Integrating M Learning in Education Systems - Term Paper Example

Running Head: Integrating M-learning in Modern Education Integrating M-learning in Modern Education Student’s Name Professor’s Name Subject Code and Name Date Submitted Integrating M Learning in Education Systems Abstract The need for a better method of carrying out studies has seen the growth of information technologies to encourage the use of modern products to access information. Traditional forms of education were seen to be biased on students who wanted to learn overseas. It was also disadvantageous to students who had disability problems including physical impairments or vision problems. Other students were so busy to attend to normal lectures an all this led to development of modern education system in schools. This paper is going to compare learning methods in the traditional society and the modern society. Main focus will be given on modern methods of study, how they have been implemented in the modern study and its advantages to those using the method of study. It will also show the progression from traditional methods of learning to the most recent developments in research, seeking to promote the use of mobile learning in institutions as a more effective way of learning in the digital world. Introduction The use of modern mobile technology has replaced the use of traditional methods of learning. Traditionally learning was a must for all students who wanted to excel in that the students were monitored by their teachers on a daily basis and their progress noted. It made sure that all students in school attended lecture classes without fail (Motiwalla, 2007, pp 582). This method of study was not supported by many students because they did not have freedom to do what they wanted in school. The traditional learning system also made it hard for overseas students who were not in a position to attend classes because of financial strain or distance barrier. These problems led to introduction of modern methods of learning including use of information technology, e-learning and m-learning systems. The review part of study will feature on traditional methods of learning, its disadvantages and how the mobile-learning were implemented in the modern education systems. It will also focus on how the use of m-learning has contributed in boosting education systems over the world. Lastly, the study will give recommendations and conclusion concerning integrations of m-learning methods in the education system. Historical Background to Learning Traditionally, learning took place in a classroom or a space set aside for learning activities (Motiwalla, 2007, pp 582). Learning was conducted under trees, as they did not have decent classrooms for studying. The whole idea of a school was to bring the communities together by promoting unity among the children and the elders of the society. This social connection was very important in a person’s development and especially in a child’s development. The students were educated on how to handle different people with different personalities within and outside their community. The teachers interacted freely with the students face to face and this built a good relation ship between them. It also provided room for teachers and lecturers to be able to assess the students’ progress over time. This method of learning allowed the teachers to identify areas of weakness in a student, early enough to be helped, before it became critical. The students with learning problems received required attention by the teachers (Motiwalla, 2007). The traditional system of learning was authoritatively applied in schools and it did not cover the intrinsic values of learning. According to Beck (2009, pp 5), the system overlooked the experimental parts of learning and just focused on feeding general knowledge to students. He further argued that the students did not fully explore education and therefore, what they learnt did not help them much in understanding certain concepts in school. The students were taken through standardized exams which measured the students capability to study and so more efforts were put by teachers concerning how to pass that test only. Beck (2009, pp 6), indicated that learning was not intensive as compared to modern learning techniques such as use of e-learning (learning through the internet). The teachers acted as a tool for implementing known and ‘to be’ followed facts by students. They enforced skills, social conduct and knowledge that they thought would be helpful to the students in the next generation (Lee et al, 2005, pp 1097). The system insisted on cramming method as a style of passing exams in that students were taught on how to memorize with no time taken to understand the context being taught. Rovai (2004, pp 80), observed that the system did not consider students who were slow to learn. Those who were sharp in class participation had an advantage over those who were not fast crammers. He further complained that the system instilled use of corporal punishment as a way of instilling discipline to students. Lee et al (2005, pp 1097), noted that apart from the mentioned indifferences, the traditional system was either age, gender or religion sensitive in that it provided different lessons to different groups example is lessons given for boys alone or girls alone. Today, alternative educational approaches have been implemented to replace the traditional systems of studying. According to Kumar (2010), the new approaches have put more emphasis of giving the student a chance to improve at their own comfortable pace. The new approach has identified use of small study groups that motivate students to rich leaning environment. E-learning is also observed that the students are now allowed to conduct experimental studies for further study and better understanding of a certain area of study. Information Technology and Education Information technology has been combined into education systems for various reasons, such as automating the delivery of information in the classroom, facilitating information access to instructors, facilitating information access to students, and lastly transforming to virtual continuous learning spaces (Liaw and Huang, 2003, pp 753). It has also encouraged wider learning skills to the student who are in a position now to learn all they can even without attending to lecture classes. In addition to the above mentioned purposes of information technology