Tensile Testing of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals - Research Proposal Example

Tensile testing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals Introduction Using a hydraulic testing machine provided, adjust the orifice of a pressure-compensated needle valve to control the rate loading. For precise control (in a closed-loop hydraulic servo system), replace the needle valve with an electronically operated servo valve. Mount the specimen in the machine and subject it to tension. The tensile force is recorded as a function of the increase in gage length. Engineering stress or nominal stress, s, is defined as S=F/Ao where F-tensile force and Ao-cross section area of the gage section, while the engineering strain, or nominal strain, e, is defined as e=∆L/Lo where Lo is the initial gage length and ∆L is the change in the gage length (L-Lo). Procedure: Hydraulic testing machine, steel, mm/min, force and strain. Results Nr Rm N 0.2% ᵋbreak (%) E N/mm3 G Nmm2 1 8303.90 0.1 1903 64.77 24.91 2 13853.22 0.4 1903 141.15 54.29 3 17948.63 0.8 1903 208.40 80.15 4 11098.39 1.15 901 410.65 157.94 Procedure: Hydraulic testing machine, carbon steel, mm/min, stress and strain. Nr Rm 0.2% ᵋbreak (%) E N/mm3 G( N/mm2) dL (mm) 1 153 0.1 1.37 100 38.46 2 2 170 0.2 -2.41 -50 -19.23 -4 3 217 0.4 1.91 50 19.23 4 4 251 0.85 1.57 50 19.23 4 Procedure: electromechanical machine, acetal, mm/min, stress and strain. Nr Rm (kJ/m2) 0.2% ᵋbreak (%) E G (N/mm2) 1 14.43 0.2 9.39 10.71 4.28 2 11.96 0.2 7.65 13.16 5.20 3 10.63 0.2 6.93 14.42 5.77 4 10.11 0.2 6.67 15.00 6.00 5 12.60 0.2 8.27 12.10 4.84 6 15.94 0.2 10.40 9.62 3.85 Procedure: electromechanical machine, HDPE, mm/min, stress and strain. Nr Rm (kJ/m2) 0.2% ᵋbreak (%) E G (N/mm2) 1 53.16 0.2 33.79 2.90 1.16 2 55.55 0.2 36.72 2.73 1.09 3 43.34 0.2 28.49 3.50 1.40 4 45.05 0.2 29.29 3.41 1.36 5 51.60 0.2 32.86 3.05 1.22 6 25.93 0.2 16.64 6.00 2.4 Procedure: electromechanical machine, NYLON 66, mm/min, stress and strain. Nr Rm (kJ/m2) 0.2% ᵋbreak (%) E G (N/mm2) 1 73.80 0.2 48.18 2.08 0.83 2 94.95 0.2 65.02 1.54 0.62 3 89.73 0.2 61.83 1.62 0.65 4 87.42 0.2 60.05 1.67 0.67 5 91.60 0.2 62.14 1.61 0.64 6 79.67 0.2 54.32 1.84 0.74 Procedure: electromechanical machine, POLYCARBONATE, mm/min, stress and strain. Nr Rm (kJ/m2) 0.2% ᵋbreak (%) E G (N/mm2) 1 46.49 0.2 30.50 3.28 1.31 2 49.52 0.2 31.93 3.14 1.26 3 46.49 0.2 32.55 3.07 1.23 4 49.52 0.2 29.69 3.36 1.34 5 46.88 0.2 30.40 3.29 1.32 6 50.60 0.2 32.96 3.04 1.22 Procedure: electromechanical machine, PVC, mm/min, stress and strain. Nr Rm (kJ/m2) 0.2% ᵋbreak (%) E G (N/mm2) 1 6.29 0.2 3.96 25.00 10.00 2 7.14 0.2 4.41 22.73 9.09 3 10.09 0.2 6.54 15.31 6.12 4 6.78 0.2 4.30 23.44 9.38 5 32.98 0.2 20.62 4.84 1.94 6 9.86 0.2 6.03 16.67 6.67 Discussion................................... B2. Vickers hardness measurement of various engineering alloys Procedure: ZHV 30 micro and macro machine, Acetal. Nr Load S.A VHN 1 7.5 48.81 0.15 2 7.5 47.95 0.16 3 7.5 48.87 0.15 4 7.5 49.49 0.15 5 7.5 49.22 0.15 6 7.5 48.94 0.15 Procedure: ZHV30 micro and macro machine, 4ET002 Tehrmoplastics, Nr Load S.A VHN 1 3.32 30.5 0.11 2 3.14 31 0.10 3 1.16 29.88 0.04 4 1.83 30.25 0.06 5 1.94 29.62 0.65 6 1.79 29.38 0.06 7 2.21 30.19 0.07 8 4.33 32.66 0.13 9 4.71 32.93 0.14 10 4.37 31.67 0.14 11 6.69 29.65 0.23 12 7.10 30.3 0.23 13 9.52 32.98 0.30 14 151.69 32.22 4.71 15 113.90 32.29 3.53 16 85.14 31.91 2.67 17 - 31.91 - 18 4.43 41.25 0.11 19 7.90 41.75 0.19 Procedure: ZHV 30 micro and macro machine, HDPE. Nr Load S.A VHN 1 7.5 47.67 0.16 2 7.5 49.57 0.15 3 7.5 49.3 0.15 4 7.5 48.76 0.15 5 7.5 47.76 0.16 6 7.5 48.13 0.16 Procedure: ZHV 30 micro and macro machine, NYLON 66. Nr Load S.A VHN 1 7.5 48.97 0.15 2 7.5 51.36 0.15 3 7.5 51.68 0.15 4 7.5 51.52 0.15 5 7.5 50.88 0.15 6 7.5 51.14 0.15 The key objective in this study was to relate the mechanical properties with the microstructure that was given out by a specific treatment of heat. In measuring the mechanical properties, two methods were used. These were nanoindentation and compression tests. Compression test is a fast and simple method of identifying the elastic limit and material strength. The benefit of using the nanoindentation is the chance of testing the mechanical characteristics for the different file profile regions and the bulk material. Compression tests were carried out at room temperature using a RMC 100 machine that functioned in inverse compression and different supporting loads up to 20kg at room temperature. The pistons are brought apart from two WC-CO plated insuring piston protection from possible indents formation. The force applied is measured using a load cell connected to the movable piston. The resultant displacement was measured using two extensometers. Hardness