The Effects of Study Habits in Assisting Students to Attain Their Education Goals - Research Proposal Example

RESEARCH PROPOSAL IN EDUCATION The Effects of Study Habits in Assisting Students Attain their Education Goals. Submitted for the partial fulfilment for the degree of In the university of Name: Student No.: Date: Name of Supervisor: Introduction According to Wilkinson (1991p. 96), an introduction within a research proposal should spell out to the reader any background information relevant to the subject under discussion. It is designed to establish a structure for the research in order to enable understanding of its relationship to other researches. Therefore, this research proposal is an examination on Education, focussing on the research process and research method. It will begin by identifying an area of research interest within the subject of education, and then go on to cite five other research proposals that are related, what research methods they may have used including strengths and weaknesses of the chosen method as well as lesson learned. Education is a means by which equal opportunity and upward mobility might be achieved. The growth of economy and productivity is augmented by a skilled workforce. The well-organised utilisation of talent demands that those capable of it should be able to attain the zenith of their careers and ambitions regardless of family background. Therefore, the promotion of opportunity should stand as a priority in any economic policy with success so dependant upon skills and resources of the persons involved. Socially, equal opportunity education also encourages social cohesion and a more broadminded belief in common objectives. Literature Review The following examples highlight previous research work that has been done on various relevant aspects of education. These examples will provide insight as to the depth of research work done on education, although it is by no means comprehensive. Name of Research Methodology Strengths Weaknesses Insights. The Role of Government in Post-Secondary Education in Ontario. Riddell(2003) Hermeneutics This involves the ability to read texts or analyse experiences so that the underlying intention and meaning is highlighted. It seeks to illuminate not only the viewpoint but also the socio-cultural influences behind it. Gadamer (1976 p. 38-39) states that the beginning of hermeneutic studies is within the arts and in philological-historical insights. He believed that “the autonomy of viewing art from the vantage point of the history of style has been shaken by hermeneutical reflection…including shake up of fixed presuppositions.” The strengths of hermeneutics include encompassing the holistic experience instead of simply highlighting separate parts; It investigates meanings and nuances of experience rather than strict measurement and theories; It views the information gleaned from experience as important in perception of human behaviour as well as proof in scientific examination; and The formulation of problem statements that reflect a personal interest and attachment of the researcher Moustakas (1994) Encompasses the holistic experience instead of simply highlighting separate parts; It investigates meanings and nuances of experience rather than strict measurement and theories; It views the information gleaned from experience as important in perception of human behaviour as well as proof in scientific examination; and The formulation of problem statements that reflect a personal interest and attachment of the researcher focus on subjectivity that may disregard objective truth. The difference between subjective knowledge and the measurable objective knowing represent a dual reality which results in a preference for the latter whether the subject is organisational, political or social. In some cases, this has led to dead ends. Gives a comprehensive picture of the levels of post-secondary education in Ontario. Equity in Maths Education Park (2010) Ethnographic This entails the direct surveillance of the performance of a specific cohort of individuals pursuing a common goal examining their communication and interaction. It focuses on the sociology of meaning and is typically aimed at a community. In this case, the community is mathematics students who are set a problem and their problem solving skills observed. The approach offers a depth of exploration not available to purely empirical data, and in-depth descriptions can be chronicled to an extent that any subsequent researcher examining the work will gain a greater insight as to the idiosyncrasies of the situation. Neill (2006). The major weakness lies in the suspicion with which the subjectivity of the method is treated. An accurate picture of problem solving skills amongst Math students is gained. The Interaction of Health, Education and Employment in Western China Li & Piazza et. al. (2002) Mixed research methods used, both phenomenological as well as quantitative The number of participants working on the project ensures a comprehensive and in depth result can be obtained. Reliance on data sources collected second-hand may cast doubt as to accuracy. A series of reports expected to be generated by this study should lead to greater understanding of education in China. Study Habits and the Level of Alcohol Use Among College Students Powell, Williams and Wechsler (2004) Phenomenology and quantitative data collection techniques. Data was collected from different surveys previously done then correlated with current research which provides a wide frame of reference during analysis and interpretation of data. Different surveys were utilised to produce the study implying that data was not collected personally or