on the learning experience, it has been reported to promote collaborative learning. The use of e-mails specifically has encouraged feedback to instructors and spreading of information to many students in the shortest of periods. This has greatly reduced the gap between students in the locality of the institution and those on the distance learning programs. The students are also able to make quick references and achieve clarification in no time. Technology has also made it possible for many routine procedures to be automated. Barker (2005), noted that the system has made room for flexibility on the part of information transfer between learners and instructors Studies have shown that distant learners exhibited higher and better critical skills compared to students who went through traditional form of learning system. According to Dominicus et al (2009, pp 349), new information technologies has made it easier for learners to identify problems and solutions even without referring to their teachers for help. The new technology gives them a wider view on approaching a certain problem, be it at work or in school, and solutions searched for through the internet (Carmelo et al, 2008, pp 270) Technology and E-learning A need for a better method of studying made students and teachers adopt new technological method of study called e –learning. The method entails transference of knowledge to students through computer based technologies (Rovai, 2004, pp 80). He further explained that the rate of online learning is growing at a faster rate each and every day compared to the rate of full time school enrolment. The new technology saw the growth of new mobile services and devices that were portable, easy to use and maintain and affordable with a long time effects. The new mobile devices were used as tools to implement the new method of e-learning. According to Rovai (2004, pp 80), the new learning method considers the use of study groups in formulating answers concerning a certain problem and this is seen to be more effective than the traditional means of learning. Apart from this, it also has created an environment that is conducive for overseas students and distant learners to stay in contact with what is going on in their absence. They are in a position to obtain assignments, tutorials and lectures on topic of concern without attending classes. Rovai, (2004, pp 81), indicated that the e-learning system is cost friendly and cheaper to the users who are not in a position to attend classes regularly due to distance or costs involved in travelling to and fro. Most teachers have also taken the advantage of this system by not attending to lectures but instead provide audio tutorials concerning the topic they need to teach about. E-learning basically enlightens parents on how to conduct follow ups on their child’s progress. Some private institutions posts results and recommendations concerning a child’s progress at school and this can be accessed by the parents who will take the initiative to correct the child while at home. This way, the parents have full control over the life of the child. It is and was mainly practiced by wealthy families. The system was first adopted by wealthy families who had a lot of exposure to internet services but now days it has become affordable to all persons irrespective of their financial position and social status in the community (Rovai, 2004, pp 82). Most people go back to class today to add to their knowledge and some to refresh what they already know. They all seek a faster way to do it and in the least cumbersome way. E-learning is also convenient for most students because they do not have to be in specific locations to acquire the information as compared to traditional learning. There is minimal contact with the lecturers but their progress can still be displayed in the internet. One could even graduate in absentia and acquire a certificate without ever meeting the administration of many institutions offering this option. It also offers a good media for intensive study and boosts the memory of the student. E-learning system can offer visual based learning through watching a video or media services. According to Beck (2009, pp 5), this advantage makes it the best method of study than any other known form because the student is a position to fully and adequately relate life issues to what is learnt and seen. This will ensure a forever installation of important information in the mind of the student. Information technology has seen many universities and colleges offer learning materials to its distant students. A part from learning materials it also uses it to provide online registration and advice including how to make payments online, online counselling and sometimes issuing student’s magazines or newspapers. This therefore updates the student who is notion a position to avail her/himself to lectures in school. Some of the distant learning benefits accrued to students online includes; cost effective learning in that the costs incurred for travelling and attending classes is minimized, access to more than one university materials and enrolment in that a student can be able to be enrolled at different universities at the same time saving time and costs and finally reliable delivery of services and knowledge in that one is able to co-ordinate school activities with work based activities or home based activities. Mobile Technology Learning has always been looked at as a change in a person that can be shaped through support from the stimulus and response theory (Carmelo et al 2008, pp 270). This is known as the behaviourism model of looking at learning. According to Carmelo et al (2008, pp 271), the new approach to learning however is rapidly changing to the constructive model. This approach suggests the learner constructs their knowledge actively rather than acquisition of the same. The learner has to make discoveries and accommodate the information gathered in their mind. This approach emphasises an active participation of the learner in the construction, collection and assimilation of knowledge. The learner has to control the pace at which they acquire information and this ensures that they learn better. The instructors, lectures or teachers are therefore entitled to provide educational support to its students who are locates everywhere. The model has a strong emphasis on three areas: “problem solving, collaboration, and interaction”. Eric (2010), in his