Models That Help to Identify Diseases at Molecular Level - Assignment Example

Models that help to identify diseases at molecular level By + affiliation of submission Models that help to identify diseases at molecular level The most crucial models that have been applied in explanation of the interaction of the host-pathogen at molecular level are; 1. Zebrafish In fresh waters, this type of fish also known as danio rerio is believed to exist. The organism possesses key features found in human beings. Host-pathogen interaction is examined using this vertebrate. Clark (2005) explains that most of the models used in developed immune system are very advantageous once they are applied. Danio rerio are presented to different sorts of mycobacterial pathogens like Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium abscessus and mycobacterium chelonae. M. Marinum is most energizing to study as it causes tuberculosis in fish. These pathogens have unfavorable impact on the host and have inclination to contaminate all creatures with same proficiency. On the other hand, the genes involved in the interaction are atoh 1; which defines the group in which the hair cells form and sox 2 responsible for maintaining the hair cell. Atol 1 further induces lateral inhibition while sox 2 gene is vital for cell therapies and regeneration. However, one issue with M. Marinum contamination is that fish can be contaminated for a few weeks chronically without clear manifestations, before they fall sick and start to shed bacilli. The enthusiasm toward M. Marinum is because of its nearby association with M. tuberculosis and because of comparability of sickness in fish to that of people, with its trademark determination and granuloma development (Rothman 2012). M. marinum is proficient to survive and experience replication in grown-up Zebrafish which prompts an intense or incessant malady on the premise of inoculums utilized. Additionally, the conclusion of sickness is because of the sort of strain bringing about infection. M. marinum strains can be isolated into two bunches relying upon hereditary fingerprinting, and the bunch that have most destructive strains likewise contains mycobacteria which are disengaged from patients experiencing granulomas which is a skin contamination brought on by M. marinum. In Zebrafish fetus model, embryonic macrophages contaminated with M. marinum ejects and starts to store up which prompts enactment of specific qualities in M. marinum which are evoked just in encased environment of granuloma and not in disengaged contaminated macrophages. This demonstrates that granuloma arrangement happens without lymphocytes. In addition, Zebrafish mutants can be utilized to investigate conglomeration of macrophages. Zebrafish jaguar mutants are transformed in Zebrafish orthologue of the quality which encodes macrophage-province invigorating element receptor. The mutant macrophages are not ready to assault embryonic tissues yet structures bunch when contaminated by M. marinum. This uncovers that this movement is not subject to M-CSF. Subsequently, this study uncovers the sub-atomic communications which prompt granuloma arrangement and diligence of mycobacteria (Padje, 2007). Benefits of Zebrafish host model There is possible genetic screening since they are a high hope for drug screening models The generation age is short It has immune and innate system Are small in size hence being easy to handle Embryos produced in a single mate are many Detriments of Zebrafish host model The nematode genetics are more radical. Use of RNAi in gene intertwining is not a feasible procedure. They have no cells lines or markers Their immune system is very complex hence being difficult to study it Lose transparency easily once used to analyze bacterial infections Difficult to identify the homologue or orthologue counterparts due to their ability of duplicating themselves 2. Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans is regularly known as Roundworm. It is little, free living nematode found in soil. It is bacteriovorous as it sustains on microscopic organisms like E.coli. It is diploid organic entity having two sex chromosomes and ten autosomal chromosomes (Rothman 2012). C. elegans is utilized to comprehend host pathogen communication for gram positive microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus and Gram negative microbes like Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and serratia marcescenes furthermore a parasite Cryptococcus neoformans, and so forth. The short life cycle of C. elegans encourages hereditary examinations and is a real focal point for specialists working with this organic entity. S. aureus is a gram positive bacterium which is a main reason for both groups obtained and healing center gained contaminations around the world. It is a paramount reason for ox-like and ovine mastitis. It causes disease both in people and additionally in C.elegans. It causes contamination by amassing of microbes in digestive tract lastly executes the organic entity (Taliaferro, 2003). Some destructiveness determinants like Quarum sensing worldwide harmfulness administrative framework, worldwide destructiveness controller, V8 serine proteases, alpha hemolysin and option sigma variable. A few mutants of C. elegans were powerless to contamination brought on by S. Aureus. Helplessness of disease was improved in C. elegans when useful transformation of qualities encoding p38 MAP pathway was lost. In addition, the briggsae genome is involved in the interaction during cell differentiation hence its importance in this model. This demonstrates that there are some host considers in C. elegans which modify vulnerability of gram positive pathogens. Advantages of Caenorhabditis elegans host model Its life cycle is convenient and fast In the laboratories, it is maintained easily Aging and cancer can be studied using this model Fluorescent markers can be used to study it easily as it is transparency Chemotaxis can be studied as the nervous system can be observed since they are simple organism Easier to study due to its cell lineage Disadvantages of Caenorhabditis elegans host model Not related to human beings genetically Late life pathology lacks experience its small size makes some experiments difficult to accomplish at their later stages has no innate immunity in human beings, infections are caused by pathogens at 37 degree Celsius and this makes them not to survive (Mylonakis, 2010). 