Design procedures: RIBA plan of work, green overlay and BIM overlay - Research Paper Example

? Design procedures: RIBA plan of work, green overlay and BIM overlay Table of contents Index Page Architectural Design Process: History and Concept 3 Design methodology: RIBA Framework 5 Scope and limitation of this report 9 RIBA Design Framework: Project preparation stage 10 RIBA Design Framework: Design Stage 16 RIBA Design Framework: Pre-Construction Stage 29 RIBA Framework: Construction Stage 32 RIBA Framework: Post Practical completion with R & D 33 Conclusion 33 Bibliography 39 Architectural Design Process: History and Concept Architecture is an art of modelling of the physical environment and designing of behaviour of people from the same environment, through a functional organization of space and form of elements of objects and system via artistic layout and colour. Inspiration and needs play a prominent role in architectural design of modelling. An architectural design seeks for newer and startling forms and shapes of the objects. Shape and form are part of architectural style. It is a set of core features and attributes of the time and place. It reveals specific component of its functional, constructive, and the artistic form of a certain stage of human civilization. Architecture is a well-orchestrated symphony of building materials, geometrical shape, facade, and interior decoration combined. Design methods and approaches (theory) are the instruments that combine geometrical shapes, building materials, and interior decoration. Human instinct in finding shelter against natural phenomena like sun, rain etc gave birth to building construction and architectural design, which are intermingled. In the prehistoric civilization, human, for example, used a leafy brunch against the trunk of a tree for shelter. This is still not a design. However, if there is no trunk tree available, an inverted V-shape standard tent made of the branches leant against each other served as a shelter. A support was invented to hold the branch firm on the ground. A circle of stones could have extremely well served as support (Historyworld n.d). The first established traces of human dwellings, found from as early as 30,000 years ago (Historyworld n.d), follow precisely these logical principles. The above example illustrates a primitive architectural design and construction process. The fundamental element of this process is distinct logic. V- shape natural made tents could not provide places for permanent settlement, which became necessary, once human beings settle down to the business of agriculture, instead of hunting. The next stage of architectural design development took place in the form of round houses built around 8000 B.C in a small town named Jericho (Historyworld n.d ) located in modern Israel. Architects and builders used a new material – brick, shaped from mud and backed under sun. In order to keep the circular shape of the house, each brick was curved on its outer surface. This is an example of use of building materials according to design. The roof of the house was of tent style, a conical structure made of branches and mud. It is obvious that the shape of the roof dictated the design of the round houses. With the further development of roof construction technique, round shaped houses had remained in use, in architecture, until 6500 B.C., until the next phase of design evolution that brought vertical walls (Historyworld n.d ) with windows in architecture. Traces of these houses are located in the city of Catal Huyuk (Historyworld n.d), located in the southern part of modern Turkey. Shapes of houses were transformed from round to rectangular. The next evolution of architectural design and building construction dates back to 4th millennium B.C. During that time, in Egypt and Mesopotamia pillars and beams were used in architectural design and construction. Bundles of reeds bound together served the purpose of pillars and beam. The structural material could be bent and given the form of frame, and spaces in the frame could be filled with small branches and mud to complete a weatherproof shelter (Historyworld n.d). Architectural design process and building construction methods evolved further with the development of new building materials, evolution of knowledge and industrialization of society. The above discussion points out that the essence of architectural design is in the use of logic to connect shape, style and colour. We live in a world of objects; created by nature and human beings. Objects are products of design, whether created by nature or human beings. Manmade objects are the products of one’s understanding, idea, and design. Design is the ultimate impetus for creation of an object. No doubt, nature is the ultimate designer. That is why men try to mimic nature (Rickworks 2011) in their creations. Designs created by nature at first may look awful chaotic. However, a deep study shows nature’s design methodology is governed by certain patterns are rules. “Our relationship with nature’s patterns yields both an infinitely clear array of beautiful things and a manifestation of the underlying order in our world” (Richworks 2011). Thus, patterns and rules became essential parts of manmade designs. That is why; a design approach tries to systemize patterns and rules. Systematisation is an architectural design. An architectural design entails (Rowland, D. and Howe, T. 1999); durability, utility, and beauty of an object or structure, which means that the object should, stand up robustly and remain in favourable conditions, should be useful and practical for the use of people, should entertain