standard is meant to establish steady state method for testing pneumatic fluid parts that uses compressible fluids such as gasses among other internal flow paths that are either fixed or variable in shape and size so as to establish their flow rate features. This standard applies to the component whose flow coefficients are stable during the operations and those machines that do not require internal feedback phenomenon. Again, another rule placed by ISO on the fluids that are used to design, commission, construct and operate fluid power systems is that fluid power system and components should have cylinder rod wiper ring helping in the reciprocating applications and dimensions tolerance. The purpose of this fluid standard is to help in specifying the tolerance and dimensions of maintaining the wiper rings that are employed in reciprocating rod applications for fluid power cylinder. It applied to the housings that use with the wiper rings. Another standard specified by the ISO is that the hydraulic fluid power must have flange connections with split or posse one piece flanged clamps and one includes crew. Also, the flange connectors should have mounting surfaces for use at a pressure of 42MPa 420. This standard aims at giving a complete specification for flanged heads, one-piece flange clamps and split flange clamps and ports that are used with the one-piece flange clamp tube and hose connectors. It is applied in the hydraulic systems that are mainly found on industrial and commercial products where it does not require the use of the threaded connector. Pneumatic fluid power is also needed to have the ability to compress air pressure regulators and filter regulators[Mit09]. The purpose for this is to enable the manufacturers and users to able to compare air pressure filters are regulated by standardizing test methods and show flow rates characteristics. The standard is applicable where the regulation pressure dynamics of the components under the use are rapid to be negligible as when compared to the response to pressure changes in the charge and discharge. Moreover, it can also be applied to compressed air pressure regulators and also on the filter regulators. The ISO also have placed the standards on the hydraulic fluid power contamination control where it gives principles and guideline for the selection and use of the hydraulic filters[McI10]. The sole purpose for this is to assist the designers of the hydraulic system in ensuring that they make good choices and decisions about filtration and improve and facilitate good communication between the manufacturers and the users of these hydraulic filters. This standard applies to the department of contamination control principles for hydraulic fluid power system. This comprises the guidelines for the selections and application of hydraulic filters. Question one According to the current standards of ISO, a Pneumatic and Hydraulic drawing should be laid out must conform to the ISO 1219-2. This specification stipulates that each component on the circuit diagrams are numbered and annotated with crucial elements such as pressures settings and capacity. Question 2 According to the current standards, Identification of the symbols and numbering of symbols must consist of four parts[Kon14]. The identification must also bear identification tag 2-3V5. The first number shows the installation numbers while the second number indicates the circuit number. If the there is only one first number and one-second number, the two numbers will be omitted. In such cases, the number zero will be used to for the drawing of the power pack and accessories. The letters represent the type of components such as P for Pumps, A for Actuator, M for Prime Mover S for Sensor, V for Valve and Z used for any other element. Question 3 The ISO standards for drawing size require that the drawing region and the header block should be contained within the frame border. More precisely, the material that is within the frame boundary forms part of any contract requirements. For instances, the title block for size with B0 to B3 should be located at the bottom of the sheets and should be extended to the lower right –hand of the corner of the frame. This formats only sheets that are position horizontally. However, for the case as in the A4 paper size, the header block is located above as in the case of A0 or it can be located in the lower part of the drawing region[Kon14]. This format only is used by the sheets that are placed vertically. The drawing must also contain the crucial information such as the legal owner, sheet number, creator, date the document is issued, title of the document, the type of the paper, the person who approved the document, the identification number of the document, paper size, number of the sheets and technical references. Question one The junction of two lines can be represented by two lines crossing over each other. In many cases, these lines are showed by placing a conspicuous dot at the area where the wires pass. Therefore, any time where there are dotted two dotted lines that intersect them represent and form a junction. Moreover, verticals junction lines can also be shown by vertical lines that can be angled to avoid coming together in the same region on the horizontal line. However, lines that do not connect to form junctions are usually standard lines such the ones in the diagram below. The pilot line can be presented by dashes line which is longer than the standard dashes[McI10]. These kinds of dashes are