by proxy by the researchers. Thus questions of accuracy and integrity of data arise. Provides a spotlight on the impact of alcohol on the college success of students although it admits to the possibility of underestimation. Promoting a Self-reliant Approach to Basic Education Development in Africa Through Research and Dialogue Kunje, Khonje and Mbano (2005) Mixed research methods. Provision of a comprehension of the associations that exist between education effort and success levels Highlights appropriateness of the educational inputs to the Malawian situation A clear picture will be gained of the least amounts of wherewithal required by diverse school settings in order to bring about noteworthy increase in achievement levels. several inputs may have become obsolete as they may not be utilizable in some situations. The study may be narrow in its examination due to restricted information gleaned from the respondents because of their failure to provide reflective views of the circumstances at the teaching and learning processes. This study gives an insight as to what requirements will ensure the success of free primary education in terms of student achievement. Statement of Research Problem The ability to study is a key factor in impacting academic excellence for students. It is important therefore to substitute ineffectual study models and habits with more profitable skills for more effective learning. One of the main missions of education programmes is to incept tools and guidelines that assist students to learn effectively. This study will examine the study habits of students and how it impacts on their successful achievement of education goals. Purpose and Aims of the Study The following are the aims of the proposed research: To understand how study habits impact on effective learning. Determine the issues that lead to good study habits. Research Paradigm The definition of research according to Burns (1997) is that of a systematic investigation or inquiry in which information is amassed, scrutinized and deduced in order to comprehend, illustrate, forecast or control a phenomenon of educational or psychological nature in order to empower within its context Mertens (2005 p. 2). The theoretical framework, which should be distinguished from a theory is also known as the paradigm according to Mertens (2005) and Bogdan & Biklin (1998) and it has an impact on the systems used to study and interpret knowledge. The choice of paradigm indicates the motive, impetus and prospects connected with a research. Failure to elect a paradigm at the initial stage, leaves no basis for ensuing choices of methodology, method, literature or research design. In light of this, I shall be following the pragmatic paradigm. Pragmatism does not subscribe to any particular philosophical system or reality. Researchers that utilise this paradigm have research problems focussing on ‘what’ and ‘how’ and places the research problem at the focal point. All subsequent approaches are applied in order to understand the problem according to Creswell (2003 p. 11). Consequently, data collection and examination methods are selected according to the criteria that it provides insight without bias towards any particular philosophy. This paradigm is appropriate to the study because we are asking the question HOW do the study habits of students assist them to achieve their educational goals. Therefore it is a tailor-made method to answer this question without bias. Research Methods In my research, I will be employing the mixed method of data collection and analysis. The words method and methodology are frequently used indiscriminately and this may create confusion. Somekh and Lewin (2005) define methodology in two ways; (i) As the compilation of systems or rules which guide the undertaking of a research and (ii) as the standards, hypotheses and ideals by which a research is approached. Walter (2006) avers that methodology is the research frame of reference influenced by the paradigm within which the hypothetical viewpoint belongs. The most widely used definition proposes methodology as the paradigm-linked overall research while method is the style, processes or tools utilised for data collection and analysis. The pragmatic paradigm enables the use of manifold methods, various attitudes and numerous assumptions in addition to more than one form of data collection and analysis within a mixed methods study Creswell (2003 p. 12). Mixed methods research has been identified by Gorard (2004) as an important constituent in the development of social science, together with education research. The research is reinforced by the utilisation of more than one method. Gorard (2004) is of the view that mixed method research demands a higher mental capacity which results in a decrease in dissipation of potentially essential data and increases researchers’ abilities to formulate apt criticism of any type of research. Mixing methods can also have more influence amongst policy makers where figures are convincing and the stories easily recalled and retold for illustrative purposes. Background Both local and foreign literature dealing with the academic capacity and performance of students reiterate that factors like study habits, character and stimulus are crucial for the attainment of skills, especially to do with reasoning. Weiner (1972) and Benbow and Armand (1990). A compilation of exactly what constitutes study habits have the following in common: I. Good organisation of study materials and tools. II. Established, regular study routine, location and time with well- thought out priorities, schedules and goals. III. Appropriate parental models, who provide early and reliable supervision as well