Safety and Fire Tick List - Assignment Example

Risk Assessment: Hazards and Safety Name Course Name and Code Date 1- Make fire ticklist - with ticks on it Are the following satisfactory? Yes No Action Is there a fire risk assessment for the premises? Y Is smoking allowed within or around the building? Y Are there flammable materials, such as solvents and adhesives lying around? N Are there faulty or misused electrical equipment Y Are there flammable chemicals? N Are there loose packing materials lying around? Y Are the furniture including fittings and fixtures susceptible to fire? Y Does the premise have ceilings or blockboard walls, chipboard and hardboard? Y Is oxygen supplied from piped systems or cylinder storage? N Does air naturally flow through openings including windows and doors? Y Does the building have air handling systems? N 2- What does the ticklist mean or show? Ticklist is aimed at supporting the fire safety policy of the premise. It indicates causes and measures in place supporting fire safety. For example, ticklist presents information on the sources of ignition and fuel for fires. In addition, it indicates whether there are escape routes and the general organization of fire safety. 3- What are pros/ cons of ticklist method? The pros of ticklist include easiness of use, the information is documented easily and anybody without experience can tick the list. The design of ticklist also enables an individual to use at any type of building. The cons include inconclusive in nature and also some information may be overlooked; not applicable to certain premises. 4- Make SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) method according to your premises Strengths Presence of fire risk assessment Escape and evacuation routes clearly indicated Furniture including fittings and fixtures are made of non-flammable materials Installed and working fire alarm systems Presence of sprinkler system Weaknesses No defined assembly point A storage facility within the building, which may contain flammable chemicals and products Lack of updated fire risk assessment Opportunities Plans are advanced to paint the building afresh with fire resistant paints Seeking and collaborating with the local fire department Updating the current sprinklers, firm alarms, and other equipment/strategy to reflect the changing requires of fire safety Threats Government decision to review fire safety policies Ineffective decision making by the management Users of the building lack of adherence to instructions and proposals Failure of strategic approach such as sprinkle systems and fire alarm system 5- What does the SWOT mean or show? SWOT method presents information on internal environment and external environment through reviewing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a policy, strategy, or even a premise fire strategy. It indicates the strengths and weakness of the premise in terms of easiness in reacting against fire and mechanisms of escape. It also defines opportunities, such as improvement on the safety measures. 6- What are pros/ cons of SWOT method? The pros include application to any situation, integrates different data, simple to use, enable multi level analysis and it can be applied based on the requirements of the user. The cons include lack of weighing factors to compare the different variables e.g. ranking strengths, it is subjective and it is ambiguous. 7- Make fishbone diagram according to your premises 8- What does the fishbone diagram mean or show? Fishbone diagram helps in identification of a problem and the result effect. It employs a convergent approach in which different causes are systematically grouped and narrowed down until the common causes are identified. 9- What are pros/ cons of fishbone diagram method? The pros include identification of causes, enables implementation of corrective action, enables in-depth discussion, and it visually presents the problem/cause. The cons are sometimes it results in identification of little effect causes, it is subjective and does not identify a specific problem rather it looks all the causes equally. 10- Make Bowtie diagram according to your premises 11- What does the Bowtie diagram mean or show? It employs an image in identification of the risks (threats) and consequences of the threats if it occurs. The image takes the shape of a bow-tie resulting in clear identification of proactive and reactive risk management approaches. 12- What are pros/ cons of Bowtie diagram method? The pros are enabling risk based monitoring, review and auditing of critical risk controls, improves understanding and raises awareness. It contributes to advancing legislative and regulatory compliance. The cons are subjective nature, some of the threats and consequences may not be conclusively documented, and lacks ranking of the threats or consequences. 