Benefits and Challenges Facing the FAA - Dissertation Example

 Benefits and Challenges Facing the FAA Abstract One of the most complex and challenging programs the FAA has ever implemented is the transition from En Route Host computer and backup system to En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM). The main purpose of this program is to process the inflight route changes and route request in a faster way. There have been visible implications and challenges in regards to this implementation. This paper will focus on the current FAA progress-to-date in the development and implementation of ERAM, the challenges and the risk that the FAA has and continues to face, and the results of a successful implementation of ERAM. It will outline the benefits of the ERAM program and recommend possible solutions for the challenges. The focus will also include the benefits of the implementation of the ERAM program to the FAA and the flying world in general. In the end, I will propose solutions for avoiding and overcoming the challenges that the FAA faces. Examining the Benefits and Challenges Facing the FAA with the Development and Implementation of En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM) Statement of the Project This is an individual project as stated by the undergraduate capstone policy guide. The project will demonstrate the skills of the student and the 11 outcome programs in connection to Bachelor of Science degree in professional aeronautics. Introduction In the United States air travel has grown exponentially due to the internal and external forces of demand. The FAA currently uses a 40-year-old computer and backup system called the En Route host computer system (O’Connell & Williams, 2011, p. 12). The rise in the traffic promoted the establishment of a new and better program. The demand for a better program leads to the development of the En Route Automation Modernization program (ERAM). With this new program, the processes of route request and in-flight route changes become faster and easier to accomplish. The en route computer host system was used in 20 FAA air route control centers all over the country. The ERAM program helps to reduce the work of air traffic control by providing creative solutions to support the ever-growing air traffic industry. It improved the information on security thus upgrading the communication support. The ERAM program also processes the flight radar data and generates data. ERAM also provides aeronautical information as it happens (O’Connell & Williams, 2011, p. 9). This real time data helps in controlling the airspace with ease. ERAM has a backup program that is useful where there is a fundamental failure on operations. This assists with reducing cases of restriction in the hectic air traffic operations and the backup program provides warnings and alerts to the pilots. The ERAM can incorporate multiple sources of surveillance sources; thus, the ERAM can handle complex aviation processes simultaneously. Research Strategies There are various research strategies that could be employed in the research process that include surveys, experiments, ethnography, action research, and multiple-method approaches. Some of these research strategies belong to the deductive reasoning approach, and others belong to the inductive approach. Frequently, qualitative inquiry using an inductive approach takes the method of a case research. This research strategy is also adopted in this thesis because it is the most suitable with respect to the main purposes and objectives herein. Theatrical Framework This study will follow the various elements of research methodology Procedure for recording and manipulating data Comments to the reliability and validity of the data Explain how the population for the study was determined Reliability refers to extent to which is consistently measured Inter-rater reliability is especially important in coding responses in qualitative study Research Methodology The main methodologies of methodologies that are used in this study are; regression analysis and empirical analysis. Empirical Approach Empirical studies consist of, data analyses, micro-oriented econometric studies, and econometric analyses three approaches. The context of the study and the objectives determine the kind of approach to use. In the context of the research objectives, the econometric approach may be inapplicable or irrelevant because the aim is basically to examine the benefits of ERAM. The exploratory nature of the investigation and the need to detect dynamics rather than stipulate them a priori and test for their actuality is a noteworthy influence. Examination of the framework advocated above may contain socio-political, regulatory and jurisdictive variables and business-operating situations that cannot be precisely evaluated using an econometric model. However, there are neither interviews nor survey in this thesis. Regression Analysis Regression analysis calculation plays significant role in this research, because this paper needs to analyze many narrative date. In statistics, regression analysis comprises numerous methods for exhibiting and examining numerous variables, when the emphasis is on the connection between a variable that is dependent dependent in nature and one or more variables that are independent. More precisely, regression analysis assists an individual to comprehend how the distinctive significance of the changing variable alters in the event ant constituent of autonomous variables is changed, while the additional autonomous variables are static. Regularly, regression analysis evaluates the conditional incomparable of the changing variable given the autonomous variables. This denotes that the typical significance of the autonomous variable is permanent. The Purpose of the Study The objective of this thesis is to try to determine, investigate, and analyze the effects of ERAM on education, technology, environment, supply and demand. As discussed in the literature review, air transportation has and still experience many social and economic problems; such as supply shortages, environmental damage high corruption rates and growing gap between wealthy and deprived families. This thesis will discuss the philosophy behind the research. This chapter will also focus on the approach of the research analysis, the strategy for statistical calculation and specific technique used it the collection and interpretation data (Agrawal, Schlossberg, & Irvin, 2008, p. 12). It is from the methodology and the research that specific conclusion based on the data analysis process. Program Outcomes Addressed Critical thinking; the student will apply knowledge at a synthesis level in order to define and solve problems within professional and personal environments. (ERAU, n.d.). Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined course that includes being keen and competent in conceptualizing, relating, examining, creating, and evaluating facts collected or created through scrutiny, familiarity, reflection, interrelating, as a channel to certainty and deed. This student will demonstrate critical thinking by collecting data from government and nongovernment sources in facing challenges of ERAM implementation. This student will use critical thinking to get information on technology for successful implementation of ERAM. The technology used was slow and old, therefore, could not survive in the ever-growing air traffic industry. The FAA has made several steps to improve the processes involving airspace operations (O’Connell & Williams, 2011). The biggest of improvements is the air traffic modernization and commonly referred to as NextGen. This modernization will assist in the improvement of air traffic management (ATM). The key program of this is to implement the ERAM program in the current air traffic control nationwide. The FAA has repeatedly delayed development and implementation of the program. As of August 2012, only nine Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) had the ERAM operational. The FAA has a long way to go to ensure that the ERAM program is operational in all twenty ARTCC’S. The DOT IG has issued a report stating that the FAA is behind schedule for implementing ERAM, which undoubtedly has delayed the process of achieving NextGen. ERAM being a fundamental component of NextGen, the FAA has been facing pressure from all parties to see through this expensive and complex implementation process. ERAM will provide excellent services for the public. They will do this by increasing traffic flow and ensuring that there are conflict detectors installed. It will also be able to track more aircraft at the same time. This coverage will ensure that ERAM produces data three times as fast as the En Route Host computer does. Statements released by the FAA states that it would have ERAM operating nationally by 2014. The FAA, over the years, has encountered software related issues with the ERAM program. They are planning to modify the program software and hardware before fully implementing the program. This is possible because of the countless hours that the FAA employees are dedicating to ensure the development and implementation of the ERAM program. The FAA has made statements assuring the public and other parties, that are patiently waiting for the ERAM, that they plan to meet the 2014 deadline. Quantitative reasoning: the student will demonstrate the use of digitally-enabled technology, mathematics proficiency & analysis techniques to interpret data for the purpose of drawing valid conclusions and solving associated problems (ERAU, n.d.). This student will demonstrate Quantitative reasoning in the application of arithmetical ideas and expertise to solve existing problems in his or her surroundings. In order to execute efficiently as specialized, learners have to turn out to be proficient in assessment and using quantitative facts, in comprehending quantitative verification. According to O’Connell & Williams, 2011, the function of the En Route Automation Modernization is mainly to replace existing software and hardware in the air traffic control automation system, and it is the backup system, the immediate radar channel and other connected interfaces, communication and support infrastructure at en route centers around the country. This means that the already running software and hardware should be reinstated continuously. The challenge that comes with this is how technically frustrating this ought to be. However, this is not necessarily such an enormous challenge; this is because it can easily be solved by the ERAM hiring more skillful people to solve such problems. Information literacy: the student will be able conduct meaningful research, including gathering information from primary and secondary sources and incorporating and documenting source material in his or her writing. (ERAU, n.d.). Information Literacy is the aptitude to recognize the required facts, comprehend them in a manner that make out the finest basis of facts for any requirement, locate the source, appraise the sources decisively, and distribute that information. This student will demonstrate information literacy by getting information from government and nongovernment sources. This student will utilize relevant and thoughtful research from these sources (Biba, Curtin, & Manca, 2010, p. 89). This research will serve as the source from which conclusions are drawn from the challenges facing the development and implementation of ERAM. After drawing these conclusions, this student will be able to develop analytical recommendations for solutions to the problems encountered. This student will then show what the data and research gathered means through developing charts, graphs, and tables in the research project and the power point presentation. Communication: “The student will communicate concepts in written, digital, and oral forms to present technical and nontechnical information” (ERAU, n.d.). This student will communicate through a written research and oral research with supporting evidence. Microsoft word, charts, graphs, and tables will be used to present the written research. Oral communication will be presented through MS power point though Skype live conferencing presentation (Ceder & Wilson, 2006, p. 67). Scientific literacy: “The student will be able to analyze scientific evidence as it relates to the physical world and its interrelationship with human values and interests” (ERAU, n.d.). Scientific literacy is the awareness and comprehension of scientific facts and procedures necessary for individual resolution making, contribution in civic and intellectual affairs, and financial output. When ERAM is successfully implemented, the ARTCC’s and the flying public would experience various benefits. This student will analyze scientific evidence related to how ERAM will benefit the flying world and the public as a whole. Cultural literacy: “The student will be able to analyze historic events, cultural artifacts, and philosophical concepts” (Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, n.d.). Cultural Literacy is about comprehending the connotation of terminologies founded on the surroundings of universal knowledge that allows one to bring a sense of the studies done. The program offers an improved automated navigation system, compared to the one used by the En route computer host system (LTP3, 2011, p. 7). With the navigation improved, the cases of air traffic conflict will be significantly reduced (Dill, 2003, p. 19). This will even reduce the risks for fatal accidents. In addition to the automated navigation system, the en route automation modernization program will notify the relevant authorities on controversial cases, in cases where two aircrafts are close or where an aircraft flies in attitude lower or higher than the expected. ERAM can easily send alerts to the pilot