people and raise their spirits. Architectural designs make earth more beautiful, to responsibly curve through land, sky, and bodies of water (Define Architecture n.d.). Architectural design is a creative process whose purpose is to create a final product to the consumer in the form of engineering construction. Architectural design is a process that starts with the design concept. Architect demonstrates his / her design concept using tools. Drawings, models, and mould are some of the tools an architect uses to express the thought, imagination, and design concept. Architectural design can also be classified as an object. Architectural design as an object has three basic phases of development; schematic design, and design development, and construction document. During the first phase, an architect develops conceptual design that includes spatial relationship among elements of future object, its form and scale. Next phase produces elevation drawings, section drawings and detailed plans. This phase also lays out mechanical, plumbing, structural, and architectural details, including construction material selection. Each stage of architectural design represents a creative process. Design methodology: RIBA Framework Methodology as a concept (Achten n.d.) for design method includes teaching of structures, and its logical organization. In the general framework of architecture, methodology is a discipline that teaches design and construction principles of forms, shapes and space. Method (theory, doctrine) is a way to solve a problem using a set of rules based on theoretical and practical development of knowledge. Method of architectural design used by the architect-practitioner, in general, determines architect’s creative and complex approach in solving a design issues. It is a framework that covers a range of tasks starting from creation of an idea (imagination) to the coordination of architectural design alongside with related professions of other disciplines in order to build an object. Modern century architectural design process is a combination of art and commerce. If art is a product of cognitive process of the human mind, then commerce advocates following set up procedure to obtain benefit from architectural activities. Modern century architectural design methodology includes both traditional architectural design practice and project management. The concept of project management is stated in its constituent parts (apm.org.uk. n.d.); project, and management. Projects are ubiquitous form of socio-economic activity (Alinson 1998). Pyramids, medieval cathedrals, canal and rail system, sending a man to the moon, and drilling at North Sea for oil – these are all projects. Association of project management (apm.org.uk. n.d) defines two key features for projects; uniqueness and transience. Uniqueness defines needs for effective teamwork for the success of the project. Transience defines needs to meet objectives between start and end points. The scope of a project is time, cost, and quality. From an architectural viewpoint, projects are considered in construction realm. Nevertheless, irrespective of spheres of activity, all projects share common features; they are unique, purposive, and finite (Alinson 1998). All of them require an act of projecting forward in terms of time, place and situation (Alinson 1998). This is when management comes into play to meet the aforementioned parameters; Uniqueness, Transience, scope of a project. The activities of project management involve (apm.org.uk. n.d); Understanding the needs of stakeholders Planning what needs to be done, when, by whom, and to what standards. Building and motivating the team. Coordinating the work of different people. Monitoring work being done. Managing any changes to the plan. Delivering successful results. Thus, present day architectural design procedure consists of two complex works; architectural design and architectural project management. To help architects comply with the client’s need Royal Institute of British Architecture (RIBA) has outlined (architecture.com n.d) the plan of work that takes care of architectural design and architectural project management activities. RIBA guideline (Pedr.co.uk n.d ) has divided an architectural project from inception to completion into several sequential categories. The concept in developing these categories is the continuation of progress with the check and balance along with the involvement of an entire team including the client. RIBA divides the entire project into the following main categories (Pedr.co.uk n.d); Preparation, Design, Pre-construction, Construction, and Uses. Each category represents a design phase. Each phase is the divided into sub phases (Pedr.co.uk n.d). The end of sub phases of one category overlaps with the begining of the following sub phase category, thus giving continuity in design and management. Preparation category has sub phases; Appraisal and Design Brief. Design category has sub phases; Concept, Design Development, and Technical Design. Pre-construction category has sub phases; Production documentation, Tender documentation, and Tender action. Construction category has sub phases; Mobilization, and Construction to practical completion. Use category has one phase; Post practical completion. Thus, overlapping phases are; (1) Design Brief and Concept, (2) Technical Design and Production documentation, (3) Tender action and Mobilization, Construction completion and Post practical completion. The philosophy of RIBA design guide is in encapsulation and inheritance. Encapsulation ensures the integrity of stages in one class object, which is the entire