usually longer in diameter but have bigger spaces. Figure 1: Pneumatic & Hydraulic Circuit Symbols Explanation of the operation of the circuit A circuit consists of fixed and moving contacts known as electrodes. When operating under normal circumstances, these contacts remains closed, and they do not open automatically unless the system has a problem or becomes faulty[Kon14]. However, the connection can be manually or remotely opened when there is the need to do so. When the circuit experiences a fault at any part the coils especially the trip coils get powered and making the moving contacts to pull apart hence opening the circuit. Again, when the contact circuit breaker are separated due to fault circumstances, an arc that exists between the two, closes thus making the current to continue flowing until the point where the discharge stops[McI10]. More emphatically, the production of the arc will also aid in displaying the current interruption process and produces a lot of heat that may cause damage to the entire system. On the same not if a short circuit happens, a lot of currents moves through the contacts of the circuit breaker before the protective system opens them. At such point, the contact immediately begins to separate the contact area decrease rapidly thus causing current density to increase thus raising the temperature. Again, the heat that is accumulated between the contacts will ionize the vaporized and the oil[Woo14]. This ionized vapor and air will function as conduct struck the arc between the contacts. At the same time, the arc will also provide a low resistance path and in return, the current in the circuit remains uninterrupted as long as the arc persists. During the arcing time, the amount of current flowing between the contacts directly depends on upon the arc resistance. The stronger the arc resistance is, the smaller the current that flows between the contacts. More so the strength also depends on the degree of the ionization and the length of the arc. LO 1.2 Task 2 Operation of Bothe multi hydraulic actuator sequential system The hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system consists of the various components that work hand in hand to ensure that it's functioning. The operation of the actuator begins when the working fluid coming from the pressure chamber enters the control system via the constant throttles and is passed to the variable throttle to the actuator chamber[Woo14]. The electrical input is then taken to the electromechanical converter and controls the positions of the gate slide. As a result of this slide changes the cross-sectional ratio of the actuating opening through which the pressure fluid passes. At the same time, the pressure that is contained in the actuator chambers is changed to bring displacement of the slide valves. Furthermore, the in the rudder system, the PCU comprises a crank mechanism, yaw damper actuator, a dual concentric servo valve that controls the fluids flow to the rudder actuator. A rudder actuator is a form of hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system that has two internal piston regions for each hydraulic source[Yan141]. The actuator can position the rudder panel with either one or the two most important hydraulic sources that are available. However, one of the sources is inoperative so as to reduce the rudder panel deflection due to blowing down at the higher airspeed. The duel servo-valve controls the flow of the fluids entering the rudder actuator. The servo- valve is the complex cylinder that has an inner and outer slide[Woo14]. During normal operation, the rudder pedal supplies and rudder panel deflection is taken care of by the primary valve alone[Zhi11]. However in the time when larger panel deflection are needed rudder supplies are commanded, and the outer sleeve moves so as to deliver extra fluid to the actuator. The movement of the secondary sleeve also known as the outer sleeve is usually by 1mm.The position of the two sleeve is controlled by the bell crank mechanism, the geometry which provides the movement of the sleeve by the body of the valve and input rod and summing lever. The actuator also comprises Yaw Damper as one of its components. The primary function of the yaw damper is to prevent the Dutch from rolling. It is usually in a parallel connection with the main servo-valve, and it comprises of its actuator which is powered by hydraulic system B. This actuator maintain its crank mechanism to facilitate the movement of the servo-valve thus the rudder panel deflection. On the other hand, the rudder reducer helps to limit and control the influence of various PCU failure modes. The Rudder Pressure Reducer operates during the flight so as to decrease the total power of the rudder panel and the valve. The system also comprises of a yaw damper coupler which is made up of the control electronics and yaw rate gyro. The yaw damper coupler assists in reducing the electromagnetic interference. The turn coordination is controlled by reducing the gain of the yaw rate gyro in the ration to bank angle ducted at the IRU. Consequently, during a turn, the yaw damper coupler is made to turn and provide an increase rudder input. Electro Hydraulic Sequence Circuit – ferry visor lock Electro Hydraulic Sequence Circuit – ferry visor lock is a hydraulic multi-actuator sequential system that is used on a vessel and applies various electrical controls in its operations. It comprises of the number of limit switches that are momentarily actuated by the