as a beneficial home environment. IV. Personal accountability over one’s activities Covey (2007), Charnley (2006) and Zolten & Long (1997). Many students vary their study practises depending on their study habits, and subject interest Richards & Staykel (2003). To achieve one’s educational goals, there are three factors which have been identified. These are: I. Intelligence or aptitude. II. Interest – which usually stems from a comprehension of the benefits of learning to the achievement of future goals III. Study skills: Motivation and Style usually form the backbone of any effective study. This also requires the student to be flexible in study speed, have clarity of perception as well as good memory retention, attention, preparation and assessment (Reid, Duvall and Evans, 2005). There are three strategies adopted by students in the acquisition of knowledge i.e.: surface, deep and strategic strategies. The surface approach involves memorisation of everything for the attainment of good grades Yazdani & Hossein (2004). Usually though, it is necessary to use a combination of study skills depending on the nature of the subject under study and how difficult the student finds it. The mastery of study skills increases the enjoy ability and effectiveness of study, which results in increased interest in the subject under review Seif (1997), Drew & Bingham (1998). The Design, Methods and Procedures. The proposed study will utilise a mixed method design since its primary purpose aims at illustrating existing information and coming up with data on the study habits that promote attainment of education goals. The sampling method I propose to use will be the Selective method, specifically, the Purposive sampling which is generally based on the intention behind the study while focusing on a particular group according to Straker (2011), in this case, students. Recruitment is the interaction that occurs between researcher and potential subject before the consent process is initiated. It starts with detection, marking and mobilization of participants for a research study. It entails provision of information and generation of interest to and by the participant. The two main goals of recruitment are: Recruitment of a representative sample. Recruitment of sufficient numbers to fill the sample size and power parameters of the study. Hulley , Cimmings, Browner et.al (2001); Keith, (2001). A sample size of a thousand students will be used, taken from schools within a locality; 540 girls and 460 boys with an age range of 14-18 years of age. The students will be from differing backgrounds and economic status. Students will be recruited in collaboration with teachers, with selection via the teacher’s analysis of a cross section of intellectual abilities displayed by the students, and permission subsequently obtained from parent or guardian for the student to participate in the study. Questionnaires shall be formulated to gauge the students’ study habits and attitudes towards learning. Interviews will be conducted with teachers, other educators and philosophy practitioners to gain added insight into the factors that could cause variation in the study. The questionnaire shall examine the duration of time that students spent studying, together with the issues that hindered their studies. Examples of queries include ‘how long does the student spend on studies’ and ‘how adaptable is the student to various environments’. Paradigms that support the application of mixed methods allow the research problem to decide upon the data collection and analysis methods applied. This means that both quantitative and qualitative data can be incorporated at varying phases of the research Creswell (2003). Data Collection and Analysis The study will use ex-post facto studies of previous studies done on the subject as well as a thirty five item questionnaire based on Nneji (2002) study habits questionnaire. This is a 3 point Likert Scale that features Mostly, Occasionally and Only. A study habits list will be compiled as well as a Value Test made by the researcher. The statistics to be used include Arithmetic mean, Standard deviation, test of significance and Correlation. The Quantitative data will mainly be used to assess literacy levels of participants by through their scores from their latest examination. Established qualitative procedures as laid out in Bogden & Biklen (1992) will be used to answer qualitative questions. This data will be obtained via the interviews with teachers and questionnaires given to participants. The written questionnaires shall ask various open-ended questions which give room for different answers Hoeplf (1997). Ethical Issues Denzin (2002) stated that the ethical practises which dictate how we record the lives of others entail four preset journalistic customs of precision; non-malfeasance, the right to know and publicising one’s ethical position. The researcher is obliged to follow the norms outlined below if they are to be honest brokers with the participants: Aspire for equity and truthfulness instead of impartiality. Insure that there is no injury to participants. Where possible, to air findings by featuring the words of the participants. Keep the interaction with participants in context with self-disclosure of the role the researcher plays Ulin, Robinson & McNeill (2002). In order not to contravene any of the ethical issues, the researcher undertakes to; i. Give full disclosure to the student and the guardian on the nature of the study, the student’s role and the possibility or not of any compensation that may be offered. ii. The researcher will undertake to make the completed study available to participants, should they wish to peruse it. iii. The