Personal Health Record based on Mayo Clinic - Case Study Example

PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: City: Date COVER LETTER This paper entails the development of a personal health record infrastructure system and its management. To ensure successful development it requires a given time limit and resources. The infrastructure of the proposed personal health record in this case requires networking. Strong networking will entail appropriate management strategies. This system is to be used by more than one thousand people and to manage more than 1 GB data expected to be exchanged on daily basis. Therefore, projected cost for the development of the infrastructure will range from $5000 - $8000. The time required for the development of the infrastructure will be four months. The resources required for the system will be, a networking system, health data integration system, data management system and an upgrading system since the system must be up to date. Table of Contents 1.0Background about Mayo Clinic 4 2.0 Utilization of Personal Health Record (PHR) 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Risks 5 3.0 Experienced gained by other Organizations in Using Personal Health Records 6 3.1 Focus on a market niche 6 3.2 Market Demand for Firm’s Services 6 3.3 Competitor firm Services 7 3.4 Strengthen Customer and Supplier Relationship 7 4.1 Advantages 7 4.1.1 Empowerment of consumers 7 4.1.2 Access to Patient Data during Emergencies 8 4.1.3 Behavioral Change 8 4.1.4 Consumer-provider communication 9 4.2 Disadvantages 9 4.2.1 Data Privacy and Security 9 4.2.2 Data Accuracy 9 4.2.3 Digital divide and literacy related issues 10 5.0 Scope 10 6.0 PHR Infrastructure 11 7.0 Management of PHR Infrastructure 12 Time Schedule 14 Key issues 14 Time (Months) 14 Development of networking system 14 1 14 Development of Data management system 14 1 14 Development of Health Data Integration system 14 1 14 System upgrade and management 14 1 14 Reference 15 A case study of Mayo Clinic 1.0 Background about Mayo Clinic Mayo clinic is located in Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo clinic is a non-profit medical organization that specializes in medical research and practices. It is the largest integrated medical organization in the world. It specializes in treating complex conditions through its tertiary care. 2.0 Utilization of Personal Health Record (PHR) 2.1 Introduction A personal health record is a record where a patient’s information or data related to his health is stored (Gast et al., 2012). PHR for a patient (ONC, 2012) could incorporate utilities for making an interpretation of EMR databases into a standard configuration to permit health service suppliers secure HIPAA-agreeable electronic access. According to Wagner et al., (2010), It likewise could incorporate online instructive devices and data to help shoppers settle on the best choices to enhance the quality and expense they could call their own health awareness. The objective of interoperability of health information and its compromise into one source, the persistent's PHR, can be attained to with a basic, economical, and convenient methodology. Exact and detailed record keeping, alongside guaranteeing their protection and approved access, are fundamental parts of overseeing personal health data. With the coming of electronic processing, medicinal records, in the same way as other application spaces, have depended vigorously on automated storage frameworks for capacity and archival of personal health data. Personal health records entails, name of an individual, any emergency contact, type of blood , date of birth, results of the tests, dates of illness and surgeries, family history of illness and a list of individual’s medicine. 2.2 Risks However, Jiang, & Sumit, (2010), patients concern of their privacy and security of their personal health records remains to be risks associated with personal health record systems. According to Archer et al, (2011), patient concerns with respect to their security, and their worries about such associations and employees getting to be included in the health related orders as opposed to such mandates originating from their suppliers. Data stored online requires a system that guarantees security of the stored information (Archer et al, 2011). This is due that fact that this information when not well stored could be easily hacked thus threatening privacy of the information. 3.0 Experienced gained by other Organizations in Using Personal Health Records 3.1 Focus on a market niche Use data frameworks to empower a particular business sector center, and serve this narrow target market better than competitors (Evans et al (2000). In addition, Magliu et al (20030, data frameworks bolster this method by delivering and investigating information for finely tuned deals and advertising systems. Data frameworks empower organizations to dissect client purchasing trends, tastes, and inclination nearly so that they productively pitch promoting and advertising battles to smaller and littler smaller markets (Ball, &, Gold, 2006). Data frameworks for Personal health records help organizations influence their center abilities by advancing the imparting of information crosswise over specialties units. They encourage plans of action in view of expansive systems of clients or supporters that exploit system financial matters. 