project, where inheritance ensures that one stage entails other stage. Figure 1 schematically illustrates the concept of RIBA work plan. Figure 1 demonstrates architectural design is an iterative process, which represents modification being the foundation of the design methodology. RIBA has pushed the above guidelines further and included two overlays to its original work plan; Green (ribabookshops.com b n.d), and BIM (ribabookshops.com n.d). Green outlay considers the impact of climate change, and environmental concerns as a major impact on design and construction. Inclusion of green outlay widens architect’s ability toward more sustainable construction. Building Information Modeling (BIM) overlay is built over Green overlay. BIM’s contribution is to make the project more energy and cost effective from both capital cost and operating cost perspectives. BIM recommends using of digital electronic resources both for process and data managements. Process management software includes BS 1192:2007, Collaborative production of architectural, engineering and construction information – Code of practice (ribabookshops.com n.d). Figure 1. Design stages according to RIBA work plan Scope and limitation of this report Scope of this report is to describe architectural design phases (Wong, L n.d ) as viewed in RIBA guidelines without tying to any specific project. The report is structured using words and visual forms of presentation. Web based published materials are used in writing the report. The report used sketches and drawings for visual understanding of different phases. However, the sketches and drawings presented for different phases do not correspond to one particular project from inception to completion. They do, however, from the visual viewpoint present different design phases. The step-by-step procedures described hereinafter in words and sketches exhibit an architectural design and management of a project from appraisal to completion. RIBA Design Framework: Project preparation stage Concept (architypes.net n.d) How it all starts (oakleafeltd.com n.d)? A client nominates architecture or an architectural firm to build a well-balanced structure in terms appearance, planning, construction and maintenance cost (Green 2001). Architect is faced with a challenge in selecting employees not only form its own organization, but also from dozens of contractors and sub contractors. To meet the client’s needs architect works both in designing and management tasks, which includes chain of sequential tasks, which generally do not vary much from job to job. RIBA design framework is generalized for all constructions. Project preparation stage, according to RIBA, includes appraisal and design brief phases. With the appraisal, the program of discovery begins. This phase determines the scope of work, and that is why this phase is also known as programming phase. It includes discussions, thoughts, and explorations. At this stage, an architect must answer: is he / she qualified for this job, can he / she commit to the job from the viewpoint of cost and time, does he / she understand clearly RIBA guidance related to this specific job. This phase establishes scope, objectives, and limitations of the project. This can be identified as program of the project. Following examples are used to describe the above concept. For a residential housing project, the program would include information about types of amenities the client wants in the house, number of rooms, square footage requirement of rooms, and construction stages. For a bigger building project, such as a school, a program is complex and would include numbers of rooms, type and their functions, interior and exterior design, finishes, electrical, mechanical, and water supply system, playgrounds, different science laboratories, etc. For a highly complex task; a program starts with the development of a master program document, which is then split into smaller individual programs of individual buildings. RIBA guidelines represent this phase is for identification of client's needs and objectives, business case and possible constraints on development, as well as preparation of feasibility studies and assessment of options to enable the client to determine whether to proceed (Pedr.co.uk n.d). RIBA green overlay recommends including sustainability aspiration at the appraisal stage. It incorporates the possibility of re-using of any existing facility or any component of building material (ribabookshops.com b n.d). The BIM overlay of RIBA recommendation includes life cycle and facility management tasks. At the end of the appraisal phase, architect offers the client an outlined proposal. Outline proposal, in other words, may be termed as a contract agreement between the architect and the client. Design brief stage starts, once all task of project appraisal stage are successfully accomplished. Design brief, according to RIBA contains key requirement and constraints, identification of procurement method, procedures, organizational structure and range of consultants and others to be engaged for the project (Pedr.co.uk n.d). The principal concept of this phase is to study site-related limitations and requirement for a project. This is achieved by the following services (Design Advisor n.d.): Site analysis and selection Site development planning, Detailed site utilization, On site utility analysis, and Zoning processing assessment The ultimate document that this stage produces is the design brief. The aim of the preparation stage is to understand the project detail in order to prepare a brief before the development of concept design. Brief should confirm requirement and