Parenting Style and Pragmatism - Literature review Example

PARENTING STYLE AND PRAGMATISM Student’s Name Course Professor’s Name University City Date LITERATURE REVIEW ON PARENTING STYLE Parenting Styles Under the parenting styles section, the study will define all the four types of parenting styles. Baumrind (1967) and Baumrind (1971) developed four parenting styles which include the authoritative parenting style, the authoritarian parenting style, permissive style and the neglected parenting style. However, the study will mainly focus on the authoritarian and the authoritative parenting styles. Also, the relationship that exists between culture and parenting will be discussed to examine the influence of culture on parenting styles. The Authoritative Parenting Style: Under the authoritative parenting style, the behavior control and responsiveness are high and thus creates an ideal situation (Weiner 2003). According to Marsiglia, Walczyk, Buboltz, & Griffith-Ross (2007), authoritative parents tend to understand the feeling of their children and assists them to learn from their mistakes. The responsiveness or the warmth of the parents is felt by the children who are brought up under this type of parenting style (Weiner 2003). Moreover, the parents use a lot of reasoning while disciplining their children and, therefore, the children enjoy the love and warmth from their guardians (Benson & Haith 2009). The Authoritarian Parenting Style: Under this parenting style, the level of behavior control is very high while the responsiveness remain low (Benson & Haith 2009). According to Rosli (2014), parents in this case tend to be very strict and also conservative. There also exists no space for discussion between the parents and the child and the latter is under the obligation to abide by the rules and duties as outlined (Weiner 2003). The parents have a mental mindset that is not flexible at any time. According to Gfroerer, Kern & Curlette (2004), there is no alternative choice for children, but to follow the orders from their parents. Permissive Parenting Style: According to Rosli (2014), the term refers to the parents who are very supportive of their children and also very lenient to their kids. Hirschy & Wilkinson (2010) asserts that the permissive type of parenting style is characterized by low behavior control while the parental responsiveness remains high. Neglect Parenting Style: According to Hirschy & Wilkinson (2010), these kinds of parents are involved in their activities most of the time and neglect their children. Also, according to Baumrind (1991), the style is also known as the rejecting-neglecting style. Parents show low levels of demand and responsiveness (Rosli 2014). Thus, the children receive little support from parents while the parents exert little control of their children in this case (Benson & Haith 2009). Relationship Between Culture and Parenting Styles There are four parenting styles, namely the authoritative parenting style, the authoritarian parenting style, the permissive style and the neglect parenting style (Baumrind 1967; Baumrind 1971). Therefore, the parenting styles are not uniform and are influenced by culture (Benson & Haith 2009). However, the latter tends to differ from one culture to the other (Levine& Munsch 2014).  In relation to this, there are some cultures that uphold physical punishment, which is associated with authoritarian parenting style while others actively oppose it (Benson & Haith 2009). Moreover, communities with rigid cultures will support an authoritarian type of parenting style since the cultures of these communities are very strict and, therefore, can be considered to be authoritarian cultures. As a result, the authoritarian culture will affect the kind of parenting style that exists in such a region, and therefore, an authoritarian parenting will exist in such a culture which is so rigid (Benson & Haith 2009). According to González & Harris (2013), parenting style can also be viewed as a reflection of the culture, and as a result, is influenced by the culture of the community. According to Bukatko & Daehler (2012), culture affects the kind of parenting style that exists in a community. For instance, authoritarian type of parenting will succeed in a society with a rigid culture like that of the Islamic community (Price 1999). Benson & Haith (2009) argue that the latter is a parenting style where the parent control will show a high degree of behavior control to their children although the style is coupled with low level of nurturing. As a result of cultural differences, the children in respective nations will adapt to the type of parenting used by the parents and the teachers at home and at school due to cultural influence. Therefore, kind of culture in a region affects the type of parenting style that exists in an area since it determines the behaviors which are acceptable and unacceptable in the society. PRAGMATISM AS A TOOL TO HELP IN RESEARCH COMPLEXITY The following study will require an interaction between the teachers and the parents to get a deeper understanding of the acceptable and the unacceptable behaviors in the society. Pragmatism is, therefore, the tool that will be used in the research due to the complexity of the study. Regarding the above argument, pragmatism, and in particular referring to the Dewey’s (2005) view, pragmatism is observed to have the potential of bringing out clearly the intellectual coherency related to the interaction design born out of practice, human interaction, and experience (Dewey 2005). In addition, pragmatism as a tool of research helps in the provision of the methods which can be used in revealing how this field gives a contribution in generating knowledge that relates to the world (Bacon 2012). Therefore, pragmatism, in this case, will help in providing the methods which will be used in revealing how the field will contribute in knowing more about the parents’ and the teacher's perspectives on what is considered to be the acceptable and unacceptable behavior of children in the Saudi Arabia society. The building blocks for the foundation of this research will include the pragmatist concepts of experience, interpretation, and judgment. Some past theories support the pragmatist design view. According to Wright and McCarthy (2010), pragmatism is an approach that is considered as a revisionary approach that helps to understand the technology through practical experience. Also, pragmatism helps in understanding through experience (Doll and True n.d.). Therefore, in this case, pragmatism will assist in understanding the perceptions of the parents and the teachers about the behavior that is acceptable in the Saudi through practical experience which is necessitated by the pragmatism approach. Pragmatism contributions, and especially Dewey’s, go beyond the borders of philosophy (Hildebrand 2003). Moreover, these contributions influenced the social, political, and the educational developments during his time all through up to today. To re-examine the foundational questions and the current metaphysical truths, the