The United Arab Emirates: Burj Khalifa - Dissertation Example

The United Arab Emirates Burj Khalifa Table of Contents Overview 3 Thesis ment 4 Background 4 Characteristics of Burj Khalifa 5 Cultural Dimension of the UAE Represented by Burj Khalifa 7 Kluckhohn & Strodebeck Model 9 Hall’s Cultural Elements 12 Information Flow 16 Globe Study Dimensions 16 Assertiveness 16 Future Orientation 17 Gender Egalitarianism 17 Humane Orientation 18 Institutional Collectivism 18 In-Group Collectivism 19 Performance Orientation 19 Power Distance 20 Uncertainty Avoidance 20 Guilt Versus Shame-Based 21 Polite Versus Rude 21 Humour as Jokes versus Amusing Situations 21 Works Cited 22 Overview “Burj Khalifa is the Arab world’s tribute to the art and science of modern engineering and design. Burj Khalifa symbolizes the aesthetic unison of many cultures – from Arabia and the rest of the world.” - Mohamed Alabbar (Chairman, Emaar) Until the year 1971, prior to the independence, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was recognized as the Trucial States of the Persian Gulf Coast, in accordance with the treaty signed between the United Kingdom, local sheikh residents and heredity rulers in the 19th century. In the year 1971, certain places of these Trucial States such as Abu Zaby, ‘Azman’ and Umm al Qaywayn were merged and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was formed. The political system of the UAE is enacted upon its 1971 constitution, which comprises several intricately combined governing bodies. Moreover, the UAE is considered as a coalition of seven monarchies, where rulers hold effective power among their emirates. The President of the UAE is neither republic nor a constitutional monarchy. The UAE has been considered as an open economy with a high per capita income and a substantial annual trade surplus. Free trade zone of the UAE provides 100% foreign ownership with 0% taxes which helps to draw the attention of more foreign visitors (Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Fact book: United Arab Emirates”). A cultural metaphor can be recognized as “any activity, phenomenon, or institution with which members of a given culture emotionally and/or cognitively identify” (Gannon, “Cultural Metaphors: Their Use in Management Practice and As a Method for Understanding Cultures”). In order to comprehend the aspect of cultural metaphor, Burj Khalifa has been analyzed to assess the influence of it in the UAE culture. Thesis Statement The paper intends to discuss about the culture, climate and location of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Moreover this paper intends to describe about the tallest skyscraper of the world, Burj Khalifa and how it influences the culture of the UAE. Furthermore, this paper discusses about the Kluckhohn & Strodebeck Value Orientation Model by which it is quite convenient to conduct an in-depth analysis regarding the social culture of the UAE. Subsequently, this paper endeavors to find out that whether UAE consists of a Monochronic or a polychronic culture and also shows UAE’s culture from the global perspective. Background The UAE is an Arab country which is situated in the southeast part of Arabian Peninsula of the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and runs beside the sea border of Qatar and Iran. The UAE is considered as an alliance of seven emirates, each of them is governed by the solitary national President known as emir. The climate of the UAE is sub-tropical arid along with hot summers and warm winters. In this country, the hottest months are July and August with the maximum average temperature reaching above 40°C on the coastal plains. Subsequently, the average minimum temperature in the month of January and February are between 10 -14°C. In the coastal region, the average annual rainfall is less than 120 mm (Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Fact book: United Arab Emirates”). Burj khalifa also known as Burj Dubai after its inauguration is considered as a famous as well as well-known skyscraper not only in Dubai, United Arab Emirates but also all over the world. This skyscraper is also considered as the tallest manmade construction in the world which is 2,722 ft. Burj Khalifa is one of the high-ceilinged skyscrapers and it is named after Khalifa Bin Zayed, the President of the United Arab Emirates. Moreover, Dubai is considered as a showplace of inventive technology where modern buildings such as Burj Khalifa break the global records (Ajami and Goddard 212-216). Characteristics of Burj Khalifa Burj Khalifa raises its head proudly towards the sky, exceeding limits as well as expectations. Transforming gracefully from the desert to modern advanced technology, Dubai is considered as a new rising glow of contemporary world. Burj Khalifa is considered as a core heart of Dubai and its community and it is one of the world’s finest centers regarding shopping, dining and entertainment at one place. Moreover, it is considered as globe’s tallest living wonder, eye-catching work of art and unrivalled achievement of engineering. In addition, Burj Khalifa is an extraordinary instance of international cooperation and emblematic inspiration of progress. It is also regarded as a physical evidence regarding Dubai’s augmenting role within a changing globe. Within a period of less than 30 years, the nation i.e. the UAE has changed itself from a regional centre to an international one. The reason for this success is not only based on oil reservoir but also is significantly dependent on human