constraints, identify procurement method and procedure, and describe the parameters of consultants and others to be engaged in the project. The strategic brief outlines client and architect (architecture.com n.d) roles in the project. Required Information (oakleafeltd.com n.d) The key input of this stage is meetings with the client. Client explains the needs, and Architect needs to understand and analyze it. Verbal communication plays a vital part of the work of this stage. Project objectives are developed thru communication among client, architect and lead designer. Objective is essential for an architect to create a successful design according to client’s needs, constraints and goals. It is essential to explore all needs or constraints at this stage, and not a later, when it will be much more expensive and time-consuming to address. Task Itemization (Affordable Housing Design Advisor n.d. RIBA and other organizations recommend the following tasks for this stage. Identify key performance indicator (KPI) Conduct needs analysis Conduct feasibility study, cost planning Setting up procurement method Conduct site survey Conduct analyses of government regulations and limitations Conduct Zoning Analysis Plan sketches Sustainability report Project life cycle and facility management study report Formulate the brief Brief The ultimate document of the preparation stage is brief. Brief is a document that evolves from two-way communication; between the client and architect. Discussion, investigation, and analysis are the foundation of this document, which shows agreed baseline suitable for design for the specific project. The brief contains information (Green 2001) obtained from the site survey and factors affecting the development of the site, permissible site coverage, height limitations, boundaries of existing premises, light angles to windows, building lines, future nearby development, environmental information, sustainability information, etc. Brief is the framework for the design process that is why the material should be dependable. Survey drawings are the main document in developing the brief. Survey drawings may be; Title survey drawing, Architectural survey drawing, Topological survey drawing, and Stakeout survey drawings. Figures 2 thru 4 illustrate examples of typical survey drawings. Figure 2. Title survey example. Figure 3. Architectural survey example. Figure 4. Stakeout survey example. RIBA Design Framework: Design Stage Design phases The phases of this stage according to RIBA work plan are development of; concept design, design development, and technical design. The work of this starts with design proposal and ends in preparing report (Green 2001). Design proposal consists of explanatory drawings and models. They explain the concept and theory of design, including external works and landscapes. These drawings are used for consultation with the client, quantity surveyor, consultants, and sub-contractors (Green 2001). Architect’s primary role in presenting the proposal to the client is to make sure if he / she fully satisfied with the design proposal from the technical viewpoint. Proposal drawings should be to scale with approximate dimensions only, and readable by a layman unfamiliar with drawings. Architects must provide the client enough information showing the project’s technical and financial feasibility (architecture.com n.d) of the project. Concept design phase (JameCameronArchitects n.d.) At this phase architect attempts to define comprehensive scope, budget, and schedule of the project. Thru conceptual design by maintaining scale and relationship of components of the project architects develops the comprehensive scope. Architect gathers and analyzes amount of work information required to design the project. Architect produces quick sketches or model schemes to illustrate key concepts of the project. Architect then reviews this scope along with the client to determine needs and objectives. For example, Architect produces raw plans; showing the general arrangement of rooms and building on the site, determine the best placement of the project ensuring sunlight and views. The concept of this stage is set forth in the development of graphic and written conceptual design solutions for the client’s approval. In simple words, this stage defines the project’s scope, features, purpose, and functionality. The above description complies with RIBA key tasks. Concept stage implements the brief that was developed in the previous stage, prepares and adds to it additional information. According to RIBA Green overlay, this stage must pay attention to environmental strategy, landscape, ecology and energy plans. In this regard, BIM data are used for environmental performance and area analysis. BIM also recommends identifying key model component of major structure and creating concept level parametric objects of all major elements. This stage includes services (Design Advisor n.d): Architectural design Structural design Mechanical design Landscape design Civil design Interior design Materials research Required information (Construction Industry Council n.d ) Brief Survey results Title Legal information Soil test information Engineering report on existing structure Federal and local government regulation Design constraints Tasks itemization (designadvisor) Architectural design and documentation: Conceptual site and building plans Preliminary sections and elevations Preliminary section of building system and materials Perspective sketches Review of owner’s program and budget Landscape design and documentation Conceptual design solutions for land forms, lawns, and planting based on