research established that: learning is a by-product of understanding; understanding occurs best through performing tasks; and Learning is largely social in nature. He further explained that learning was a cycle of action, feedback and reflection and that new information needs to be put in new contexts so that the learners could easily practice. He suggested that instructors could facilitate feedback and reflection through holding discussions. Rau et al (2008, pp 18), came up with other three attributes of the learning process. The first was active learning and construction of acquired information in form of knowledge. The second was encouraging of cooperation and teamwork in all learning processes. The third was students learning through the problem solving process. Mobile technology has one major characteristic and that is mobility. It allows for computing to occur at any time and in any location. Rau et al. (2008, p. 8), categorized mobility into five sections as follows. The first was the essential nature of mobility which comprises the spatial and seamless accessibility. The second was purpose. The third was modalities which included the need to travel and wander. The fourth was physical manifestation which is how mobile users are and the devices involved. The fifth are the implications of mobility which are the general outcomes and effects. M-education refers to a form of learning where the student makes total use of available opportunities provided by use of mobile technologies (Javanthi, 2007, pp 820). Mobile collaboration has been on the rise with the advancement of mobile technology. A learner can be able to access information at anytime from any location. The learning process is therefore conducted on a demand basis. Students can be able to learn when the need arises and when they feel the timing is appropriate. They are no longer restricted to classroom or libraries as in traditional learning. Mobile technology has fostered learning in complex and more dynamic situations like when a learner is on the move for whatever reasons. Since the technology is interactive most students have been able to access their materials, peers and even instructors online without inconveniences (Rovai 2004, pp 84). According to Rovai (2004, pp 84), many lecturers and instructors in developed countries involve the use of devices like PDAs, laptops, computers, palmtops, ipads, tablet PCs among others to make information available to their students. Today’s mobile devices can perform all the functions of a desktop and even far and beyond. M-learning serves as a substitute for e-learning in a huge capacity especially for developing countries. Most of the families in developing countries do not have full access to internet all the time and most of the children are illiterate because they cannot afford to go to school. The introduction of M-learning solves the problem of accessibility and mobility at the same time. According to statistics approximately one and a half billion people globally carry a mobile phone on them all the time. The same report shows that, excluding America and Canada, in the rest of the world, the number of cell phones exceeds the number of portable computers in the world, five to ten times more. This means that if as many people could be educated via the same device, the world would be a ‘smarter’ place (Rau et al, 2008, pp 19). Some institutions used SMSs to communicate between student and teachers. Some even gave quizzes via mobile phones and relay results in the same fashion. This reduces the paperwork and hence costs to the institution. Some lecturers use the system in the distance learning program where they SMS them during the lectures to provide the much needed teacher-student interaction that lacks in such programs. They also asked for feedback from the students by way of SMS (Rau et al, 2008, pp 20). In Japan, a study was carried out to establish the effectiveness of the mobile phone in teaching a foreign language. Vocabularies in English were sent to the student’s phones and a link attached so they could access the website that was solely for the English vocabulary lessons. The result was that most students were responsive to the method and improved significantly in their English language both spoken and written. According to Hinckley et al (2000, pp 93), the use of wireless technologies and services in the education systems leads to high rates of motivation among students, willingness for collaboration with teachers and other students and a sense of portability for students, teachers and parents. This was established after a study conducted in South Africa which focused on determining the effectiveness of the m-learning services in developing countries. The study was also able to identify the necessary conditions for the system to work in Universities, where a system was used to transmit the classroom experience direct to the students’ cell phones via A GPRS network. It was able to go online and select among the listed materials the class they would like to attend. This also meant that the teacher was able to see every cell phone that was connected and was able to communicate to them via SMS. Guidelines for Designing Usable Mobile Learning Portals ISO is an abbreviation that denotes International Organizations for Standardization and it collaborates in promoting international standards in member countries (Adkins, 2008). Among the standards that ISO promotes is the Open system operations which overlooks all requirements needed in establishing a model for communication worldwide (Adkins, 2008). It is noted that use of mobile phones as a tool for communication is limited to people with disabilities such as those with vision problems and other impairments and so he advocates use of a standardized techniques to increase the usage of this technology to all persons. Before a product is presented to the market, a lot of factors have to be considered which should be in line with what is stated in the ISO. The first consideration includes capability to learn and even use the product with minimal prior knowledge about it. The product should also be very efficient when put to use. It should linger in the mind of the user for longer than usual (Adkins, 2008). Lastly, the product should be usable for a longer period of time to ensure the customer gets full satisfaction from it (Eric, 2010). Usability has its advantages which includes; high levels of