intelligence, creativity and initiative (Burj Khalifa, “Building a Global Icon”). Burj Khalifa’s excavation work initiated in January 2004, and over the subsequent years of its completion, it passed many significant landmarks to achieve its goal to become the tallest man-made structure of the world. Within six years, its excavation work was completed i.e. in January 2010; Burj Khalifa’s was officially inaugurated. Over 45,000 m3 of concrete was used to build the concrete as well as steel foundation, which attributes to around 192 piles covered in more than 50 meters i.e. 164 feet deep. In order to build Burj khalifa, 330,000 m3 of concrete and 39,000 tons of steel bars had been used and this construction took around 22 million man-hours (Burj Khalifa, “Building a Global Icon”). Exterior construction of Burj Khalifa was initiated in May 2007, and was completed in September 2009. For the completion of this advanced project more than 380 expertise engineers and on-site technicians were employed. This skyscraper achieved a world record regarding the biggest construction of an aluminum and glass frontage at a height of 512 meters. The entire weight of aluminum which was utilized for constructing Burj Khalifa is equal to the five A380 aircrafts and the overall length of stainless steel used was 293 times the elevation of Eiffel Tower in Paris. This advanced technological structure is supported by big unbreakable concrete mat which is further supported by hard unbreakable concrete piles. The thickness of this mat is 3.7 meter and was build in four individual pours, entirely 12,500 cubic meters of concrete. For more attraction, there are 11 hectares of foliage and Water Park at the entry of Burj Khalifa and exterior living space (Burj Khalifa, “Building a Global Icon”). The exterior landscape was designed in three separate areas to represent three towers of Burj khalifa. These three areas are situated at the residential entry, hotel entry and grand terrace, where pedestrian alleyway also is linked with these areas. Dazzling stone paving structures are designed at each entry to welcome visitors. The main entry was designed with a circle palm court, forest grove, outdoor spaces and water features. The grand water terrace further comprises various levels that bow out towards the lake’s border (Burj Khalifa, “The Park”). Cultural Dimension of the UAE Represented by Burj Khalifa Islam is considered as the official religion of the UAE, which permeates in every aspect of their life in order to comprehend the culture and its people. The faith of Islamic religion emphasizes on respect, kindness and modesty. Islamic religion plays a crucial as well as an important role in shaping the community and the culture of the UAE. UAE’s laws, food, education and clothes, regular routines and even communication also are all effectively influenced by Islam. Understanding the Islam and its influence on their everyday life and comprehending Emirati business culture is the foremost step for conducting trades in the UAE. Moreover, the UAE families as well as tribal connections shape the basis of the country’s social structure. The family and tribe effectively influence and play a significant role in shaping an individual’s behaviors and values. The key attribute of the families in the UAE is to support their members both financially as well as emotionally (Communicaid Ltd, “A UAE Culture Overview”). By taking into consideration the culture of the UAE, apart from the Islam, the value of Bedouins has also wielded an effective influence on the culture of the UAE. Before converting into a modernized nation, a majority of the Arab lands were primarily populated by Bedouins. At present context, most of the Arabians have settled their life in cities and small towns where many Bedouins religion also reside. The values of individual Bedouins have also impacted Arabic culture and are considered as a part of leadership style in both hierarchical as well as consultative manner (Riel, “The Cultural Context – United Arab Emirates”). Moreover, the UAE has a group oriented culture which considers their families and religions. During a meeting with the visitors, an Arabian will try to recognize the person’s family background and from which culture that particular person belongs. The culture of the UAE is very cohesive where a majority of the families are living nearby to each other. Moreover, Arabians also focus on interpersonal relationship which implies that they provide more emphasis on what someone wants to hear rather than on truthfulness and honesty. People in the communities use each other’s first and last name when they welcome each other. In the UAE, status is a more significant aspect, where a senior person of the family always is greeted first (Riel, “The Cultural Context – United Arab Emirates”). In relation to the culture of the UAE, a majority of the Arabians wear traditional dresses. Dress codes are essentially determined by Islamic law which is very essential to maintain modesty for both men and women. Long skirts and sleeves are the basic dress codes of women. Arab dress for men is flowing robes, T shirts, and blue jeans, along with western business suits. The robe is a kind of cloth that covers their body all around and the scarf of the head known as ‘Shailah’ is a kind of head dress, which they wear on their traditional occasions (Federation of American Scientists, “Arab Cultural Awareness: 58 Factsheets”). Kluckhohn & Strodebeck Model In the year 1961, Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodbeck represented the idea of ‘space orientation’ which was related with ‘private-mixed-public’ society. In general, both these anthropologists were influential in order to identify the core elements of the culture. They developed a model in order to analyze the culture on the basis of three principle assumptions. Firstly, there is a limited number of common human problems for which all the people should find certain solutions. Secondly, in spite of variability there is a range of possible solutions and thirdly, the solution of all the alternatives should be presented in all societies at all time (Yeganeh, Zhan, and Sauers. “The Applicability of Widely employed Frameworks in Cross-Cultural Management Research”). By considering the UAE’s social culture, it is essential to do an in-depth-analysis with the help of Kluckhohn & Strodebeck value orientation theory. Human Nature: Arabians are primarily known for their casual, relaxed behaviour, well mannered demeanour and kindness to others. Within their culture, impatience is considered as a sign of unpleasant manner and they consider that raised voice as well as showing signs of annoyance will not earn respect within social interaction. Contextually, Burj Khalifa represents the Arab nation of the UAE in terms of richness, imaginative creativity and cultural heritage. In addition, the creation of Burj Khalifa shows that human nature of the UAE comprises the aspects of constructiveness and imagination. Through Burj Khalifa, people of the UAE represent not only richness but also innovativeness, knowledge, skill and cultural heritage (Yeganeh, Zhan, and Sauers. “The Applicability of Widely employed Frameworks in Cross-Cultural Management Research”). Time Orientation: A majority of the Arabians follow their traditional lifestyle regarding dress code, food, education and also in their regular routines. In the UAE, Islamic religion influences the daily lifestyle of the community people. It has been observed that within a period of less than 30 years, the UAE has transformed into a regional centre preferred by a number of foreign visitors. Moreover, within 6 years, the world’s largest skyscraper i.e. Burj Khalifa was developed, which significantly represents the value of time among the people in the UAE. This skyscraper represents that UAE is a very advanced country, which has been to construct an innovative and technologically advanced building within very less period of time (Yeganeh, Zhan, and Sauers. “The Applicability of Widely employed Frameworks in Cross-Cultural Management Research”). Relationship to Nature: This aspect helps to analyse whether the communal people of the UAE are prefer dominance, suppression or harmony. The culture of the UAE is based on a group oriented nature which is influenced by their family culture. Moreover, the UAE culture is very cohesive, where communal people live in a unified nature. Therefore, from this aspect, it is viewed that in the UAE, human relationship is very harmonious in nature. Burj Khalifa was made with steel bars, concrete and large pile of aluminium which do not create impact on natural environment. This skyscraper had been constructed with very advanced technological thinking which also demonstrates the knowledge as well as the capability of the people in the UAE. Burj Khalifa is surrounded by various natural visionary outcomes such as water fountain, palm island and groove forest among others. Relationship between People: Relationship among communal people is focused on collectivism dimension. In the UAE, communal people live in a unified manner and also one family member is always ready to support the other family members in relation to financial aspects as well as emotional aspects. In order to construct Burj Khalifa, 380 expertise engineers all over the world were employed which shows that UAE, as a nation believe in always trying to maintain better relationships with other nations. Burj Khalifa represents the cultural heritage of UAE, by which foreign visitors come to know about the UAE culture and by this way certain bonding is constantly created between the people of the UAE and other countries (Yeganeh, Zhan, and Sauers. “The Applicability of Widely employed Frameworks in Cross-Cultural Management Research”). Conception of Space: The UAE culture is quite mixed in nature which can be considered to be both private as well as public. This is because communal people are always ready to step forward to help and provide support to the other people. People in the UAE always prefer to stay together as a family or a society in a unified manner. However, their culture also consist of certain private dimensions, which means when an Arabian individual meets with new visitors he/she often wants to know regarding the visitors family background. Young people usually stay at home until they get married. Burj Khalifa provides lodging, varied cuisines, entertainment, shopping and also it is used for business as well as government purposes such as meetings, and seminars among others under one roof. Moreover, general public can usually visit Burj Khalifa for shopping and entertainment purposes and subsequently it is also used for private purposes for conferences and seminars (Yeganeh, Zhan, and Sauers. “The Applicability of Widely employed Frameworks in Cross-Cultural Management Research”). Mode of Activity: The people of the UAE essentially focus on ‘doing aspect’ rather than ‘thinking aspect’. The world famous skyscraper Burj Khalifa is one of the suitable instances of this aspect because people of the