3.2 Market Demand for Firm’s Services Use of personal health records will enable other organizations track the market demand for various products (Wagner, 2010). This will enable them come up with various strategies to help compete effectively in the market. This will also enable them access the level of demand for their products. With personal health records, different commercial enterprises cooperate to convey quality to the client. Data frameworks bolster a thick system of associations among the partaking firms. 3.3 Competitor firm Services Accessible personal health records will enable various companies’ access and assess the competitor firm’s services, thus enabling them come up with products that complement the offered services (Thornewill, &, Baluch, 2007). Firms comprise of numerous specialties units, data frameworks accomplish extra efficiencies or upgrade benefits by entwining the operations of dissimilar specialties units. A personal health record uses systems to connect to different firms with the goal that an organization can utilize the capacities of different organizations to fabricate, advertise, and circulate items and administrations 3.4 Strengthen Customer and Supplier Relationship Health organizations use data frameworks to fix linkages with suppliers and create closeness with clients (Smith et al., 2012). Personal Health Records facilitates interaction between the health care and the patients. Interaction between the health care and the patients helps to strengthen their relationship hence quality service provision. 4.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Personal Health Records in an Organization 4.1 Advantages 4.1.1 Empowerment of consumers Personal Health records can empower consumers by enhancing clinical choice making. A review by Baorto and Cimino (2000) was utilized for the advancement of context particular connections in the Patient Clinical Information System (PatCIS) which permits consumers who are not sharp in therapeutic information to comprehend the results of their test reports. The information button highlight creates clarifications of the terms with connections to open resources on the Web. The information button can be implanted into the PHR client interface to permit straightforward clarifications so consumers can settle on educated choices viewing such health administration issues as test planning, understanding of demonstrative reports, ailment danger, and prescription regimen. 4.1.2 Access to Patient Data during Emergencies Incorporated PHR-EHR (Ueckert, et al., 2003) was created with a subset that incorporates contact data, hypersensitivities, affirmed sicknesses, and rundown of current medications. With the blend of Web address, client name, and data on a wallet card, someone else amid a crisis can get to this data. In a subjective study, Reti et al. (2010) found that three out of seven healing facilities had crisis access to health data in their PHR frameworks. The creators propose that a crisis access highlight of PHRs is a standout amongst the most vital parts of PHR as a consumer focused ideal model. 4.1.3 Behavioral Change Archer et al.(2011) demonstrated that appropriation of PHRs with rules for health administration can enhance consumer health practices, for example, less utilization of tobacco, consistent activity, dietary changes, and enhanced pharmaceutical consistence. 4.1.4 Consumer-provider communication The perfect PHR design can be expanded by information from health care supplier EHRs, for example, those from drug stores, health monitoring checking gadgets, and research facility and radiology centers (Jiang, & Sumit, 2010). The coordinated information can give a more complete perspective of pertinent health data for both purchasers and their medicinal services suppliers. 4.2 Disadvantages 4.2.1 Data Privacy and Security Information security and privacy insurance are important issues for Public health records (Ball, 7, Gold, 2006). A national review by AHIMA (2010) found that 75% of grown-ups without PHR would be worried about the protection of their health data in the event that it were in a PHR 4.2.2 Data Accuracy Concerns in regards to information accuracy and unwavering quality emerge when consumers enter and upgrade information (Gast et al., 2012). Tang et al (2006) assessed 12 electronic PHRs that utilized information section by consumers (for example, medicinal history, solutions, lab tests, diagnostics studies, and vaccination). None of the locales gave any headings to guide consumers through the procedure of abstracting pertinent data from remedy marks or test reports. Spell-checkers or distinguishing typical measurements and reference reaches were inadequate. 4.2.3 Digital divide and literacy related issues Resnik et al. (2007), the "digital divide" is a rising issue influencing utilization of PHRs by customers who have low PC competency and health proficiency. Therefore, Mayo clinic should ensure proper training of their patients on how to handle their PHR. 5.0 Scope Modern organizations are progressive, particular, and unprejudiced, utilizing express schedules to augment effectiveness (Alavy, &, Dorothy, 2001). Yamin et al (2011), all associations have their own particular cultures and governmental issues emerging from contrasts in vested parties, and influenced by their encompassing surroundings. This report has defined the personal health record, a definition that helps to clarify what health records entails. It considers Personal health records from the perspective of personal information it contains and the services needed to store and manage the information. This report clarifies how patients and health organizations are involved in the management of health records using the available system. An online web based structure has been described and its relevant requirements outlined. The reports recommends a personal health record which will contain patient’s name, name of the hospital or clinic, health education, cost management tools, calendar and reminders, communication portal, name of the doctor, cost management tools, incentive programs and health record organizer. Therefore, Mayo Clinic should utilize the personal health records by taking into consideration their roles and roles of patients in the management of health records. 