pragmatists did not replace the old philosophical truths with ancient philosophical truths (Rescher 2012). It is observed that pragmatism is a tool of research that is believed not to leave any room for absolutes and uncertainties (Doll and True n.d.). Therefore, regarding identifying to the parents and teachers on which behaviors are acceptable in the Saudi region, the method will consider each and every feedback as essential, and thus, leaving no room for absolute uncertainty. To understand the acceptable behaviors in Saudi, pragmatism is the best tool in this research since experience will be the starting point. Furthermore, experience as a variable is regarded as the starting point of the philosophical thinking in pragmatism (Odin 1996). Additionally, the perspectives of the parents and the children must be experienced, and therefore, pragmatism helps to discover the truth through experience (Fairfield 2010). As such, pragmatism will be the best tool to be used in studying the perspectives of the parents and teachers about the acceptable behaviors in the Saudi as it will help in giving the right information through its exclusive integrity that it has. Grounding Research as a Partial Solution Another methodology that will be used in the study is the grounding research methodology which is also a more promising method since it is an analysis tool that is not too descriptive (Buchanan & Bryman 2009). Also, the method seeks to explain the actions of the people in a way that is understandable outside the particular area of the research. Grounded method will be used to study the acceptable behaviors in Saudi to ensure that the behaviors are understandable even in the areas outside the research area of Saudi. Ensuring that the technique is comprehensible to the people outside the investigation area makes sure that data obtained in the study can be used for further studies by other researchers. Therefore, grounded research methodology will be utilized to ensure that the research is used for further studies since it will make sure that it is understandable in other regions where further research can be done. In addition, grounding research methodology offers a solution to the problem of carrying out qualitative research through the establishment of procedures and the means to generate the theory (Buchanan & Bryman 2009). Therefore, this research tool will be used to offer a partial solution in ensuring that qualitative research is carried out and eliminate the difficulties associated with conducting investigations. Pragmatism and Child Behaviors Pragmatic skills may include the adjustment of interactions by shared meaning and the adherence to the social rules related to linguistic politeness and appropriateness (Christensen 2007). According to Timler et al. (2005), the latter contributes to various interactive tasks such as access to peer interaction and compromising behaviors. The pragmatic skills are important in helping to improve the social-communication regarding friendship and peer acceptance (Kaezamarek 2002). Some of the behaviors like interruptions of other speakers and the use of inappropriate prosody have been linked to the low ratings of peer acceptance (Christensen 2007). Also, there has been an association between problematic behavior and pragmatism (Beitchman 2006). According to Christensen (2007), a student who may not have pragmatic skills may not be able to appropriately register changes while speaking to peers, and instead, may be viewed by as disrespectful. Bibliography Bacon, M, 2012, Pragmatism: an introduction. Cambridge, UK, Polity. Beitchman, J. H. (2006). Language, learning, and behavior disorders: developmental, biological, and clinical perspectives. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95. doi: 10. 1177/0272431691111004. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. [Richmond, Va.], American Psychological Assn. Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88. Benson, J. B., & Haith, M. M. (2009). Social and emotional development in infancy and early childhood. London, Academic. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=477366. Buchanan, D. A., & Bryman, A, 2009, The SAGE handbook of organizational research methods. Los Angeles, SAGE. Bukatko, D., & Daehler, M. W. (2012). Child development: a thematic approach. Belmont, CA, Wadsworth. Christensen, Lisa Jeppson, "The Relationship Between Pragmatic Language and Behavior Subtypes in Typically Developing Children" (2007). All Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1165. Dewey, J. (2005). Art as experience. New York, Perigee Books. Doll, W. and Trueit, D, n.d., Pragmatism, postmodernism, and complexity theory. 1st ed. Fairfield, P. (2010). John Dewey and Continental philosophy. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press. Gfroerer, K. P., Kern, R. M. and Curlette, W. L. (2004). Research support for Individual Psychology’s Parenting Model. Journal of Individual Psychology, 60(4), 379- 388. González, A., & Harris, T. M. (2013). Mediating cultures: parenting in intercultural contexts. Lanham, Md, Lexington Books. Hildebrand, D. L. (2003). Beyond realism and antirealism: John Dewey and the neopragmatists. Nashville, Tenn, Vanderbilt University Press. Hirschy, S. T., & Wilkinson, E. (2010). Protecting our children: understanding and preventing abuse and neglect in early childhood. Belmont, Ca, Wadsworth. Kaczmarek, L. A. (2002). Assessment of social-communicative competence: An interdisciplinary model. In H. Goldstein, L. Kaczmarek, & K. English (Eds.), Promoting social communication: Vol. 10. Children with developmental disabilities from birth to adolescence (pp. 55-115). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes. Levine, L. E., & Munsch, J. (2014). Child development: an active learning approach. Marsiglia, C. S. Walczyk, J. J., Buboltz, W. C., & Griffith-Ross, D. A. (2007). Impact of parenting styles and locus of control on emerging adults’ psychosocial success. Journal of Education and Human Development, 1, 1-11. McCarthy J, Wright P (2004) Technology as experience. Interactions 11(5):42–43 Odin, S. (1996). The social self in Zen and American pragmatism. Albany, NY, State Univ. of New York Press. Price, D. E. (1999). Islamic political culture, democracy, and human rights: a comparative study. Westport, Conn. [u.a.], Praeger. Rosli, N. A. (2014). Effect of Parenting Styles on Children's Emotional and Behavioral Problems Among Different Ethnicities of Muslim Children in the U.S. Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 376. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/376 Timler, G. R., Olswang, L. B., & Coggins, T. E. (2005). Social communication interventions for preschoolers: targeting peer interactions during peer group entry and cooperative play. Seminars in Speech and Language, 26, 170-180. Weiner, I. B, 2003, Handbook of psychology 6 6. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley. Wright, P. and McCarthy, J. (2010). Experience-centered design. 1st ed. [San Rafael, Calif.]: Morgan & Claypool Publishers. Read More