productivity, improvement in user satisfaction, significant reduction in the costs involved in support & training and better work quality According to Eric (2010), usability of a product is determined by the needs of the user, the level of interaction achieved by the user and lastly the total costs involved in introducing the product in the market. The design of the interface to be used should also be put into consideration by considering the age, taste and preferences of the product users. The following techniques should be used as stated in the ISO in designing a usable mobile learning portal. User Analysis This technique gives a top priority to the user of the m-learning service. In understanding who the user is, a market researcher should consider making appropriate decisions regarding the functionality of the device (Eric, 2010). The learners attributes, in terms of motivation, cognitive approaches, and specific skills in handling the cell phones and other wireless devices, greatly influences the rates of success or failure of the device. This in turn affects the academic performance of the learner so it is a cycle and the first step is to get the definition of the learner right. According to Hinckley et al (2000, pp 94), decision making should consider the age, gender, nationality, the level of exposure of user to mobile devices and special physical needs of the user. Eric (2010), argues that getting to know the user well, reevaluating their needs and knowing what they want and expects is the way forward to a better usability of a product. Product Interaction with the User Hinckley et al (2000, pp 95), describes this important step because it ensures production of a high quality system that can fulfill the needs of the user. The product should be designed in a way that it can be accessed by the user at any time of the day depending on when the need arises. The product should cater the needs of all persons despite their age bracket, physical impairments or even the user’s location. Human To Mobile Hardware Computing and Software Architecture This involves looking at the physical attributes of a cell phone and making sure that they are in the right proportions this includes screen resolution, backlight, weight of phone, compatibility of phone with wireless networks. Hinckley et al (2000, pp 97), indicates that the reliability of cell phone to its users determines its sale. Contextual of use, ability of adaptation on learning contents, and sensitivity on its surroundings: The information provided about the product should be in context with the location and its function. It should be flexible enough to be adapted by the user in the environment they find themselves in. The different avenues of interaction should not affect the information in any way (Hinckley et al, 2000, pp 98). iii) Personalization on learning contents: The information given should match the likes and dislikes of the user intended. The information should be made available to order per se. The sites should be interactive and flexible for user satisfaction. Eric (2010), considers personal preferences as a major factor contributing to the demand of a product and so it should be greatly considered when making any decision pertaining the product. Table: Summary of Digital Learning Experience Attributes Interactive Learner centered Authentic Collaborative On-demand Interactive, engaging content and course material that motivates them to learn through challenging pedagogy, Conceptual review and learning style adaptation. Students expect to pick and use various types of media and create a "Mash-up" of content. Shifts the learning responsibility to the student, and emphasizes teacher-guided instruction and modeling Reconcile classroom use of social media to the authentic way teens are using outside of the classroom. Technology use should be tied to authentic/specific learning goal or activity Learning is a social activity, and students learn best through observation, collaboration, and intrinsic motivation and from Self-organizing social systems comprised of peers. This can take place in either a virtual or in-person environment. Ability to multitask and handle multiple streams of information and juggle both short- and long-term goals. Source: Motiwalla (2007, pp 590). Use of mobile phones has been implemented steadily in the market because it allows people to stay in contact with families and families. It has also been used to access important information and directions though its use is limited to some persons with disabilities or to those found in remote areas (Hinckley et al, 2000, pp 98). Advanced mobile techniques have ensured that all citizens’ needs are catered for by the product and this has availed use of m-leaning system as a media for communication. The M-Learning Environment There are various ways that institutions can implement the m-learning system the most popular as established has been the mobile phone or cell phone. The phone has several features that can be utilized: voice calls, SMS, TV and radio on phone, phone applications/softwares and internet. Voice Calls Most people use phones to make and receive calls. Advanced mobile phones can record conversations whether in the phone or from the external environment. This can be done by the lecturer and so the students that are not able to attend class can listen in on the lectures at their convenient times. Most phones have expandable memory that students could purchase so that the issue of insufficient memory does not arise (Eric, 2010). The school could make the calls toll free or let the student bear the cost of the call according to the budgetary restrictions of the institution. Voice calls can also be employed when giving oral examinations. The students could use their camera phones to show their location and environment for authentication purposes. This will save the institutions on a lot in terms of cost of hiring invigilators and test centers and transportation and printing of exam materials. In addition, the school could use the voice calls to hold discussion forums or live conferences to air views, ideas or concerns from students or teachers. This could be a useful tool especially for those students who are insecure with their writing skills and more importantly, the blind (Hinckley et al, 2000, pp 99). SMS The administrations in institutions can use this system to pass on information to the staff and to the students. SMSs are generally cheaper