UAE have proven that they always believe in ‘doing aspect’ by focusing on which they have transformed the UAE from a desert region to a modern technology driven state within a few years. Burj Khalifa was constructed in order to primarily represent richness, innovativeness, technological advancement and cultural heritage. However, Burj Khalifa provides the necessities which are required for every aspect of human life. It is not only standing to show heritage and country’s richness but also is providing facilities in terms of both public as well as private aspects (Yeganeh, Zhan, and Sauers, “The Applicability of Widely employed Frameworks in Cross-Cultural Management Research”). Hall’s Cultural Elements In the year 1960, Edward T. Hall, an American anthropologist, recognized three cultural elements on the basis of his experience. These three elements are context, space and time, which are very essential in understanding regarding the study of cultural dimension. In his studies, he significantly distinguished between high and low cultural contexts. According to Hall’s cultural elements, in high-context cultural group, communication aspects are just as significant as the words that are actually spoken and in low cultural context the conversations used by the speaker explicitly express the speaker’s message to the listener (Tamas Consultants Inc, “Edward T. Halls Time Orientations”). UAE is considered as a high context culture, because its culture is quite exceptional and traditional without communicating or being involved it is quite difficult to know regarding the uniqueness of their culture. A majority of the UAE’s communal people follow their own traditional culture because apart from Islamic religion, Bedouins culture also exists. Within the UAE regarding food, education and religion, people maintain their culture according to their own point of view (Yeganeh, Zhan, and Sauers. “The Applicability of Widely employed Frameworks in Cross-Cultural Management Research”). Monochronic or Polychronic Time: Edward T Hall, a well-known anthropologist and his partner Mildred Reed Hall conducted a research regarding the terms Monochronic and Polychronic time. Monochronic time consists of concentrated as well as narrow focus on one aspect at a particular time. Subsequently, Polychronic time comprises an idea regarding the open focus on several aspects of the present moment (Gannon and Pillai 10-50). Interpersonal Relationship: In terms of this aspect, the UAE culture is measured as ‘Monochronic’ because the communal people provide more emphasis on interpersonal relationships where they like to tell to someone what they want to hear whether it is directness or honesty. Moreover, Arabians give more emphasis on personal relationship. Burj Khalifa represents that the people of the UAE always intend on preparing a perfect schedule regarding their job tasks. In order to build Burj Khalifa the entire working staffs made their job schedules very effectively. (Gannon and Pillai 10-50). Activity Coordination: In terms of this aspect, the UAE is considered as a polychromic culture because they maintain interpersonal relationships according to the time flexibility. According to the situation, communal people always prefer to tell what the other people want to hear. During the construction of Burj Khalifa, the entire working staffs actively coordinated with each other. Construction staff maintained mutual understanding during the working hours to ensure efficiency in the wok process. Task Handling: According to this feature, the UAE is considered as a monochromic culture because regarding their religion and other traditional aspects they handle one task at a time. However, due to globalization and other advancement in terms of technology, the UAE tends to follow polychromic culture which signifies that they have started to handle multiple tasks simultaneously. During the construction of Burj Khalifa, different working staff from engineers to architects handled many tasks efficiently. A huge numbers of technicians, architects and engineers were employed together in order to build an attractive skyscraper within a short period of time (Tamas Consultants Inc, “Edward T. Halls Time Orientations”; Gannon and Pillai 10-50). Break and Personal Time: In terms of this aspect, the UAE follows a monochromic culture because people are always following their traditional culture rather than the modern one. During the construction of Burj Khalifa, the employees were always giving first priority to their working time rather than personal time. Temporal Structure: In this aspect, the people in the UAE follow polychromic culture because in most of the situations they consider that time is flexible and it is fluid. Moreover, in temporal structure, people are often following polychromic culture but in certain cases they can be considered as ‘monochronic’ where they think time is inflexible and rigid. The overall construction of Burj Khalifa was based on the notion that time is tangible and valuable otherwise it was quite impossible for them to build such a huge skyscraper within a quite less period of time. Separation of Work & Leisure: In this context, the UAE people are measured as a part of monochronic culture because their work time is effectively detachable from their personal time. During any official meeting or seminar, people usually do not take the calls regarding other aspects except calls related with official purpose. During the construction of Burj Khalifa, the builders and the employees separated their working