Causes of Stomach Ulcer - Research Paper Example

?CAUSES OF STOMACH ULCER Grasp the factors of stomach ulcer to improve the competency of appropriate medication is the matter of solicitude for a biomedical scientist, doctors and allied health officers. The attribute of silent killing until maturation, is the most threatening attribute of stomach ulcer. It is a common convention that people didn’t identify the features of stomach ulcer until it becomes acute. Early discovery and remedy can secure one from intensified pain even death.  The objective of this research is the examinations of distinctive factors of stomach ulcers, it symptoms, diagnose, and experimental method involved in the case studies. It is believed, H. pyloric and NSAIDs are the potential risk factor behind stomach ulcer; it interrupts the stomach’s ability of covering itself from the perilous effect of stomach acids. Therefore, the sensitive layer of a stomach becomes approachable for the stomach acid, consequences in stomach ulcer. Introduction The most dilated and important constituent of the digestive system is stomach. It is situated in the midst of the esophagus and small intestine, i.e. in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of the abdomen. However, due to the property of exact position and shape of the stomach is undefined (A). The primary functions of the stomach include; storage of foods and to form chyme by breaking it down with the aid enzymatic effect of pepsin and peptidase. Stomach ulcers (SU) and stomach cancer are the most prevalent diseases of a stomach. Stomach ulcers also known as peptic ulcer, it is the disease of elder people specially men. SU is opening sores in the lining of upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and usually occur due to acidity. Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are the two type of stomach ulcer. The difference between them lies in the affected area, i.e. location of the ulcer. Those ulcers which are present in a stomach are referred as gastric ulcers, whereas duodenal ulcers are present at the duodenum the beginning of a small intestine. Position of ulcer and its magnified cross section is depicted in the Figure 1. Statistician predicts more than 25 million will suffer through a peptic ulcer, and if it remains untreated. SU may become life threatening as well. SU affect around 4 million people every year, forty thousand undergoes surgery because of intensified pain and around six thousand people dies in United States of American only per annum (A). Figure (1): Depicting Gastric and Duodenal ulcer It believes that SU is principally caused by bacterial epidemic, i.e. H. Pylori infection, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and due to unknown reasons (B). Since, SU is reported to be life threatening diseases, if remain uncured. Therefore, studies concerning the timely diagnose; cure and causes behind ulcer are the demand of today. The intention of this research is to analyse causes of ulcer, its symptoms, diagnose and experimental processes in case studies of SU. Symtoms of Stomach Ulcer Listed below are the most common symptoms of SU. 1. Loss of appetite 2. Frequent stomach burning 3. Loss of weight 4. Vague stomach pain, and 5. Bloody vomitting If one is suffering from any of the named symptoms, he/she must undergo proper medical checks for early prognosis of SU. Early diagnoses of SU are pivotal because usually SU affects the surrounding nerves, resulted in intensified pain and anemia. Further, it may cause bleeding, hemorrhages, and obstruction if GIT due to bulging of the affected area. Causes of Stomach Ulcer The fiction of tangy diets, worrying, stress, etc. as a potential factor behind SU proved counterfeit in 1982, when two doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren presented their Nobel Prize discovery. They uncovered Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) are the cause behind Ulcer. It is believed that nearly all ulcers are advanced due to H. Pylori, remaining are caused by NSAIDS (such as aspirin, and ibuprofen), and other reasons. However, NSAIDs causes an ulcer once in a moon but almost all (statistically 2/3rd) is caused by H. Pylori. Without any suspicion, the chief function of the stomach is to digest food and derive productive energy. The digestion is carried out by acidic effect. Lining inside stomach, guard the stomach from the perilous effect of acid. It is empirically proving NSAIDs and H. Pylori weaken the lining of a stomach, therefore, facilitate the exposure of acid with stomach, and ultimately result in the development of ulcer. What is H. Pylori and how it affects stomach? H. Pylori is sorted as a type of bacteria, generally root infection in a stomach; frequently initiated from childhood. It is a silent killer because manifestations of H. Pylori are absolutely undisclosed in most cases. However, manifestations of H. Pylori may occur in adulthood in few cases. Anatomically, mucous coating/lining inside stomach protects it from the perilous impact of acids inside the body. H. Pylori damage the mucous lining of the stomach and makes sensitive lining accessible for the acid. Combine effect of acid and H. Pylori destroyed the protective coating of a stomach and causes an ulcer. Figure 2: Revealing affect of H. pylori on stomach Haplessly, transmission of H. Pylori is uncertain, but it is common believe H. Pylori virus is spread through saliva, vomit or stool of the infected person. Further, polluted water and food are the possible vehicles of H. Pylori transmittance. Improvement in medical sciences makes the treatment of stomach ulcer (H. Pylori) possible, which was zealously laborious earlier. However, early prognosis and treatment are recommended. A person suffering via H. Pyloric virus submits to treatment consisting of either three or four drugs.  Usually, medication involves acid suppressor with a proton pump inhibitor in unification with antibiotic therapy and agent involving bismuth, i.e. Pepto-Bismol. What is NSAIDs & how it affects stomach? Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e. NSAIDs is a group of drugs normally used as a productive painkiller,  and diminishing clotting agent. It also finds application in decreasing swelling and lower fevers, but with many benefits it inherits packages of side effects as well. It can interrupt the chemistry of blood and create anomalies in the kidney function.  Aspirin and ibuprofen are the two most frequently prescribed NSAIDs. Besides, naproxen, ketorolac, Alka-Seltzer and Acetaminophen, etc. are a member of NSAIDs. Inherited ability of the stomach’s mucous coating is severely intermittent by NSAIDs. NSAIDs consequences in the failure of stomach's capability of protecting itself from the spontaneously occurring stomach acid; since, NSAIDs are amid immensely recommended medicine therefore, it has increased the prevalence of ulcer. People who are taking NSAIDs from long time should consult their physicians regarding the possibility of ulcer. A PPI along NSAIDs is a good practice for avoiding peptic ulcers. T. Brzozowski et al. (C) studied whether H. pylori and NSAIDs apply synergistic or antagonistic action on the interior lining of the stomach. It is being noticed that H. pylori antagonizes, whereas aspirin coaxed suspension in the restorative of ulcer. Outcomes of the proceeding of H. pylori and NSAIDs are portrayed in the following figure (C). Figure 3: Depicting outcomes of H. pylori and NSAIDs Diagnosis of Stomach ulcer Effective healing of SU is conditional with early diagnose of the diseases. SU can be prognosed via a number of procedures, including patient symptoms, x-ray (after drinking barium), and endoscopy. Endoscopy is imagined being the most proficient method. Since, the possibility of cancerous ulcer is there, in case of Gastric ulcers. Therefore, endoscopy and biopsy of the gastric ulcer are the preferred approach for study and follow-up of ulcers. Case study 1 58 years old Harold, was suffering through a cramp in the abdomen since various weeks. He is also feeling uneasiness in the mid of the afternoon. Due to cramp his hunger is totally interrupted, and he fears that consuming food is the susceptible to pain. Intensified pain imposed Harold for programing an appointment with his physician. After comprehensively inspecting his situation, the physician directed him to an internal therapeutic consultant for the procedure of endoscopy. During the routine of examine, fine and narrower but long tube was inserted into the Harold’s mouth and guided into his GIT. Consultant noticed the inside of Harold’s stomach via small camera for imaging and light source for illumination. Facility to obtain a small tissue sample from the mucous lining is also possible because the endoscope is furnished with claw-like structure. (D) Case study 2 It is being noticed Brinkely (11 year old) had been dreary and far from foods from 10 days. Further, he is suffering through back pain occasionally. Therefore, he is referred to neurologist specialist as per back pain history. Clinical scrutiny displayed delicate neurological signs; therefore, Addison’s disease is diagnosed; which is established by blood tests. Medication initiated as per study, which shows progress in Brinkley situation for a couple of days but unluckily three weeks later. It becomes worsened. Brinkley initiated countless vomiting and exhibit indications of profound abdominal pain. Medications are adapted as per new signs, and ultrasound scans are advised by the consultant. Ultrasound exhibited the presence of sore inside his stomach, i.e. stomach ulcer, which originated due to Addison’s disease. Medication courses are altered as per diagnose i.e. SU & Addison’s disease, which ultimately better the medicinal situation of Brinkley (F). Conclusion It infers that the puncture in barrier functions of the stomach, i.e. mucous coating begins the formation of gastric or duodenal ulcers. Consideration of acid, pepsin, food, stress or worrying as the potential cause backside ulcer is proving impertinent. Stomach ulcer is principally caused by H. pyloric bacteria. NSAIDs always play its part as the possible factor behind stomach ulcer, but it is less consequential in comparison. From the case studies, it is uncovered bloody vomiting, nausea, dullness, and pain in the stomach is the common manifestations of stomach ulcers. Ultrasound, endoscopy and x-rays are the typical diagnostic methods. Though, endoscopy is the most favoured one because of its capability of grasping sample tissue from the interior of the stomach. Glossary Anemia It is defined as a deficiency of red blood cells Addison’s Disease Addison’s diseases is a glandular disorder caused by failure of function of the cortex of the adrenal gland and marked by anemia and prostration with brownish skin Biopsy It is a secondary surgery that cuts off tissue for minuscule examination. Duodenum It defined as the region of the small intestine that happens after the stomach. Endoscopy Endoscopy is an optical view of the inside of void viscera by use of an endoscope. Epigastric It refers the anterior walls of the abdomen. Esophagus It is the passage between the pharynx and the stomach. Hypochondriac region Upper lateral region on each side of the body and below the thorax; beneath the ribs. Enzyme Enzyme is a biochemical agent who increases the rate of reaction. Pepsin Pepsin is a protein-splitting enzyme produced by main gastric glands. Peptidase A proteolytic enzyme which splits up minute proteins in the endosperm to form amino acids.  Pump inhibitors A type of medicine that shuts down many ofthe stomach's acid-producing pumps. Ultrasound An instrument is moved over the skin, sending and receiving ultrasound signals for imaging viscera such as kidneys and bladder. References A. "Common Symptoms Of Stomach Ulcer." Ulcer cure. N.p., 28 02 2008. Web. 14 Jun 2011. . B. Theodore, . "Peptic Ulcer Disease." American College of Gastroenterology n. pag. Web. 14 Jun 2011. . C. T. Brzozowski,et al. . "interaction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaid) with helicobacter pylori in the stomach of humans and experimental animals." n. pag. Web. 14 Jun 2011. . D. "Case Study: Peptic Ulcer." Essential of Anatomy and Physiology. Mc Graw Hill, n.d. Web. 14 Jun 2011. . E. "Case Study: Ultrasound - Gastric ulcer." N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jun 2011. . Read More