Extremely Maintained Structure can be Worked Costing - Term Paper Example

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS- BUILDING DESIGN AND COSTING Student’s Name Course Professor’s Name University City (State) Date Long Answer Questions- Building Design and Costing Question One “Buildability” Cheetham and Lewis (2001, p.274) described buildability as the extent through which an individual building facilitates all the processes of construction that are subject to all the needs of that completed building. This word was first used in the English language by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) in 1983. The contracts used the word to argue that the designers were developing projects that did not, in turn, pay the similar client value upon completion. As a result, the customers refused to accept the expensive houses and contractors and architects had to come up with better strategies to control the situation. Consequently, Lam and Wong (2009, p. 41) emphasized that buildability is the ability to ensure efficiency when it comes to cost, time, and safety during construction. In short, buildability is about minimizing costs of an infrastructure or building to maximize profits of the owner. “Integration” Integration in the concept of construction refers to assessing of the life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA). Also, considering the economic consequences of the construction (Bierer et al. 2015, p. 1289; Yu-rong, Yuan, and Yi-qun 2009, p. 448; Norris 2001, p. 119). Further, Norris (2001, p. 119) argued that the economic costs are not just flowing, but requires the inclusion of time so that the architects are other involved parties can introduce work variables and eventually risks. Consequently, Bierer et al. (2015, p. 1289) advocated for the combination of LCC and LCA so that one can achieve optimal results. In short, integration refers to the combination of all costs including the economic costs involved in the construction industry. “Coordination” Coordination only means working together. Lam, Gibb, and Sher (1997, p. 87-88) argued that coordination is a system with subsystems such as a client, the project features, the procurement organizations, the design team, contract, project environment, and performance that need to work together so that they can achieve a particular set goal. The coordination of the building tasks is the most difficult tasks, and therefore requires a lot of communication. Wan and Kumaraswamy (2012, p. 250) even proposes a model, such as the dynamic coordination buffer to facilitate coordination amongst the team workers. Question Two Plant Room Buildability Design on-job safety by providing a safe working environment during the handling of the materials and other components. Maximize the building requirements to facilitate the installation process Incorporate aesthetic elements such as artistic components. Integration Combine the plant and equipment costs during the LCC and LAC calculation. Assess the need for prefabricated material to determine the costs. Coordination Insufficient communication channels High levels of coordination among the stakeholders Assemble all the needed construction materials before starting the project. Be up to date with mechanization A Typical Floor Buildability Consider the type of floor such as downstand beams, composite, or precast units Consequently, the construction style such as the façade precast concrete among others. Maximize usage of materials to ease coordination problems. Ensure standardization. Integration Design life as well all the maintenance issues that might occur Assess the overhead costs such as recurring transportation costs for raw materials. Determine the contingent costs such as injuries that may occur on the floor. Coordination Insufficient communication channels Adequate investigation of the materials required and where to buy Defining and communication of execution Building Core Buildability There should be commercial labor use that prevents the wastage of materials as well as the availability of the equipment. The participants should reduce the overall construction costs Consider accessibility to the labor skills required. Integration Calculate the external costs such as society company reputation. Measure the associated intangible costs such as the customer loyalty. Coordination Insufficient communication channels Identification of items Sub-contracting of the some activities Question Three The nature of construction is what determines whether or not there are issues that would arise from it. The plant room is a highly-serviced room which means that it has very many vital elements that must be incorporated together with high levels of coordination. Additionally, the building is susceptible to complexities and large size so that it can fit the installation of the plant. Just like other highly serviced building a plant room is vulnerable to issues such inadequate coordination, construction delays, insufficient funds, unsightly services, and also heavy maintenance (Lam, Gibb, and Sher 1997, p. 85). In fact, lack of implementation of buildability can lead to congestion, such as within the developing cities due to urbanization (Yu-rong, Yuan, and Yi-qun 2009, p. 444). Consequently, the lack of the techniques can cause of lack of necessary materials during construction such as pre-fabricated ones. Since the materials come from different sources, it is well to know where, so that one can plan before the tasks start. Most importantly, lack of buildability and integration means that the stakeholders are unable to correctly value the construction project which ends up causing losses for the client's damage. For instance, if the designers do not include the cost of injuries after installation is complete, the investor bears the cost of unexpected injury which occasionally causes losses. Question Four The issues are buildability, integration, and coordination determines the efficiency and performance of any construction project. Notably, buildability ensures sustainability through valuation, while integration combines all the associated costs and the coordination ensures that all