time from personal leisure time. It has been already observed that workers always followed the work timing schedule which was quite separate from their personal issue (Tamas Consultants Inc, “Edward T. Halls Time Orientations”). Organizational Perception: In relation this dimension, the people in the UAE are considered within a part of polychromic culture because they always highlight entire contribution of the society rather than focusing on individual representations. Regarding any achievement within the society, people always consider it as a group reward. The significant goal of builders and other working staff was to construct a huge and attractive skyscraper, similar to which the world has not seen before. During this building construction, the working activity of every employee was linked with certain goals (Tamas Consultants Inc, “Edward T. Halls Time Orientations”). Space Concept According to Hall’s space concept, the society of the UAE is considered as a large personal space because communal people always want to stay in a unified manner; one family member always wants to support other members in any kind of needs. Burj Khalifa is not only considered as a cultural heritage but it also facilitates entire necessities which are required for almost every human being. It is not only considered as a large space but is also recognized as a world of luxury where entertainment, luxurious lodging with varied cultural dishes, innovative experience of shopping along with excellent facility of seminar and conference for business purposes are provided. Information Flow Within the UAE, the information regarding any circumstance flows very fast within the community because people live in a unified manner. Regarding any personal decision, people always consult with other community people, where they prefer to share values and thoughts with each other. For visiting Burj Khalifa, people from different cultures come to the UAE by which cultural heritage and bonding is shared, which in turn enables to increase cultural richness (Tamas Consultants Inc, “Edward T. Halls Time Orientations”). Globe Study Dimensions Assertiveness In relation to the assertiveness aspect, communal people are very self-confident, argumentative and assertive within social relationship. By taking into consideration the aspect of the UAE culture, it can be said to be quite assertive because people always prefer to discuss with their senior members of the family and also the other people of society before taking any decision. Burj Khalifa is effective evidence which shows that there is excellent creativity as well as self-confidence among the people of the UAE. Without self-confidence and assertiveness it is not possible for people to think in an innovative way to build such an extensive construction (PianoOne LLC, “Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study’). Future Orientation Arabians are not so much thoughtful regarding their future orientation dimension because they very much prefer focus on the present circumstances which are related with various aspects of life. By considering the rich communal people, it can be observed that they are generally worried about the future regarding planning and investing purposes. Burj Khalifa is very good instance of their future orientation. By taking into consideration the aspect of Burj Khalifa, it is apparent that the UAE culture is very strong in terms of planning and investment. Their comprehensive planning as well as effective investment thinking helped considerably to construct such type of huge and attractive monumental structure. Due to these two aspects, it can be said that the people in the UAE can build such kind of a structure in future as well (PianoOne LLC, “Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study’). Gender Egalitarianism Within the UAE culture, gender egalitarianism is quite strict, because young societal people usually stay at home before they get married. Men are usually involved in education or career where a majority of the women are conscious only with their sole goal of being married. In case of any decision regarding family matters, it is the responsibility of the male person to look after it, whereas female person only supports the decision. It has been already observed that in the UAE women’s involvement within the society is quite restricted. A majority of the UAE communal people follow their traditional rules and laws in every aspect of their life. In this similar context, when any family in the UAE visit Burj Khalifa, then the women in that particular family are not facilitated with such kind of explicitness alike men (PianoOne LLC, “Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study’). Humane Orientation Within the social culture of the UAE, most of the middle class Arabian social people prefer to stay in a unified manner. Within their culture, people consider that impatience is a sign of unpleasant manner and they always think that raising voice at any matter will not earn good respect within the society. In terms of human orientation, patience and perseverance are the two major attributes which help them to build such kind of monumental structure like Burj Khalifa. Moreover, these two aspects are the major sources of their motivation and innovation by which they can also build more skyscrapers in future like Burj khalifa (PianoOne LLC, “Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study’). Institutional Collectivism In terms of this aspect, the people in the UAE always desire to look after