requirement, site characteristics, design objectives, and environmental determinants Mechanical design and documentation (Affordable Housing Design Advisor n.d.) Energy source Energy conservation Heating and ventilation Air conditioning Plumbing Fire protection Electrical design and documentation (Affordable Housing Design Advisor n.d.) Power service distribution Lighting Fire detection and alarms Civil engineering design and documentation (Affordable Housing Design Advisor n.d.) On site utility system Drainage system Paving Interior design Material research and specification (Affordable Housing Design Advisor n.d.) Identification of materials, equipment and their criteria Quality standard according to needs Investigation of alternative solutions Deliverable documents (Construction Industry Council n.d) Design brief and schedule Report of existing facilities and engineering systems of applicable Conceptual drawing: Overall site plan Floor plans Elevations Sketches Key sections to give an overall idea Models or computer simulations that help to present the concept Preliminary cost estimate Concept schedule of decorative and building materials Design Proposal Design proposal (Design Advisor n.d) includes design report and cost assessment. The report contains information from the brief and its analysis with reference to the site. It presents the client different available construction options and recommends one of them. It also provides a time frame for the furnishing design development drawings. The report also includes recommendations from consultants. Client and architect discuss the proposal, and architect proceeds with the design development phase after the client’s approval of the design proposal. Illustrative explanation of this phase (Design Advisor n.d) The sketch drawings from figure 5 thru demonstrate visual representation of the phase. The sketches represent concept design for a residential house. Figure 5. Perspective sketch Figure 6. Floor plan sketch of the building Figure 7. Three different site plan options of the same project. Figure 8. Sketches of different elevation drawing of a house borrowed from http://www.mbarchitectureanddesign.com/schematic-design.html Design Development and Technical Design (Robert Architects LTD) This phase starts once the client approves the schematic drawings. The architect assembles a team of consultants consisting of structural, mechanical, electrical and plumbing engineers. Consulting engineers from different areas accomplishes relevant design work on a different system of the building and provides them to architect for development architectural design drawings. Architects principal task of this stage is to preserve the original design of the building within the estimated cost. At the end of this stage, architect provides the client with CAD drawings of floor plans, elevations, sections, and site plans. RIBA recommends using project BIM data to include structural and environmental studies and service systems, site landscape and ecology, and update cost and energy plans. At this stage, architect accomplish formal sustainability analysis, identifies opportunities to reduce resource use and waste. BIM provides data for environmental performance and area analysis. Design coordination and data sharing enable detailed design analysis between models. Data sharing becomes an active operation at this stage. Technical design drawing starts after the completion of design development stage. From this point onward drawings answers to detail of the building, and it is prepared for the sole purpose of use for construction. Key feature of this stage is to avoid ambiguity and all detail drawing needs to correspond to the survey drawings. The scales area 1:50 for general layout, and 1:20 for assembly and detail. At this stage calculations are made for thermal and sound insulation, heating, ventilation and light. These calculations are exchanged among engineers and public service departments. Calculations, discussions and inquiries run together for the selection of material and construction method. At the end, all information is brought together to form one comprehensive set of construction drawing to be used at the site This stage may include services like (Design Advisor n.d): Architectural design Landscape design Structural design Mechanical design Civil design Interior design Material research and specification Required Information (Construction Industry Council n.d) Client approved concept design Approved concept cost plan Structural and civil engineering constraint concept Topological, soil, and legal site surveys Confirmed government and municipal regulations Environmental study concept Fire protection concept Project time schedule Deliverable documents (All Australian Architecture n.d) At the end of the stage, report and drawings are delivered to the client. Design brief is updated with schedule, floor areas are calculated, and construction methodology is described. Drawings contain site plan with landscape, floor plans with dimension, elevations and sections, and computer drawn 2D and 3D perspectives. Figure 9. Florida Hospital – Seventh Day Adventist Church site plan borrowed from http://www.rmillerarchitecture.com/images/Building_Florida_Hospital_Seventh_Day_Adventist_Church_Site_Plan.jpg Figure 10. Discover tower site plan, Houston, Texas, borrowed from http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Modern-Buildings-Construction-V1/images/Fig-43-First-Floor-Plan.jpg Figure 11. Floor plan of a residential house borrowed from http://www.ventasalud.