3. Fruit fly Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular and facultative bacterial pathogen which has a capacity to imitate inside expansive scope of hosts. They were fruitful in bringing on deadly contaminations in grown-up products of the soil flies and their hatchlings with replication of microorganisms before death of host. Microscopic organisms were available in the cytosol of phagocytic cells of creepy crawly and were having capacity of actuating polymerization of host cell actin. For intracellular replication and cell-to-cell spreading inside drosophila cells bacterial quality items were needed (Rothman 2012). However, in this interaction, the pink 1 gene is involved in the development of Parkinson’s disease in human beings but much is not clear about other functions of the gene. However, the pink 1 gene is vital for induced genetic mutation in animals Besides, for representation of L. monocytogenes harmfulness quality the temperature ought to be more than 30 degrees C. At the same time microscopic organisms inside creepy crawly cells express harmfulness determinants at 25 degrees C. Mutant strains which were bargained for characteristic invulnerability demonstrated more vulnerability to L. monocytogenes contamination (Wang, 2013). This demonstrates that disease of L. monocytogenes of products of the soil flies shows numerous gimmicks of mammalian disease which demonstrates that Drosophila have potential to serve as an issue reasonable host framework which will support the advancement of investigation of cell reaction of host against L. monocytogenes disease. Merits of fruit fly host model The generation lifespan is short The capability of reproducing is high Low cost is incurred Genetic crossing is easily facilitated Analysis of lethal genes is done through genetic mosaic Transgenic fruit flies can be created easily in order to carry foreign DNA Genome map was first implemented in drosophila It has one sex chromosome and three autosomal chromosomes It has an organ system that is similar to that of mammals Demerits of fruit fly host model Some host like Zebrafish has advanced immune system while fruit fly does not have Difficult homologous recombination Does not freeze Has longer generation time compared to Caenorhabditis elegans 4. Arabidopsis thaliana Safety is by large connected with the testimony of callose, salicylic corrosive union and aggregation and pathogenesis related proteins amid different plant pathogen connections. Arabidopsis thaliana has been utilized as an issue plant to study plant pathogen communication (Kunova, 2010). For instance, utilizing this plant, it has been found that isochorismate pathway is the real wellspring of SA amid system gained safety. A vast accumulation of exchange (T)-DNA insertion mutants has likewise been produced. Diverse mutants are accessible for the vast majority of the qualities in Arabidopsis to study distinctive pathways in different plants (Dao, 2010). The AtGDB genes interact with cDNA to provide a thorough genetic analysis which enhance the plant pathogen interaction analysis and more so for the mutant gene interaction. (Kunova, 2010) 5. Advantages of Arabidopsis thaliana host model Tests hypotheses efficiently and quickly It’s the smallest genome in the plant kingdom Its life cycle is fast 6. Disadvantages of Arabidopsis thaliana host model No availability of a complete sequenced genome It is a weed and not an economical plant Conclusion In conclusion, many discoveries have been done in order to address the host-pathogen system interactions on the molecular level. There are numerous parts of host-pathogen framework that has been tended to by both trial disclosures and computational models, however an extensive examination of whole have pathogen association including pathogen obstruction, host and pathogen reaction, and so forth is an unrealistic objective. Current models concentrate fundamentally on host reactions to diseases or pathogenesity. Endeavors are underway to consolidate both pathogen activity and host reaction in an exhaustive, cross breed model, uniting methodologies with "omics". Modern trial procedures, for example, protein outflow, labels by quantum specks for confinement and nano-biotechnological estimations on single cells guarantee new bits of knowledge into intricacy of host-pathogen frameworks. Regarding medication revelation, examples of overcoming adversity of utilizing model creatures are still narrative. In future, displaying expectations will in all likelihood be just inputs in choice making process in pharmaceutical commercial enterprises. A long haul objective for host-pathogen frameworks science would incorporate insilco models of an individual human battling against pathogenic associations. Reference list Alberts, B 2002, Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland Science. Clark, D 2005, Molecular biology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. Dao, T 2010, Metabolic changes in Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing chalcone synthase. [S.l.: s.n.]. Detrich, H., Westerfield, M. and Zon, L 2011, The zebrafish. Amsterdam [Netherlands]: Elsevier/Academic Press. Kunova, A 2010, Convergently overlapping gene pairs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Leeds. Mylonakis, E 2012, Recent advances on model hosts. New York, NY: Springer. Padje, S. 2007, Zebrafish as a model to study human disease. [S.l.]: [The Author]. Rothman, H, Andrew, S. 2012, Caenorhabditis Elegans cell biology and physiology. Waltham, MA: Academic Press. Taliaferro, W. and Humphrey, J 2003, Advances in immunology. New York: Academic Press. Wang, G 2013, Analysis of Complex Diseases. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Wilkins, C 2008, Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host for viral infection. Read More