stakeholders work together. According to Lam, Gibb, and Sher (1997, p. 85), the problems that arise to inadequate coordination are expensive and worse cause other complex problems. As a result, to avoid such issues such as work delays, all individuals must participate in the work team. For instance, if the designer fails to submit the construct sketch, then the contractors will not function on the project. In short, the coordination subsystems such as the contractors and architects must work together to bring out success. On the other hand, Norris (2001, p. 119) argued the accessing of only the direct economic costs does not help forecast the future outcome of the project, and thus, needs inclusion of LAC so that it can create a full picture of the flow in future. For instance, the constructor only assesses the direct costs such as the transportation during construction that means that the value of the house is only based on the construction costs while it misses the shipping costs of maintenance in the future. Consequently, Lam and Wong (2009, p. 41) agreed that buildability together with benchmarking could improve the performance of a project. When time, safety, quality, and costs are combined, an investor and the other stakeholders can understand the prospects of an individual building. For instance, during benchmarking, the stakeholders can tell the value of a construction as well as the appropriate time to work on it, thus avoiding wasted time and improving performance. Question Five The designers, builders, and contractors should address the issues of buildability and coordination through the application of various strategies. The first strategy is the application of benchmarking. According to Lam and Wong (2009, p. 41), benchmarking helps the stakeholders to plan the project. During benchmarking buildability, these people can calculate the value of the construction, and therefore allocate the appropriate budget which maximizes the profits of the clients. Consequently, Cheetham and Lewis (2001, p. 279) advocated for the adoption of the constructability principle to improve buildability. The approach allows contractors to be part of the design thus denying the architects the monopoly power on this part. Nevertheless, such practices increase productivity since the contractors and architects come up with plans that are within the consumers' capability. When it comes to coordination problems, Lam, Gibb, and Sher (1997, p. 85-87) advocated for the use of the coordination model. This model simplifies the coordination issues by describing the dynamic nature of the coordination process. The model emphasizes on the importance of integrating all the essential processes such as the environmental, social, technical, cultural, and managerial components during the planning, thus avoiding complications. Further, the authors also suggest the use of procurement coordination model which identifies all the coordination subsystems and significance of each within a project. In the procurement model, the stakeholders must coordinate the intensive inputs from the customer, bring out affect the project management, design, work as a team, and follow the right procurement path. Furthermore, Wan and Kumaraswamy (2012, p. 245) recommended the use ‘intra-inter dependent team work concept,’ ‘BS coordination facilitator,’ and ‘dynamic coordination buffer.’ These models are adequate for coordination thus avoiding production shortcomings that could be as a result of no coordination. Question Six Bierer, A., Götze, U., Meynerts, L. and Sygulla, R., 2015. Integrating life cycle costing and life cycle assessment using extended material flow cost accounting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, pp.1289-1301. The article emphasizes the need to couple the LCC and the LCA to help in making sustainable decisions in the life-cycle extensive economic and ecological projects. The report further recommends a ‘Material Flow Cost Accounting' model which can aid in the combination of the two concepts (p. 1292). In short, the article is beneficial to anyone who is planning to integrate the construction process. Building Services | Brisbane | BSI Building Services Integration. 2017. Building Services | Brisbane | BSI Building Services Integration. [online] Available at: http://www.bsiprojects.com/ [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. BSI Building Services Integration is a website of the BSI which helps clients through offering them the services of the engineering. The company emphasizes that their services are excellent since they use a sustainable business model in projects such as age care, commercial, education, and residential. The firm that was founded in 2010 is an important part of the society since it helps solve the issues that are associated with construction of the projects. Cheetham, D.W. and Lewis, J., 2001, September. Productivity, buildability and constructability: is work study the missing link. In 17th Annual ARCOM Conference (pp. 5-7). Management, Manchester: University of Salford, Association of Researchers in Construction. The article is about maximizing the productivity through the understanding of several approaches amongst them buildability and constructability. Accordingly, one has to understand the buildability of a project is its ability to be sustainable while in progress and upon completion. The article discusses why it is necessary to assess the productivity of the building before even construction (p.274). This article is for investors as well as architects and contractors so that they can agree on the value of their projects. Estevan, H. and Schaefer, B. 2017. Life Cycle Costing State of the art report. [online] SPP Regions (Sustainable Public Procurement Regions) Project Consortium. Available at: http://www.sppregions.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Life_Cycle_Costing_SoA_Report.