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/first-floor-plan-house-design-for-a-hillside.gif Figure 12. First floor plan of a luxury house borrowed from http://www.ventasalud.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/second-floor-plan-house-design-for-a-hillside.gif Figure 13. Second floor plan of a luxury house borrowed from http://www.ventasalud.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/second-floor-plan-house-design-for-a-hillside.gif Figure 14 Section drawing borrowed from http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_36qp77-oETc/TO2PGsBhFXI/AAAAAAAABAc/_jraRXxyveM/s1600/Courtyard+House+on+a+Steep+Site++By+Hutchison+%2526+Maul+Architecture-%25C2%25A9+Eduardo+Calderon-27.jpg Figure 15. Technical drawing – building section Figure 16. Technical drawing – wall section borrowed from http://hoodedutilitarian.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Arch-Plan-Sheet.jpg Figure 17. Technical drawing – Site plan , first and second floor plan of a residential building borrowed from http://hoodedutilitarian.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Arch-Plan-Sheet.jpg RIBA Design Framework: Pre-Construction Stage Pre-constriction stage, according to RIBA includes the following phases; Production information, Tender documentations, and Tender Action. At this stage, BIM data is developed in detail in order to conclude design inputs, which enables to commence work at different areas, and obtain tenders. Architect at this stage focuses on detail design and documentation. All documents should be explicit, consistent, and comprehensive. Design documents of this stage must be coordinated with structural, electrical, mechanical, and plumbing systems of the building and site. At this stage, applications for statutory approvals are made to corresponding authorities. Major tasks of this stage are data sharing and export of data. BIM contains data for detail modeling, integration and analysis. Construction and production drawings are stored in the BIM model. There are three categories of drawings; general layout drawings, construction detail and contract drawings. General layout drawings are reference drawings that contain detail information, schedules and bills of quantities. Details drawings show the dimensions to prepare the site, to setout the building in carcass form. Data must carry accurate and comprehensive cross-reference to details. Construction details are produced in scales 1:20 and 1:5 both in 2D and 3D. Contract drawings contain summary drawings that illustrate agreed information, which is first served to quantity surveyor and then to contractors. Design coordination and analysis with sub-contractors are conducted with data sharing. At this stage, production level parametric objects for all key elements are created, and information is embedded to model. After final review, the model is signed, and contractors’ access is enabled. At this stage, appropriate public service suppliers must be identified and tasks related in this area must be discussed with suppliers and client. The following issues need to be discussed with various suppliers (Green 2001): Water This includes size, materials, depth, position and pressure of existing service; water storage requirement and other recommendations, arrangements, which can be made for builder supplier. Drainage This includes size, materials, and invert levels of existing drains, storm water drain positions, and recommendation on material. Electricity This includes capacity, protective material and position of existing service, transformer position, metering arrangement and type of services. Tender documentation and tender action phases prepare proposals for construction, identify and evaluate potential contractors, and recommend to the client. The scope of works includes; preparation and handling of bidding materials, negotiation and analysis of bidding, evaluation of bidding, notification of contract awards. Example: Shown below are different drawings produced at this stage. Figure 18 . Double layer with terraces construction drawing borrowed from http://cad.3dmodelfree.com/imguploads/Image/1106/cad/2012/03/asd03245.jpg Figure 19. Example of construction drawing http://cad.3dmodelfree.com/imguploads/Image/1106/cad/2012/03/asd03245.jpg RIBA Framework: Construction Stage This stage consists of sub phases; Mobilization, and Construction to practical completion. Mobilization stage. During this phase, the site is handed to the contactor with the necessary documentation. End construction BIM record model is released. Architect administrates the building contract to practical completion. Architect clarifies and resolves design quarries as they arise. Architect assist with the preparation of commissioning, training, handover, future monitoring and maintenance of the object. RIBA Framework: Post Practical completion with R & D Final inspections are carried out after completion of the facility. Architects assist uses during initial occupation of the facility. At the stage, facility maintenance BIM model data issues as asset changes are made. BIM model data contains parametric object information for further research and development work. Conclusion Building Information Model (BIM), sustainable design, and procurement are three following key parameters of the architectural profession and construction industry (ribabookshops.com n.d). UK government construction program, published in May 2011 strongly features these parameters. RIBA in this regard has made its contribution in the Green overlay and BIM overly instructions. BIM allows architect promote an integrated data set, which easily can be shared by the construction industry in transferring different works modes. BIM model