6.0 PHR Infrastructure According to Smith et al (2012), an IT infrastructure for personal health record comprises of an arrangement of physical gadgets and programming applications that are obliged to operate the whole venture. In this case the recommended infrastructure should be of a remote server based PHR which can be accessed online. In a remote server based PHR, the health records are stored on the web based server. A web based PHR requires a web browser to access its information for example Google Health (Wagner et al, 2010). Patients may use an online web based server probably managed by the health providers to maintain and store their personal health records through the internet connection that might be tethered or interconnected. Accessibility of data by patients in such an infrastructure depends on the availability of internet connection that must be fault tolerance (Archer et al, 2011). Health providers should ensure at all time, the network connection is its full strength to guarantee the patients with real time access and availability of their health data. Components of a web-based PHR may include, calendar and reminders, health record organizer, communication portal, incentive programs, cost management tools and health education (Smith et al, 2012). Calendar and reminders highlights the health care appointments, health maintenance timelines, preventive schedules and daily health routines. Health record organizer states the patient’s health history, medications, immunizations, health care directives, imaging, laboratory tests and health information. Communication portal is the channel through which patients and health care providers communicate. Cost management tools track and manage costs of health care services, and define the benefits of individual plans. An incentive program is the portal through which consumers receive redeemable points for maintaining wellness schedule of risk assessment, healthy routines, preventive programs and maintenance timelines. Health education is the point where patients are able to enroll in disease management programs, health maintenance timeline and health risk assessment and management. 7.0 Management of PHR Infrastructure A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows an association to concentrate information, oversee them productively, and give access to the stored information by application programs (Atkinson et al., 2007). In respect to managing personal health records in this concept, an online remote based server will be the most essential. A remote server based PHR requires an infrastructure that will ensure the interactions between the users is more secure (AHIMA, 2010). To ensure data is properly managed and easily accessible health care providers should ensure network connection is available (AHIMA, 2010). Availability of network connection and an appropriate online infrastructure ensures efficient and appropriate integration and continuous synchronization of the health data of PHR with interconnected data sources in terms of integration (Reti et al, 2010). Portable devices that provide wireless internet connection will enable users to access and manage their health records in real time. An online web-based PHR (Smith et al, 2012) provides an improvement over the standardization of data exchange, representation and management. Resource Schedule Key Issues Requirements Networking system The PHR infrastructure requires a strong network to facilitate interaction between the patients and health care providers. The network should be strong to be able to facilitate sharing of information among, for example one thousand people Data management system PHR infrastructure requires a system that automatically updates patient’s information and ensures accountability. A system should be able to manage more than 1gb of the data generated daily. Health data integration system The PHR infrastructure should entail systems that perfectly integrate patient’s records with those of the health care providers. System upgrade and management The developed should be able to accommodate future upgrades. Should state those responsible for the upgrading the system. Time Schedule Key issues Time (Months) Development of networking system 1 Development of Data management system 1 Development of Health Data Integration system 1 System upgrade and management 1 Reference Alavi, Maryam, &, Dorothy Leidner (2001) "Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues," American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA). (2010). The role of the personal health record in the EHR. The American Health Information Management Association Archer, N., Fevrier-Thomas, U., Lokker, C., McKibbon, K. A., & Straus, S. E. (2011). Personal health records: A scoping review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association Atkinson, N. L., Massett, H. A., Mylks, C., Hanna, B., Deering, M. J., & Hesse, B. W. (2007). User-centered research on breast cancer patient needs and preferences of an internet-based clinical trial matching system. Journal of Medical Internet Research Ball MJ, &, Gold J. 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