According to Bukatko & Daehler (2012), culture affects the kind of parenting style that exists in a community. For instance, authoritarian type of parenting will succeed in a society with a rigid culture like that of the Islamic community (Price 1999). Benson & Haith (2009) argue that the latter is a parenting style where the parent control will show a high degree of behavior control to their children although the style is coupled with low level of nurturing. As a result of cultural differences, the children in respective nations will adapt to the type of parenting used by the parents and the teachers at home and at school due to cultural influence.

Therefore, kind of culture in a region affects the type of parenting style that exists in an area since it determines the behaviors which are acceptable and unacceptable in the society. PRAGMATISM AS A TOOL TO HELP IN RESEARCH COMPLEXITY The following study will require an interaction between the teachers and the parents to get a deeper understanding of the acceptable and the unacceptable behaviors in the society. Pragmatism is, therefore, the tool that will be used in the research due to the complexity of the study.

Regarding the above argument, pragmatism, and in particular referring to the Dewey’s (2005) view, pragmatism is observed to have the potential of bringing out clearly the intellectual coherency related to the interaction design born out of practice, human interaction, and experience (Dewey 2005). In addition, pragmatism as a tool of research helps in the provision of the methods which can be used in revealing how this field gives a contribution in generating knowledge that relates to the world (Bacon 2012).

Therefore, pragmatism, in this case, will help in providing the methods which will be used in revealing how the field will contribute in knowing more about the parents’ and the teacher's perspectives on what is considered to be the acceptable and unacceptable behavior of children in the Saudi Arabia society. The building blocks for the foundation of this research will include the pragmatist concepts of experience, interpretation, and judgment. Some past theories support the pragmatist design view.

According to Wright and McCarthy (2010), pragmatism is an approach that is considered as a revisionary approach that helps to understand the technology through practical experience. Also, pragmatism helps in understanding through experience (Doll and True n.d.). Therefore, in this case, pragmatism will assist in understanding the perceptions of the parents and the teachers about the behavior that is acceptable in the Saudi through practical experience which is necessitated by the pragmatism approach.

Pragmatism contributions, and especially Dewey’s, go beyond the borders of philosophy (Hildebrand 2003). Moreover, these contributions influenced the social, political, and the educational developments during his time all through up to today. To re-examine the foundational questions and the current metaphysical truths, the pragmatists did not replace the old philosophical truths with ancient philosophical truths (Rescher 2012). It is observed that pragmatism is a tool of research that is believed not to leave any room for absolutes and uncertainties (Doll and True n.d.).

Therefore, regarding identifying to the parents and teachers on which behaviors are acceptable in the Saudi region, the method will consider each and every feedback as essential, and thus, leaving no room for absolute uncertainty. To understand the acceptable behaviors in Saudi, pragmatism is the best tool in this research since experience will be the starting point. Furthermore, experience as a variable is regarded as the starting point of the philosophical thinking in pragmatism (Odin 1996).

Additionally, the perspectives of the parents and the children must be experienced, and therefore, pragmatism helps to discover the truth through experience (Fairfield 2010). As such, pragmatism will be the best tool to be used in studying the perspectives of the parents and teachers about the acceptable behaviors in the Saudi as it will help in giving the right information through its exclusive integrity that it has.

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