themselves and follow the direction of the senior family members only. Burj Khalifa is the suitable instance of institutional collectivism of UAE. This implies that societal as well as institutional practices are always encouraged in the culture of the UAE by which they have made such kind of a leading skyscraper as compared to other nations (PianoOne LLC, “Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study’). In-Group Collectivism The UAE people always prefer the decision of the senior most people of the family in every aspect of life. It is the duty of the male person to carry out that decision in a proper way and rest of the juniors or female members only support them. Burj Khalifa represents the cultural heritage of the UAE where people view it as a pride of their nation. By taking into consideration the UAE culture, it can be said that cohesiveness is the main aspect by which they also are able to devise certain innovative ideas for their future perspectives which has played a key role in construction of Burj Khalifa (PianoOne LLC, “Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study’). Performance Orientation Within the UAE culture, people always focus on group performance instead of individual performance. Regarding any issue within the society, the group of people always support and involve in any activity to resolve the problem. For any job task, societal people always encourage group of individuals to participate and involved in it. Through the construction of Burj Khalifa, it is quite evident that performance orientation within the UAE culture is very strong. Group participation is very strong within this culture, where regarding any task people are always keen on working together and supporting each other in very effectual manner (PianoOne LLC, “Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study’). Power Distance This aspect deals with the fact, where all the individuals within the society are not considered as equal. The UAE societal people always follow a hierarchical order where everybody supports the taken decisions and no further justifications are required. Burj Khalifa is quite a pertinent example in order to recognize the power distance dimension present in the UAE. From this monumental structure, it is quite apparent that every member within the society has obtained equal distribution of power. Burj Khalifa is always open for both private as well as public purposes where every group of people are always facilitated with the experience of this eye-catching infrastructure (PianoOne LLC, “Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study’). Uncertainty Avoidance The high uncertainty avoidance indicates that societal people of the UAE possess low extent of patience in relation to uncertainty. The societal people of the UAE are not very much conscious about uncertainty. Regarding this situation, people attempt to reduce the level of uncertainty with the implementation of strict law, rules, regulations, policies and practices. For the construction of Burj Khalifa, different architects, engineers, technicians and other knowledgeable skill workers were brought from all over the globe in order to avoid uncertainty which might be caused to the structure from natural calamities and other man-made disasters. Burj Khalifa is an eye-catching monumental structure and subsequently it is also a very strong structure in order to protect from any uncertainty circumstances (PianoOne LLC, “Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study’). Guilt Versus Shame-Based UAE people always intend to very much adhere to the societal rules and regulations; therefore they focus on making fewer faults. If any person does some mistake then society is very much strict about the punishment. Polite Versus Rude The UAE people are observed to be quite polite in their behaviour especially to other unknown people. They believe that through politeness they can be regarded as good societal people. Humour as Jokes versus Amusing Situations The UAE people are very much strict and serious about the cultural rules and regulations. Therefore, within their culture people talk and communicate with less humour and jokes. Works Cited Ajami, Riad A, and G. Jason Goddard. International Business: Theory and Practice. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2006. Print. Burj Khalifa. Building a Global Icon, 2009.Web. 03 Nov. 2012. Burj Khalifa. The Park, 2009.Web. 03 Nov. 2012. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact book: United Arab Emirates, 2012.Web. 03 Nov. 2012. Communicaid Ltd. A UAE Culture Overview. 2012. Web. 03 Nov. 2012. Federation of American Scientists. Arab Cultural Awareness: 58 Factsheets, 2006. Web. 03 Nov. 2012. Gannon, Martin J. and Rajnandini. K. Pillai. Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys through 31 Nations, Clusters of Nations, Continents, and Diversity. United States: Sage Publications, Inc, 2012. Print. Gannon, Martin J. Cultural Metaphors: Their Use in Management Practice and As a Method for Understanding Cultures. Unit 16, Chapter 4, 2000. Web. 03 Nov. 2012. PianoOne LLC. Culture and Leader Effectiveness: The GLOBE Study, 2004. Web. 03 Nov. 2012 Riel, Bob. The Cultural Context – United Arab Emirates. Article, 2011. Web. 03 Nov. 2012. Tamas Consultants Inc. Edward T. Halls Time Orientations, 2007. Web. 03 Nov. 2012. Yeganeh, Hamid, Zhan Su, and Daniel Sauers. The Applicability of Widely employed Frameworks in Cross-Cultural Management Research, Winona State University, 2012. Web. 03 Nov. 2012. Read More