consists of data and process management that are divided into four levels. They include asset information, documentation and data in the electronic form. BIM has not changed the traditional concept of architectural design, rather provided a mechanism to share and implement data among the participants. This report has described architectural design stages from inception to completion. The visual representations do not correspond to one facility from inception to completion. However, it conveys conceptual knowledge of all design stages (Foster n.d). The following illustrations exhibit visual presentation of architect’s design work at different stages. Example 1 (blibdesign.com n.d) Figure 20. Schematic phase Figure 21. Development phase Figure 22. Technical drawing phase Figure 23. Construction drawing phase Figure 24. Construction phase Example 2 (Fire Side Home Construction n.d) Figure 25. Appraisal phase. During this step architect sketches some of the design and layout of client’s project. Figure 26. Schematic design phase. It incorporates conceptual design, scale of the project, general scope and budget. The objective is to achieve at a clearly defined, feasible concept. The architect prepares a series of raw plans, showing general arrangement of rooms and building on site. These drawings are used to develop detail drawings. Floor plans show all the rooms in correct size and shape. Outline specifications are prepared listing the major materials and room finishes. The architect verifies design against the government codes. Figure 27. Construction phase drawings. Once deign development is approved, architect produces detail construction drawings Bibliography Achten, H n.d., Design method and design theory for architectural design management, viewed on November 19, 2012, https://w3.tue.nl/fileadmin/bwk/ADMS/Publications/CD_rom__selected_work_2003-2007/dr.ir._Henri_Achten_art0.pdf Affordable Housing Design Advisor n.d., Architectural Design Phase Definition, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.designadvisor.org/tools/design_def.html#schematic All Australian Architecture n.d., Stages of Design and Building Process, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.aaarchitect.com.au/downloads/Stages-of-the-Design-&-Building-Process.pdf Alinson, K 1998, Getting There by Design, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://books.google.com.ua/books?id=4uN3BNFZV90C&printsec=frontcover&hl=uk#v=onepage&q&f=false apm.org.uk. n.d, What is Project Management, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.apm.org.uk/WhatIsPM architecture.com n.d., RIBA Plan of work 2013: Consultation Document, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAProfessionalServices/Practice/FrontlineLetters/RIBAPlanofWork2013ConsultationDocument.pdf architypes.net n.d., Architectural Design Process, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.architypes.net/pattern/design-process blibdesign.com n.d., The Architectural Design Process, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://blipdesign.com/blog/architectural-design/the-architectural-design-process/ Construction Industry Council n.d., Design Documentation Guidelines, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.nzcic.co.nz/Design/DDG-Architecture.pdf Define Architecture n.d., How to Define the Meaning of Architecture, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://architecture.about.com/u/ua/teachersaids/DefineArchitecture.htm Design Advisor n.d., Tools and Resources, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.designadvisor.org/tools/design_def.html Fire Side Home Construction n.d., Design and Architectural, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.firesidehomeconstruction.com/Services/DesignArchitectural.aspx Foster, M n.d., What are Schematic Designs, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/info_7925752_schematic-designs.html Green, R 2001, The Architecture Guide to Running a Job, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37195786/The-Architect%E2%80%99s-Guide-to-Running-a-Job Historyworld n.d., History of Architecture, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab27 JameCameronArchitects n.d., Concept Design, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://janecameronarchitects.com/?p=1815 oakleafeltd.com n.d., Twelve Stages of Property Development, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.oakleafeltd.com/index.php/development/twelve-stages-of-property-development/ Pedr.co.uk n.d., RIBA Plan of Work, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.pedr.co.uk/textpage.asp?menu=1a&sortorder=130&area=main Robert Architects LTD n.d., Architecture Construction, viewed on November 6, 2012, http://www.robertsarchitectsltd.com/architects_plans/ ribabookshops.com n.d., BIM overlay to the RIBA Outline Plan of Work, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.ribabookshops.com/uploads/b1e09aa7-c021-e684-a548-b3091db16d03.pdf ribabookshops.com b n.d., Green overlay to the RIBA Outline Plan of Work, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.ribabookshops.com/uploads/9a0204f4-8775-d644-c9d1-b2d508c5924b.pdf Rickworks 2011, Patterns in Nature: An Enigmatic Inspiration, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://richworks.in/2011/02/patterns-in-nature-an-enigmatic-inspiration/ Rowland, D, and Howe, T., 1999. Vitruvius. Ten Books on Architecture . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wong, L n.d., What are the stages of Architectural Design, viewed on November 19, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4926841_what-stages-architectural-design.html Read More