cylinder control and the solenoid valves that sequence its circuits. The Solenoid is usually powered by a pushbutton so as to initiate the first movement[Zhi11]. On completion of the first movement, limit switch c which is actuated to power solenoid c that will help to facilitate the second movement. The limit switch name f functions to actuate and energize solenoid b that will bring the third movement while the limit switch G is aided and powers the solenoid to initiate the fourth movement. The system also comprises of the sequence valve which aid to prevent the pressure drop in the cylinder while the other valves function. Moreover, numerous cylinders can be connected to move in sequence on forward and return stroke. In this system, a clump closes before the drill descends[Yan141]. On the return stroke, the training moves outward and pull out of operation just before the clamp opens. This is made possible since the sequence valves are arranged to facilitate pressure build up when one of the cylinders finishes its strokes making the valves open so as to allow the other cylinder to finishes its stroke. The system also comprises of the back pressure check valves. These valves are used to restrict the flow in one cylinder. More so, they prevent flow until the time when a set pressure is achieved thus allowing the first cylinder to react before the cylinder to react. LO 1.3 Task 3 To ensure that the ship runs smoothly and its speed and rudder are well monitored I will design a fluid circuit that will control speed in both directions and operates the locking mechanism for the rudder position[Woo14]. More so the circuit will also control actuator that will work as the as the cylinder channel but will employee only a few variations. The directional control one will take any of the spool types to control the cylinders. It will also have a center neutral position where the 2- position valves are not recommended. The speed will be reduced near the end of the arc so as to prevent any damaging effect to the vane in the actuator. The deceleration will be 2-way, N.O solenoid. The limit speed will be placed close to the ends of the broken and will actuate the valve 3 and two so as to make the main flow off to be diverted through pre-set needle valve 8 and nine so as to reduce speed. To have full control of the speed and rudder, valve 4 and five will be used so as limit the rate on both sides. The circuit will also have cushion relief valve to allow the actuator to be able to be stopped in the mid-stroke by putting the 4-way valve at the center. The relief valve will be 500 PSI higher than those relief valves that will be set on the pump. Task 4: - LO 2.1 Pneumatic equipment Pneumatic Cylinder with cushioning and proximity sensors Features Pneumatic Cylinder with cushioning and proximity sensors has the following functions, It has the metal piston rod bearing Passes Drop in global pandas-G sensors Has Adjustable air cushioning Has polyethylene seal technology Poses Bare size 32-125mm Has ISO 15552 conformity Functions of Pneumatic Cylinder with cushioning and proximity sensors This cylinder is used to compress air which is used the sensor to determine the status process. It also used for information processing. Moreover, it is also employed in the switching of actuators by the means of controlling final elements. Lastly, it is also carried out work. Solenoid operated 5 port 3 position NC Control valve Features Solenoid has some unique features such as; Single solenoid and spring return It has reversible pressure regulator that is combined with reversed with a reversible 2x 3/2-way valve to regulate outputs The Solenoid valve also has vacuum applications It has a heavily lubricated air placed at the power section Has a pilot valve with the port pattern to ISO 15218. It also possesses a signal status display through LED Contains several voltages. Functions Solenoid operated five port three position NC Control Valve has a lot of roles. One of the functions is that it used to connect the double acting drive to the output 3 and 5 when an external force moves the valves in the normal position. It also acts on the closed valve code and two non-return valves[McI10]. The double acting drive connected to outputs 3 and five is supplied with compressed air through output 3 when the valve is typically positioned. The output also acts as the exhausts when the system is in its original position. Operation of the Solenoid operated five port three position NC Control valve The Solenoid works operated 5 and three position valves are electronically controlled. This results in the in a much easier installation that in return leads to cost saving benefits. This Solenoid is used in circuits where 3-way and 5-way are needed. These valves can be installed directly into the TB-A cavity which is located in the hex body of the Sun main stage valve. The DBA3-position 5-way spools pose a closed transition from one condition to another thus leading to low-pressure loss during shifting. A typical application for the 3-way and 5-way version is to maintain the vent port of a vented relief valve. Desiccant dryer Features of Desiccant dryer A desiccant dryer is a machine used for removing water vapor from the compressed air. This machine has several features that distinct it from the other machines. It has a deliquescent dryer delivers which is a dew point suppression that changes with the air temperature. Again, a refrigerated dryer gives a dew point that is not below the approximated two