13- Make risk ranking from ticklist according to risk matrix Hazards Risk Ranking Smoking within or around the building? High Available of flammable materials, such as solvents and adhesives lying around High Presence of faulty or misused electrical equipment High Presence of flammable chemicals? Moderate Presence of loose packing materials lying around? Low Presence of furniture including fittings and fixtures susceptible to fire? Low Presences of ceilings or blockboard walls, chipboard and hardboard in the premise Low Supply of oxygen Low Natural air flow through openings including windows and doors? Low Presence of air handling systems? Low 14- What does the risk ranking mean or show? Risk ranking defines the levels of threats and the chances that the threats/risks occur. The occurrence of the problem also reflects the wider impact on the use of the premise and the users of the building. The threats impact the premise differently and through ranking, it is possible to indentify the level of threats and implement prevention strategies. 15- What are pros/ cons of risk ranking diagram method? The pros include the quantitative nature, easiness of use and simple. In addition, it combines both the probability and impact of the threat. The cons include multiplication of errors, transferring qualitative information into quantitative information, and the method is flawed because it is premised on perceptions.                                     FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS       Item: Premise Fire Safety Responsibility: Quality Assurance Manager FMEA number: 89 Model: Recent Prepared by: Quality Assurance Manager Page : 1 of 1 Core Team: Fire Safety Team FMEA Date: 27/02/2016 Rev: 3                                   Process Function Potential Failure Mode Potential Effect(s) of Failure Severe Class Potential Cause(s)/ Mechanism(s) of Failure Occur Current Process Controls Detection RPN Recommended Action(s) Responsibility and Target Completion Date Action Results Actions Taken Sev Occ Det RPN Alarm system is off Fuse not functioning The people are not alerted 6   Power surge 4 Review of electrical systems 2 48             0 Faulty electrical equipment Electrical short-circuit It starts a fire 7 The electrical system is not wired well 4 Effective maintenance 4 84 Lack of risk assessment Poor managerial decision making Lack of identification of hazards 6 Ineffective decision making 4 2 48  Sprinkler system not working  Sensor not functioning  The automatic system does not operate  7    Poor maintenance  3  Frequent maintenance is required to ensure the sprinkler system operates effectively 2   44                Someone is smoking cigarette  Dropping cigarette on flammable materials  Starts a fire  6    Ignorance and arrogance  5  Provision of information and educative materials 2   60                Availability of flammable materials Presence of ignition  Starts a fire  8    Improper storage of materials  2  Cataloguing of materials and storing the materials accordingly 2   32               16. Make FMEA or PHA. (200 words) 17. What does FMEA or PHA mean or show? FMEA is a proactive and systematic approach that is used to evaluate a process to enable identification how and where it might fail. It also enables assessment of the relative consequences of different failures with the purpose of identification of parts of processes that requires change. 18- What are pros/ cons of FMEA or PHA method? The pros include increase in user satisfaction; improve the safety, reliability and quality of processes and enables early identification and remove of failure modes. The cons include prioritization of fault mode, which inhibits focus of the team, the quality of outcome depends on the quality of the team and application of the method effectively since some individuals may think it is a static model. 19- Make fault tree (work out the top event from the end events) and with structure function. It has to be from hazards and risk of premises. 20- What does fault tree mean or show? It is a graphical technique that incorporates Boolean operations to allow identification of chain of events that contributes to a specific failure or fault. It enables a user to understand the sequences and systematic failures that resulted in the failure. 21- What are pros/ cons of fault tree method? The pros include enabling the assembling of multiple failures and coexisting failures. The utilization of the technique can be computerized and the visual relationship is easy to understand. The cons are difficult in distinguishing partial failures/successes, and an analyst is required to identify pathways. 22- Make reliability block diagram (from hazards and risk of premises) 23- What does reliability block diagram mean or show? It indicates reliability of numerous components that contributes to effectiveness or failure of a complex of system. It is a diagrammatic method that is connected either through serious or parallel configuration whereby each block represents a failure rate. In addition, any failure affects the entire path to fail. 24- What are pros/ cons of reliability block diagram method? It presents a clear image of numerous failures that contributes to the overall failure of the premise. It is easy to relate the numerous processes with associated consequences and other faults. The strengths of some of failures are not conclusively determined, which is a major disadvantage. Subjectivity of the analyzer can discredit the effectiveness of the entire method. 