researcher will aim to ensure that both the participant and the participant’s guardian understand the requirements of the study, as well as the fact that the findings will be made public. iv. The researcher undertakes to keep all the names and other personal details of the participants private. v. The researcher will aim to report accurately all the findings of the study and not skew any data to reflect personal or other interests. vi. The researcher undertakes not to use any data obtained for any other purpose other than those stated as the research aims and objectives. vii. The researcher undertakes not to seek out information from participants that may place them in harm’s way. viii. Should the researcher have information disclosed to them by a minor participant that is potentially life threatening to the participant, they undertake to refer to the appropriate person. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Study A research study that incorporates a qualitative element as a tool can be utilised to understand and describe the realm of human experience. We cannot escape our own humanity, even as we don the mantle of researcher, therefore it is impossible to avoid subjectivity, however seasoned we are. Going through the process of research is guided by our humanity through intuition. It takes a lot of time and energy and dedication to navigate the world of human experience yet it is often dismissed as too subjective and disregarded. While these studies cannot be generalised, they still have some abiding qualities that make up for this weakness. A chief strength is the profundity with which investigations can be done and extensive descriptions recorded. This results in enough detail for the recipients of research to appreciate the eccentricities of the circumstances. The ultimate aim of the report is to give a point of view of a situation and provision of a well written report reminiscent of the researcher’s capacity to exemplify and explain the attendant occurrence. One of the supreme strengths of this approach is the wealth and intricacy of investigations and descriptions Myers (2002). Assumptions The following is a compilation of assumptions that form the basis of this study: i. The standardised tests and measures were given accurately. ii. The participants were honest in their responses. iii. The teachers gave an accurate cross-section of students with differing intellectual abilities and backgrounds. iv. The integrity of data collected was preserved. Delimitations The cohort who took part in this study are all concentrated in a particular locale, which could limit variability of the study. Due to the size of the group, and time restrictions, conducting one-on-one interviews with every participant was impractical. Resources The designated period in which the study took place was within one school term or three months. In order to conduct interviews with all the relevant teachers within the locale, select a cross-section of students, write up and send out questionnaires, collect responses, collate, analyse data and return the results required ten working hours daily at an hourly rate of ten dollars would consume $9000USD for the entire study. Other resources needed were computers, access to email and internet, transportation costs and cost of stationery. Implications and Conclusions Research projects are never linear and the processes and procedures undertaken by the researcher are often cyclic, with one step forward leading back two steps. As the research progresses, many alterations occur along the way. These changes may be subtle or overt; significant or simply ordinary. Knowledge of the current study habits of the student population and the influences that dictate them gives parents, teachers, guardians and the students themselves some leverage in the attainment of education goals. Once it is known what facilitates good study habits and the converse, one hinders it, then it becomes possible to implement the former and eliminate the latter. This would lead to better learning outcomes and a more and better educated population as a result. This has countrywide implications because a better educated populace is more likely to be socially and economically able to contribute to society leading to a more sustained growth in economy and advancement of society. The scope of research of course should be widened to integrate other regions in order to have a more comprehensive picture of exactly what needs to be done. However, it is necessary to make a start right away with the data that is already in place. This data can assist in formulation of economic and social policies that will enable students to achieve their educational goals if given the proper tools.         References Benbow & Armand. 1990. Cited in Calderon, B. A study of students’ failure in the public secondary schools of Manila. Quezon City, Philippines: U.P. College of Education. Bogden, R.,& Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research for education. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen S.K. (1998). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods. (3rd ed.) Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Burns, Robert, B. (1997). Introduction to research methods. (3rd ed.) Australia: Longman. Charnley, K. 2006. Motivation for the (lazy) high school student. Retrieved 23rd May, 2011 from http://www.articlebeach.com. Covey, S. 2007. Seven habits of highly effective people. Audio cassette. Creswell, John, W. 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Improving study habits, In Department of Paediatrics, University of Arkansas. Retrieved May 23rd, 2011 from http://www.parenting-ed.org .   Read More