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. The article is about LCC, especially in the procurement sector. According to the article, procurement is a critical area which has hidden costs and thus the planners need to visualize them. Consequently, there is a need for combining them so that one can calculate the final input value p. 6-7). The article is relevant during the calculation of input cost as well as valuing the output of an individual construction project. Lam, K.C., Gibb, A.G.F. and Sher, W.D., 1997. An analysis of building procurement factors affecting coordination of construction services. ARCOM, 97, pp.83-92. This article seeks to describe how the highly complex procurement for the highly serviced building can be worked on so that they can reduce the complexities as well as the expenses. The authors utilize the literature review to come up with the coordination model (p.85) and the coordination-procurement model (p.87) that are essential in the selection of the right procurement path. In short, the article is for any person who is willing to invest in highly serviced buildings. Lam, P.T. and Wong, F.W., 2009. Improving building project performance: how buildability benchmarking can help. Construction Management and Economics, 27(1), pp.41-52. The article describes how benchmarking and buildability can improve the performance a particular project. According to this article, the buildability has not been used as a parameter; however, it is critical especially when combined with benchmarking. These two combined they bring out benefits to the stakeholders especially before construction (p.50). This article can help the stakeholders during the planning process of development. Norris, G.A., 2001. Integrating life cycle cost analysis and LCA. The international journal of life cycle assessment, 6(2), pp.118-120. The article discusses why it is necessary to integrate the LCA and LCC. Apparently, LCC represents the process that causes the direct economic costs while the LCA includes all the process that is affected by not only the actions but also the neglected alternatives (p. 119). The authors argued that there are two approaches to combining LCA and LCC which are PTLaser and TCAce (119). Each of these approaches has been described in detail. This paper helps any individual who wants to have an in-depth insight of LCA and LCC. Recipro-uk.com. 2009. Buildability - Manage the Lifecycle of your Building. [online] Available at: http://www.recipro-uk.com/news/buildability-manage-the-lifecycle-of-your-building# [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. The article discusses stage 1 of maximizing the buildability of any particular construction projects. It gives a brief explanation of how designers should come up with a building project. The article is for designers since stage one involves specification and design. Wan, S.K. and Kumaraswamy, M.M., 2012. Improving building services coordination at the pre-installation stage. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 19(3), pp.235-252. The article describes the importance of having coordination while building a particular project. In fact, the authors find out that coordination of the activities during construction is involved and at the same time leads to ineffective outcomes. Therefore, they propose models such as intra-inter dependent teamwork concept that can facilitate coordination (p. 245). This article is relevant to any person who wants to understand the team makeup and role during construction Yu-rong, G., Yuan, C. and Yi-qun, L., 2009, October. Integrated life-cycle costs analysis and life-cycle assessment model for decision making of construction project. In Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 2009. IE&EM'09. 16th International Conference on (pp. 448-453). IEEE. The study seeks to integrate the economic, social, environmental and life-cycle costs that are incurred in a construction project. Apparently, the article brings out the fact that the large projects such as the hydropower have more economic benefits compared to the small ones (p. 450). This article is for investors who are currently in the midst of selecting the best investment decision. References Bierer, A., Götze, U., Meynerts, L. and Sygulla, R., 2015. Integrating life cycle costing and life cycle assessment using extended material flow cost accounting. Journal of Cleaner Production, 108, pp.1289-1301. Building Services | Brisbane | BSI Building Services Integration. 2017. Building Services | Brisbane | BSI Building Services Integration. [online] Available at: http://www.bsiprojects.com/ [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Cheetham, D.W. and Lewis, J., 2001, September. Productivity, buildability and constructability: is work study the missing link. In 17th Annual ARCOM Conference (pp. 5-7). Management, Manchester: University of Salford, Association of Researchers in Construction. Estevan, H. and Schaefer, B. 2017. Life Cycle Costing State of the art report. [online] SPP Regions (Sustainable Public Procurement Regions) Project Consortium. Available at: http://www.sppregions.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Life_Cycle_Costing_SoA_Report.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Lam, K.C., Gibb, A.G.F. and Sher, W.D., 1997. An analysis of building procurement factors affecting coordination of building services. ARCOM, 97, pp.83-92. Lam, P.T. and Wong, F.W., 2009. Improving building project performance: how buildability benchmarking can help. Construction Management and Economics, 27(1), pp.41-52. Norris, G.A., 2001. Integrating life cycle cost analysis and LCA. The international journal of life cycle assessment, 6(2), pp.118-120. Recipro-uk.com. 2009. Buildability - Manage the Lifecycle of your Building. [online] Available at: http://www.recipro-uk.com/news/buildability-manage-the-lifecycle-of-your-building# [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Wan, S.K. and Kumaraswamy, M.M., 2012. Improving building services coordination at the pre-installation stage. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 19(3), pp.235-252. Yu-rong, G., Yuan, C. and Yi-qun, L., 2009, October. Integrated life-cycle costs analysis and life-cycle assessment model for decision making of construction project. In Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 2009. IE&EM'09. 16th International Conference on (pp. 448-453). IEEE. Read More