is known to be the material resistance to plastic deformation mostly through indentation. This term may equally refer to cutting, abrasion or scratching resistance. Hardness could be expressed quantitatively especially within a procedure of measurement. A number of hardness test methods can be applied to various indent geometries. A significant advancement in the measurement of hardness came out with the establishment of those instruments that measure displacement and force as an established indentation. All the data collected was recorded in the tables displayed in the results section. The mechanical properties can also be tested at a scale of submission. In this case, the data for the load displacement is analysed according to the Pharr and Oliver proposed method. In all the indentation test, the material is penetrated by the indenter with given rates up to when the peak load defined Pmax or the depth penetration hmax is realized. For a short time, the peak load is maintained constant and the indent withdrawn. In this respect, a law was proposed concerning the curve that is unloaded (Blatt, 2004). According to this law P = a(h-hf)m where m and a are parameters that are phenomenological and hf represents the residual depth of impression after loading brought about by a minimal square procedure of fitting (Benkirat, 2007). The first slop is known as the contact stiffness and is obtained through differentiation of expression and evaluation of the peak derivative at the displacement and the load. Therefore; S=dp/dh h=hmax= ma(hmax-hf)m-1 The displacement together with the contact made could be calculated using the relation hc= hmax-kPmax/s in which k represents a constant on the geometry of indentation. Procedure. Impact testing and Tensile testing of polymers. A test evaluation was carried out for the UTS, percentage elongation, o.2 proof stress and elasticity on the tensile test and elasticity Young’s modulus, on the test of tensile for the specimens supplied. For the impact testing, energy was measured, absorbed in fracture and the notched impact strength. The obtained results were recorded in the tables shown. T ensile testing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. A test evaluation was carried out for UTS, percentage elongation, 0.2 percentage proof stress and Young’s modulus of elasticity on the tensile test bars supplied. The results obtained were recorded in the tables shown. Vickers hardness measurement of various engineering alloys. A number of hardness test5s were carried out on the specimen given out and the results obtained recorded in the table shown. Microstructure observation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The microstructure of various metallographic specimens was examined using optical microscope. From the first glance, this study used materials that are relatively simple in terms of the nominal chemical makeup of the material. In the steel loads, the element that one can identify as impurity is carbon that is present in huge amounts. For instance, steel has a carbon composition of about 1.23wt. %. This chemical simplicity is deceiving as the microstructure of the material is extremely complex and greatly reliable to the history of momechanical. A microscope scan of the atomic force on polished file cross-section provides an interesting overview on the microstructure of the different material. The particles that are bright especially with sizes below 2um could be considered to be cementile carbides. This is due to their increased hardness (Barnard, 2005). After being polished, they tend to remain higher than the surrounding matrix that brings about their differentiation. The analysis of the image reports that some carbides occupy approximately 12% of the entire volume (Bonjour, 2008). Other matrix traits are discernible in the topography of images. When the applied stress is sufficiently low, a material may plastically not deform. This means that the material response will be a deformation that could be recovered completely upon the production of the stress applied, made up of anelastic and elastic part. Additionally, elastic deformation occurs to enhance full recoverability (Bagramov, 2007). This satisfies the need for being a linear proportion towards the stress applied and is instantaneous. The part considered anelastic is normally lower in the magnitude and is different from the part that is elastic in the manner in which the response of equilibrium is obtained after a substantial amount of time. In this respect, anelastic response is linked to the defects motion in the results and material in energy dissipation. Refrerences Bagramov, R., 2007. Internal Friction in a Martensitic High Carbon Steel, Philosophical Magazine A81, 2797. Read More