than the internet. The teachers can communicate vital information like exam timetables, lectures, reminders and summaries of lectures. They can also be used to give short quizzes and to teach vocabulary. The students can also form chat rooms for SMSs so they could use them as discussion forums so they could air their views and concerns. TV & Radio on Mobile Phone Some phones have radio or TV services in their applications and can therefore be used by students in watching and listening to lectures that have been broadcasted. Most cell phones even have the ability to record and so the student has the freedom to decide when to listen in their own convenience. The students get to access the services free of charge except for viewing of satellite channels which will cost the institution a little more. Advanced Mobile Techniques Advanced mobile phone system is a system that was introduced in the United States to cater for the services offered from use of mobile phones. The system allowed mobile phones to be accessed in all areas and locations. It had a flexible wavelength which allowed the same frequencies to be re-used in different locations of mobile phone users (Eric, 2010). There are quite a number of software and applications that have been made for use in cell phones. Some of them include; word processors, spread sheets, acrobat reader, text to speech engines, book readers, scientific calculators and many educational games like word puzzles, just to mention but a few. Schools and universities could come up with specific educational applications and or games that will help the learners develop their skills. Mobile books could be made and published so that students could download them on their phones and study whenever they can and anywhere for that matter (Eric, 2010). Internet on Cell Phones Students could use their phones to browse for courses and to register online. They could also download the material they need for coursework. In addition, they could take the self-evaluation quizzes that follow the true or false fashion. They could use their phones as tools to retrieve information that they require from the internet when they need. It is cheaper to browse through the phone than through desktops and computers using internet or broadband connections (Eric, 2010) Real Time Interaction through Application Mobile learning gives a user, who is not stationed in one particular place, a chance to obtain reading materials from mobile devices. Mobile phones have been technologically improved to offer mobility of portable devices (Hinckley et al, 2000, pp 97), and this has called for modern designations that will consider the needs of the user. Most of these institutions use postal correspondence, E-LMS, radio and TV broadcasts and recently M-LMS. The E-LMS is a system that is implemented with the use of Java and Extensible Markup Language (XML). The system allows for one to browse the internet and to access recorded video and audio lectures, study material and so on. The M-LMS is an advanced version of the E-LMS and can therefore perform all the mentioned functions to the student’s cell. It can also perform a few other specialized functions. Offline version: the system can allow the learner to download information and store it in the memory card of the cell phone for later use (Lee et al, 2009, pp 57). The system also enables use of internet connection to access learning material similar to E-LMS. The voice calls and SMS are known to be m-learning services and are used widely. According to Eric (2010), interaction of users with mobile phones has decreased barrier to educational matters. He further noted that the screen size, quality of hardware and soft ware were some of factors that limited the use of mobile phones in the m- learning system. M-learning intervention was observed to increase job opportunities to the users who became so much exposed to what is going on in the world. Tutors have complemented the value of m-learning to be important because it is lighter weight than books; it considers the needs of specific students with impairments and finally it supports the learning process by involving most target youth groups easily. Eric (2010), noted that although m-learning faces challenges such as lack of accessibility to the end user, piracy of learning materials. Lack of understanding between using e-learning and m- learning systems on the part of the user and lastly lack of a stable technological design that supports life long study by m-learning system, the system interaction with the users is greatly encouraged by tutors. According to Maniar et al (2008, pp 54), the usage of mobile learning product grows at a five –year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22%. According to Burton (2002, pp 130), the role of the tutor should not be overlooked even in the advancement of technology. The learner will always seek clarification and guidelines for the assignments given by the lecturers. The purpose of the tutor is to stay online so that in case the learner has any queries they are available to answer. This helps solve the problem of the availability of the tutor and the possibility of learning especially when it comes to distance learning. Mobile approaches such as use of mobile assisted learning language have enabled more users to be confident when applying mobile services in their learning experience (Eric, 2010). The students are in position to learn different languages and definitions from their mobile devices attending classes. It can also be assessed by those at work to aid them in solving problems that are of immediate concern (Eric, 2010). There is a complete believe that m-learning has brought a lot of positive changes in the present learning environments and it is widely encouraged for use by distant learners. Recommendation and Conclusion It was recommended that modern institutions adopt new methods of study. Eric (2010), indicates that use of this methods increases the level of job opportunities in that students can attend classes while at the same time attending to work. He also noted that distant learning has provided equal opportunities to all students despite the physical or vision impairments, promoting equality among students. From the above observations it is also noted that, the use of mobile technology has brought a lot of transition in the learning sector (Rau et al, 2008, p. 19). 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