25- Make event tree 26- What does event tree mean or show? Event tree employs analytical diagram with the support of Boolean logic, which examines the chronological series of consequences or subsequent events. Event tree displaces sequence specific dependences, sequence end states and sequence progression. It is therefore easier to predict the outcome of a failure. 27- What are pros/ cons of event tree method? The pros include determination of the minimal cut sets and also it begins with top event. The shortcomings include the considerable time required to complete the tree and the process is complicated. Categorization and aligning of the failures also affects the effectiveness of event tree. 28- Make cost benefit analysis (CBA) The hazards of the premise can be grouped into four groups A1 Actions A2 No actions A3 Adjusting users’ behavior A4 Implementation of Regulations and legislative Numerous costs exist but can be categorized into four classes: B1 Safety B2 Money B3 Time B4 Intangibles The following are some of the proposed strategies: C1 Removing loose materials and packing papers (flammable materials) C2 Upgrading the alarm system C3 Introducing fire drills to determine response rate C4 Creating awareness through use of posters C5 Setting assembly point Key: Cost scale: Benefit 0 none 0 - negligible + -- significant ++ --- critical +++ Strategy Group Cost/Benefit C1 Removing flammable materials C2 Upgrading the alarm system C3 Introducing fire drills to determine fire response rate C4 Creating awareness through use of posters (educative and informative materials) C5 Setting assembly point A1 Actions B1 safety +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ B2 money - -- -- -- -- B3 time -- -- -- - -- B4 intangibles ++ + ++ ++ + A2 No Actions B1 safety --- --- --- -- --- B2 money 0 0 0 0 0 B3 time 0 0 0 0 0 B4 intangibles - - - - - A3 Adjusting user’s behavior B1 safety +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ B2 money --- - -- - - B3 time + + + + - B4 intangibles +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ A4 Implementation of legislative and regulations B1 safety + + + + 0 B2 money ++ + + + 0 B3 time + + + + + B4 intangibles +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ The following table summarizes the outcome of ranking: Cost/Benefit C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 A1 2 -1 0 1 -1 A2 -4 -4 -4 -3 -4 A3 3 5 4 5 4 A4 7 5 3 3 1 Total 8 5 3 6 0 29- What does benefit analysis (CBA) mean or show? It is a systematic approach that is employed in estimating the weaknesses and strengths of alternatives to fulfill the functional requirements, activities and satisfy transactions for a business. It provides a simple of perspective to determine whether to implement the strategy or not. 30- What are pros/ cons of benefit analysis (CBA) method? Some of the pros of cost benefit analysis method include simplicity, objectivity, goal setting and numerous considerations are integrated into the system. The cons include inaccuracy, some element of subjectivity, cost benefit is not exact, and may contribute to failed projects. 31- Make Budget allocation analysis Based on the CBA analysis, the most appropriate strategy is removal of flammable materials followed by creation of awareness through the use of educative and informative materials. Resources should be assigned to these strategies because they are not expensive and would address the safety requirements easily. For example, employees can be told to remove the flammable materials and store the materials based on existing regulations and legislatives. In addition, printing and posting of the posters and other educative materials is usually cheap compared to other educative methods. For instances, listening to fire alarms and responding to the fire alarms is one strategy to reduce the impact of accidents. Indicating the evacuation routes and informing the users of the premise on certain behaviors contributing to accidents ensures the users are aware of their respective roles and responsibilities. Hence, budgets should be allocated on educative and removal of flammable materials. 32- Make comparison of ticklist, SWOT, fishbone, bowtie diagram, risk ranking, fmea or pha, fault tree, reliability block diagram, event tree, cost benefit analysis and Budget allocation analysis No. Method Applicability Required skills Reliability or trust Indicators 1- Tick list It can be used in any structure because the features integrated into the system are informative and illustrative Minimal skills are required because the important component is comparing what is available and what is missing It is a reliable method Availability of the features is important ad absence of the features may define corrective measures 2- SWOT It is easy to create and informs on the internal processes and strategies of any policy or directive Anyone with information about fire incident can develop It is reliable because it identifies numerous process that affects the business The target is reducing the threats and weaknesses 3- Fishbone It indicates the different processes that contributes to occurrence of a problem The user should understand the entire operations within the facility It is reliable but reliability depends on the reviewer Traces numerous processes contributing to the problem 4- Bow-tie Identifies the problems and the consequences of the problems The reviewer should have the techniques and tools to