degree Celsius. Moreover, it also poses a regenerative desiccant dryer which helps in delivering a dew point of negative forty degree Celsius. Operations of the Desiccant dryer The desiccant dryer uses dry air. It process is based on the particular principles that require that the hot, dry air is passed via granulate to facilitate the release of moisture which then absorbed in a hygroscopic desiccant material known as the sieve. The desiccant material is insulated and can regenerate at regular intervals or as required. The dryer is also is outfitted with two desiccant cartridges so as to ensure that a continuous operation and the needed throughput are met. One of the benefits of this machines is that it the dew point and drying temperature are automatically achieved. However, when drying temperature is too high, additives are induced from the plastic granules that are being dried and are attached to the molecular sieve thus causing damages. The molecular sieve is then heated, and f passed to the bottom of the drying bin in which it rises passing through the plastic granules. As a rule of law, the drying bin is always kept full dry at all the times and the dry times have to be fully complete so as to allow the first load to be removed. During the operation, the granules rotate slowly against the dry air flowing from the top to the outlet in the bottom. Functions of Desiccant dryer The desiccant dryer is widely used in industrial and commercial facilities to remove water vapor from the compressed in different materials. Shuttle valve A shuttle valve is a form of valve that allows the flow of fluids from one point or one source to another. Features of Shuttle valve The essential features of the of this valve includes; It has the structure which takes the tube shape with three openings one opening at each end and the other in the middle. Another feature of this valve is that the other valve element rotates as freely within the tube. Application of Shuttle valve A Shuttle valve has numerous applications. Some of the functions and use of this valve includes; It is applied in the use of more switches on one machine. Shuttle valve makes it possible to use more switches on a single machine and each switch to be used at a suitable location. The shuttle valve is also used in winch brake circuits so as to provide brake control such as in the case of the pneumatic winch. It can also be employed in the pilot control when changing from air to oil that usually result in locking of the cylinder. This shifts the 4way valve to an extreme position. The shuttle valve is also applicable in the standby and emergency systems. Such systems include a compressor. The compressor requires standby or purge gasses have the ability to control pressure through the use of its valves. Features of Sequence valve A standard feature of the sequence valve is that it possesses a separate drain connection from the spring chamber. Another feature of the sequence valve is that its aid in preventing the fluid flow to a particular level until a predetermined trigger pressure is reached. Function of Sequence valve Sequence valve is applied in various areas such as in the multi-stage sequencing. Sequence valve is employed to sequence positioning automatically, supporting and clamping functions as pressures increases. Hydraulic cylinder Features of the Hydraulic cylinder The hydraulic cylinder is an actuator which is used to give unidirectional force via unidirectional strokes. Thus, it applied in the on the construction equipment, civil engineering, and manufacturing machines. Features The key feature of this device is that it carries out a linear movement instead of a rotary movement. Operation of Hydraulic cylinder The hydraulic pressure contained in the cylinders is in the form of hydraulic fuels that are stored in down the pressure cylinders. The energy stored in these oils is then converted to motion. Again, in a complete system, a pump regulates the oil flow into the hydraulic system. The cylinders then facilitate the pressure of the oil which is not required. The Hydraulic cylinder also consists of the cylindrical barrels, pistons, and piston rods. The piston is joined to the barrel and the piston rod. The cylinder head then closes the barrel at the top and cylinder bottom at the bottom. The piston in the hydraulic cylinder comprises of sliding fluid, which is pumped to the bottom side of the hydraulic cylinder[Mit09]. On the operation, the piston rod begins moving outward when the hydraulic fluid is pumped into the bottom side of the cylinder. S In the reverse process, the fluid is pushed backward into the reservoir by the piston. And the pressure contained in the cylinder is the ratio of unit force per piston unit area. Operation of Sequence valve Sequence valve is a type of a valve which is used ensures that pressure levels are gained in the main branch of the circuit just before the second branch is activated. Normally, the sequence valve is placed on a 600 psi which makes the pressure to be 600 psi before the valve opens. The setting assists the clamp cylinder to exert the 600-psi clamp power before the extend cylinder moves. On the operations, the directional control valve shift to reverse the flow to enable the check valve to facilitate free movement of pressure to the cylinders depending on the pressure that is needed for the retraction. Gear pump Gear pump employs the use of the meshing of gears to pump the fluid by displacement. As the gears turn they separate on the