and the air traffic control (Fan & Machemehl, 2006b, p. 42). This further improves the safety of the passengers on the planes. It has an enhanced backup surveillance system. This system can register weather conditions that are not currently available in the en route host computer system. It also provides on time data that provide suitable period for crucial decision-making. Based on that information, this student will analyze how the development of ERAM will increase safety in aviation (Bensley, 1998, p. 78). Lifelong personal growth: “The student will be able to demonstrate the skills needed to enrich the quality of life through activities which enhance and promote lifelong learning” (ERAU, n.d.). Personal Growth or self-enhancement refers to self-directed development —thriftily, mentally, or psychologically— most often with profuse mental or divine foundation. These skills drive curiosity in looking at the world in different dimensions and in a logical manner. These skills will help individuals ask questions and come up with solutions to various problems (Guihaire, & Hao, 2008, p. 14). The skills are defined by the above six general education POs of this Capstone course. Capstone skills will assist in gathering and analyzing data, to make logic conclusions about all the process behind the development and implementation of ERAM. Aeronautical science: “The student will demonstrate an understanding and application of the basic and thus advanced concepts of aeronautical science as they apply to the aviation/aerospace industry for solving problems” (ERAU, n.d.). Aeronautical science is the joint name for the variety of sciences implicated in the establishment and maneuver of aircraft. Students have to demonstrate skills in aeronautical skills. The student needs to demonstrate higher concepts in flight operations by managing challenges in developing the ERAM system (Ewing & Cervero, 2010, p. 45). This student will show a deep understanding by examining the challenges facing the FAA in developing and implementing ERAM. Specifically, the student will address how the challenges will affect the flying world from general aviation, corporate aviation, and commercial aviation (Burke & Brown, 2007, p. 56). Aviation legislation and law: “The student will engage and discuss presenting an understanding and application of basic concepts in National and International Legislation and Law as they pertain to the aviation/aerospace industry”. There are federal and international laws that affect the development and implementation of ERAM. The FAA is required by the Federal law to provide an operational ATM system. Aviation law presides over the action of aircraft and the upholding and maintenance of aviation amenities. This student will analyze and discuss the impacts that implementing ERAM will have on Part 93, Special Air Traffic Rules; 97, Standard Instrument Procedures; 139, Certification of Airports. Aviation safety “The student will compare and discuss in written and spoken formats an understanding and application of basic concepts in aviation safety as they pertain to the aviation/aerospace industry” (ERAU, n.d.). More precise tracking and information sharing will improve the situational awareness of pilots, enabling them to plan and carry out safe operations in ways they cannot do today. “Air traffic controllers will become more effective guardians of safety through automation, implementation of the Safety Management System process and simplification of their most routine tasks, coupled with better awareness of conditions in the airspace they control”. This student will analyze the accuracy of these claims to date as well as the potential for the future. Additionally, this student will draw conclusions about whether the increased safety measures are worth the costs and risks associated (Bannister, 2007, p. 67). Aviation management and operations: “The student will present and illustrate an understanding and application of management activities as they apply to aviation/aerospace operations” (ERAU, n.d.). Aviation management and operations involve inclusive schooling in aviation. This study of aviation policies, as well as the mechanical and realistic skillfulness, is essential for working in several different aviation operations tasks (White, 2002, p. 42). The student will demonstrate understanding in aviation and offer recommendations that show a fundamental understanding of advanced management techniques and strategies required to implement ERAM (Beirao & Cabral, 2007, p. 76). Sources of data Primary data will be primarily used to gather information for the research. It will consist of newspaper articles, online interviews, original blueprints, and maps. Secondary data will include; other research papers related to this topic and books. In tertiary data, i will use a dictionary and encyclopedia where necessary. The internet will also come in handy when looking for more information (Fan & Machemehl, 2006a, p. 16). Collection of data I will collect my data using telephone interviews, computer based personal interviewing, this will include a form of interviewing where the respondent brings along a hand held computer or laptop so that he or she enters the information directly to the database. I will also use online questionnaires. During my online interviews, I will also be noting down any behavioral changes that my interviewees may make. Nonverbal communication analyses the information better than verbal information does (Daniels & Mulley, 2011, p. 65). Data Analysis The information gathered will be analyzed in percentages and the respondents' answers will each be analyzed using the computer software called statistical package for service solution (DfT, 2007, p. 43). Limitations Dealing with Different Personalities People are different and my preferences may not be the same. People have gone through different pasts and they therefore have different personalities that may bring conflict with mine. I am however ready to face this challenge head on and treat them just the way that I would like them to treat me (GUDP, 2006, p. 43). Meeting Deadlines This might be a huge challenge because most of my research is based in the U.S. I may have to travel there or if not, gathering enough information while still here will require a lot of time. To beat this limitation, I plan to start conducting my research early enough so that I do not have to worry about meeting deadlines (IHT, 1999, p. 78). Lack of Finances I will be taking care of all the expenses that will be included in this research. Such expenses might be accommodation and transport fees, food, data collection costs and other miscellaneous costs. I plan to do my best to get funding help from family and friends if this research becomes too expensive. False Information The researcher will issue out questionnaires to help in the wide spread gathering of information. 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