accomplishing the reviewing requirements It is reliable but on analyzing other situations and use of other tools Consequences are identified 5- Risk ranking Identifies the serious risks that results in worse severity Understand the impact of the risks It is a reliable method The severe the risk, the better contingency measures to be employed 6- FMEA Utilize to analyze the factors contributing to a problem and impact of incorporating corrective measures The individual using the tool should be skilled and understand the numerous processes that affects the business/structure It is a reliable method The impact and corrective measures are the indicative features 7- Fault tree It identifies processes whether dependent or independent resulting in a fire Requires an individual informed on fire and safety measures It is a reliable method It informs on the relation of numerous processes in causing accidents and fire incidents 8- Reliability Block Identifies the problem and discusses the numerous associative processes after the fire accident Requires an individual informed on fire and safety measures It is a reliable method It informs on the consequences of actions to the entire integrity of the structure under analysis 9- Event tree It identifies processes whether dependent or independent resulting in a fire Requires an individual informed on fire and safety measures It is a reliable method It informs on the relation of numerous processes in causing accidents and fire incidents 10- Comparative Cost Benefit Analysis It identifies the cost of integrating safety and corrective measures Requires an expert It is a reliable method Cost analysis is important in determination of strategic approaches 11- Optimum budget allocation analysis Determines the amount to be used to correct the problem Requires an expert Reliable method Determines costs per corrective measures The best method is Comparative Cost Benefit Analysis because it checks the entire processes and safety requirements. Identification of threats enables determination of resources to address the process. It also identifies that costs to protect a life rather than checking the processes involved. Even if the processes are understood, appreciating the cost is all together a different component. Hence, the best method is the use of Comparative Cost Benefit Analysis. References Aven, T., 2011. Quantitative risk assessment: the scientific platform. Cambridge University Press. Calow, P.P. ed., 2009. Handbook of environmental risk assessment and management. John Wiley & Sons. De Dianous, V. and Fiévez, C., 2006. ARAMIS project: A more explicit demonstration of risk control through the use of bow–tie diagrams and the evaluation of safety barrier performance. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 130(3), pp.220-233. Dialsingh, I., 2014. Risk assessment and decision analysis with Bayesian networks. Journal of Applied Statistics, 41(4), pp.910-910. Duijm, N.J., 2009. Safety-barrier diagrams as a safety management tool. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 94(2), pp.332-341. Esther, H.C., 2009. Operational Risk Assessment: The Commercial Imperative of a more Forensic and Transparent Approach. By Brendon Young and Rodney Coleman (Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, 2009. 430pp. ISBN: 0470753870). Annals of Actuarial Science, 4(01), pp.163-165. Fenton, N. and Neil, M., 2012. Risk assessment and decision analysis with Bayesian networks. CRC Press. Gelman, A., Carlin, J.B., Stern, H.S. and Rubin, D.B., 2014. Bayesian data analysis (Vol. 2). Boca Raton, FL, USA: Chapman & Hall/CRC. Hallegatte, S., 2009. Strategies to adapt to an uncertain climate change. Global Environmental Change, 19(2), pp.240-247. Hox, J.J., Moerbeek, M. and van de Schoot, R., 2010. Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications. Routledge. Jones, R.N., 2001. An environmental risk assessment/management framework for climate change impact assessments. Natural hazards, 23(2-3), pp.197-230. Khakzad, N., Khan, F. and Amyotte, P., 2013. Dynamic safety analysis of process systems by mapping bow-tie into Bayesian network. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 91(1), pp.46-53. Linkov, I., Satterstrom, F.K., Kiker, G., Batchelor, C., Bridges, T. and Ferguson, E., 2006. From comparative risk assessment to multi-criteria decision analysis and adaptive management: Recent developments and applications. Environment International, 32(8), pp.1072-1093. Ma, Z., Cooper, P., Daly, D. and Ledo, L., 2012. Existing building retrofits: Methodology and state-of-the-art. Energy and buildings, 55, pp.889-902. Markowski, A.S. and Kotynia, A., 2011. “Bow-tie” model in layer of protection analysis. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 89(4), pp.205-213. Modarres, M., Kaminskiy, M.P. and Krivtsov, V., 2009. Reliability engineering and risk analysis: a practical guide. CRC press. Neri, A., Aspinall, W.P., Cioni, R., Bertagnini, A., Baxter, P.J., Zuccaro, G., Andronico, D., Barsotti, S., Cole, P.D., Ongaro, T.E. and Hincks, T.K., 2008. Developing an event tree for probabilistic hazard and risk assessment at Vesuvius. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 178(3), pp.397-415. Ostrom, L.T. and Wilhelmsen, C.A., 2012. Risk assessment: tools, techniques, and their applications. John Wiley & Sons. Porter, M.E., 2008. Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. Simon and Schuster. Rausand, M., 2013. Risk assessment: theory, methods, and applications (Vol. 115). John Wiley & Sons. Smith, K., 2013. Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster. Routledge. Van der Oost, R., Beyer, J. and Vermeulen, N.P., 2003. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 13(2), pp.57-149. Van Lenteren, J.C., Babendreier, D., Bigler, F., Burgio, G., Hokkanen, H.M.T., Kuske, S., Loomans, A.J.M., Menzler-Hokkanen, I., Van Rijn, P.C.J., Thomas, M.B. and Tommasini, M.G., 2003. Environmental risk assessment of exotic natural enemies used in inundative biological control. BioControl, 48(1), pp.3-38. Vose, D., 2008. Risk analysis: a quantitative guide. John Wiley & Sons. Young, B. and Coleman, R., 2010. Operational risk assessment: the commercial imperative of a more forensic and transparent approach (Vol. 563). John Wiley & Sons. Read More

9- What are pros/ cons of fishbone diagram method? The pros include identification of causes, enables implementation of corrective action, enables in-depth discussion, and it visually presents the problem/cause. The cons are sometimes it results in identification of little effect causes, it is subjective and does not identify a specific problem rather it looks all the causes equally. 10- Make Bowtie diagram according to your premises 11- What does the Bowtie diagram mean or show? It employs an image in identification of the risks (threats) and consequences of the threats if it occurs.

The image takes the shape of a bow-tie resulting in clear identification of proactive and reactive risk management approaches. 12- What are pros/ cons of Bowtie diagram method? The pros are enabling risk based monitoring, review and auditing of critical risk controls, improves understanding and raises awareness. It contributes to advancing legislative and regulatory compliance. The cons are subjective nature, some of the threats and consequences may not be conclusively documented, and lacks ranking of the threats or consequences.

13- Make risk ranking from ticklist according to risk matrix Hazards Risk Ranking Smoking within or around the building? High Available of flammable materials, such as solvents and adhesives lying around High Presence of faulty or misused electrical equipment High Presence of flammable chemicals? Moderate Presence of loose packing materials lying around? Low Presence of furniture including fittings and fixtures susceptible to fire? Low Presences of ceilings or blockboard walls, chipboard and hardboard in the premise Low Supply of oxygen Low Natural air flow through openings including windows and doors?

Low Presence of air handling systems? Low 14- What does the risk ranking mean or show? Risk ranking defines the levels of threats and the chances that the threats/risks occur. The occurrence of the problem also reflects the wider impact on the use of the premise and the users of the building. The threats impact the premise differently and through ranking, it is possible to indentify the level of threats and implement prevention strategies. 15- What are pros/ cons of risk ranking diagram method?

The pros include the quantitative nature, easiness of use and simple. In addition, it combines both the probability and impact of the threat. The cons include multiplication of errors, transferring qualitative information into quantitative information, and the method is flawed because it is premised on perceptions.                                     FAILURE MODE AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS       Item: Premise Fire Safety Responsibility: Quality Assurance Manager FMEA number: 89 Model: Recent Prepared by: Quality Assurance Manager Page : 1 of 1 Core Team: Fire Safety Team FMEA Date: 27/02/2016 Rev: 3                                   Process Function Potential Failure Mode Potential Effect(s) of Failure Severe Class Potential Cause(s)/ Mechanism(s) of Failure Occur Current Process Controls Detection RPN Recommended Action(s) Responsibility and Target Completion Date Action Results Actions Taken Sev Occ Det RPN Alarm system is off Fuse not functioning The people are not alerted 6   Power surge 4 Review of electrical systems 2 48             0 Faulty electrical equipment Electrical short-circuit It starts a fire 7 The electrical system is not wired well 4 Effective maintenance 4 84 Lack of risk assessment Poor managerial decision making Lack of identification of hazards 6 Ineffective decision making 4 2 48  Sprinkler system not working  Sensor not functioning  The automatic system does not operate  7    Poor maintenance  3  Frequent maintenance is required to ensure the sprinkler system operates effectively 2   44                Someone is smoking cigarette  Dropping cigarette on flammable materials  Starts a fire  6    Ignorance and arrogance  5  Provision of information and educative materials 2   60                Availability of flammable materials Presence of ignition  Starts a fire  8    Improper storage of materials  2  Cataloguing of materials and storing the materials accordingly 2   32               16.

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