intake part of the pump leading to the creation of a void and sanction which is filled with fluid. The fluid is then pushed to the gears and discharged side of the pump at the place where the meshing gears displace the liquid. The fluid is prevented from flowing leaking backward by the speed rotation. Function of the gear pump This machine is widely used to pump high viscosity fluids in chemical installations. Features They are self-priming and have the ability to develop up to 27'' of vacuum. Another feature is that it has low speed, and larger line sizes so as to avoid cavitation and diminished pump capacity. Pressure relief valve Operation of the pressure relief valve Pressure relief valve is of valve that meant to protect a system during an over pressured process. This valve consists of the inlet which is mounted on the pressurized system also a disc that is held against the nozzle so as to prevent the flow of fluid. Under the normal operation, a spring that closes the disc and the bonnet is adjustable so as to control the pressure at which the valve opens. When the Relief valve starts lifting, the spring power also increases. Function of the Pressure relief valve This valve is mostly used on the steam digester and in steam engines. Features of the pressure of relief valve This valve is characterized by rapid opening and pop actions. Another feature of this valve is that it has a self-reseating valve and the spring washers that ensure that the system pressure is controlled automatically through automatic opening and closing. Solenoid operated 4 Port 2 position spool valve Functions The HYDAC 4 /two directional spool valve that serves to open and closes the fluid paths. In the de-energized mode, the control spool is contained in the spring as also is used to monitor various machines such as in the lifts. Features This system is known to be economical and reliable because it is simple to design. Again, it is the interface to DIN 24340 Form A6 and manual override. It is a solenoid-operated directing-acting valve, NW10. Operation While in operation, the direct-acting valve allows the electric current to power the solenoid which in the process pulls a piston or plunger that would block the fluid or the air from flowing from one valve to another. The solenoid then moves the plunger to create a small opening and pressure through the opening and acts as valve seal. The solenoid valves need a constant flow of electrical current to remain open since the failure of the current will make the valve to close. Pressure reducing valve The pressure reducing valve is a type of valve that automatically regulate the flow of liquid or gas at a given pressure. Operations of the Pressure reducing valve This valve of this valve is to control the gas or fluid flow through the regulators to the demands for gas placed upon the system. When the load flow goes down the regulator flow also decreases in return. On the same note, if the load increases, the regulator flow also increase in the same manner so as to prevent the pressure from decreasing as a result of a shortage of gas in the valve. Functions of the pressure reducing valve This valve is applied in various sectors. The valve is used in aircraft, home workshop environments and running air capital. Task 5: - LO 2.2 A) Pneumatic Screw compressor – Comp Air L series Model L 15. The outstanding characteristic of Pneumatic screw is that it has high performance, high reliability with ease of installation, low operating cost, and servicing. On the other hand, the Comp Air L series Model L 15 is characterized by small installation footprint with ease in installation. Moreover, it has a dual position delcos pro electronic control which facilitates flexibility in the controller location thus optimizing access to meet all needs. B) Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor – Atlas Copco ZH 7000 Pneumatic Centrifugal compressor is designed with discharge valve which is the task with the role of ensuring that there is a supply of constant pressure. It is also empowered with the automatic dual control system for varied fluid and air flow so as to achieve efficient energy-saving. While Atlas Copco, ZH 7000 is designed with inter and after coolers that have very powerful and high-quality straight tubes that bring ease in cleaning. More so it has aluminum fins for better heat conduction. It is characterized with stainless steel tube and end plates to lower the corrosion effects. (C) Hydraulic Radial Piston Pump – Bosch radial piston pumps fixed displacement Model EO55. In Hydraulic Radial piston pump, the rotation of the cylinder operates in either direction of rotation with its outlet flow remaining in the same direction. The pump is supercharged from an external source hence high-pressure seal and the drain port are needed to control the temperature and the pressure. While in Bosch radial piston pump Fixed displacement Model EO55, the pump does not require to be superheated and no case should the temperature go beyond 1600F (71OC). C) Hydraulic gear pump – Bosch fixed displacement gear pump Model RE 10213 Hydraulic gear pump possesses a low flow pulsation and a small operating noises as when compared to the Bosch fixed displacement gear pump Model RE 10213 which has a high flow pulsation with a high operating noises. Reference List Mit09: , (Mittal & Pizzi, 2009), McI10: , (McIntyre, 2010), Kon14: , (Kong, 2014), Woo14: , (Woo & Kim, 2014), Yan141: , (Yang, 2014), Zhi11: , (Zhipeng & Xuanyin, 2011), Read More