Attitude to People with Intellectual Disability: An Australian Perspective - Literature review Example

Research review Student’s name Institution Research review Article 1 Page, S. L. & Islam, M. R. (2015). The role of personality variablesin predicting attitudes toward people with intellectual disability: AnAustralian perspective. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,59 (8), 741-745. Overview In this study conducted by Page & Islam (2015), the relationship between personality dimensions as well as attitude towards people with intellectual disability (PWID) was investigated. A well-validated attitude online survey of 466 participants was conducted and the results confirmed that personality variables such as agreeableness and openness were associated with positive attitude towards people with intellectual disabilities (Page & Islam, 2015). Purpose The purpose of this study was to deduce whether there was any significant relationship between personality traits of people and the way they perceive people with intellectual disability. Among the big five personality traits, which include openness, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness and neuroticism, the study majored on openness and agreeableness. Agreeableness is all about feeling compassionate for other and helping them out, rather than being antagonistic to them. Openness to experience refer to the appreciation of art, emotion, as well as variety of experience (Page & Islam, 2015). Literature review The literature reviewed on the relationship between personality dimensions such as agreeableness and openness and attitude towards people with intellectual disability (PWID) is not adequate as there is very few done in terms of doing research on the same. These two personality dimensions have in the past been found to be associated with certain levels of prejudice to certain minority groups in the community. However, the two variables on how they affect people’s attitude to PWID have been ignored by researchers. This gives the basis as to why the literature reviewed is not adequate (Page & Islam, 2015). Aims and hypothesis The hypothesis that was being tested by the study was to test whether higher levels of personality traits, openness and agreeableness were significantly associated with positive attitudes towards PWID. This hypotheses was supported by the study, however, the effect was weak. More positive attitudes were associated mostly with the highly educated and young females (Page & Islam, 2015). Experimental methodology As far as experimental methodology is concerned, an online survey was conducted among 466 participants, who were basically adults, both male and female, who were recruited through various sources so as to ensure that cases of bias were minimized. I also think that the methodology used was appropriate in testing the aims and hypothesis of the study in that the survey was online and this means that it could reach as many participants as possible from different geographical areas. In fact, it covered a total of 466 participants who were able to share their attitudes towards with intellectual disability. Results interpretation As far as results interpretation is concerned, I can say that the results for this study were interpreted in the most reasonable and logical way and was able to address the hypothesis. The hypothesis was tested and supported at the end whereby after the results were analyzed, it was found out that higher levels of the two major personality traits (openness and agreeableness) would be significantly associated with positive attitudes to people with intellectual disabilities. Summary of findings The findings of the study indicated that personality variables such as agreeableness and openness were associated with positive attitude towards people with intellectual disabilities. This forms the basis of the research findings, as there were still other aspects of the findings. In addition, the findings of the study acknowledge the limitations in the study in that various categories such as age and educational background of participants are considered. Conclusions The study conclusions stated that the results supported for an integrated theoretical approach to the research on attitudes in this particular field. In addition, the conclusion also stated that results support programs that promote interactions between PWID and the community. I agree with these two major conclusions for the study. Whether the study was conducted ethically Finally, I can state that the study was conducted ethically as aspects of privacy and confidentiality were taken care of. People who participated in the online survey were assured of the privacy and that no personal information would be made available to the public (Page & Islam, 2015). Article 2 Islam, M. R. &Jahjah, M. (2001). Predictors of young Australians’attitudes toward aboriginals, Asians and Arabs. Social Behavior andPersonality, 29(6), 569 -580 Overview In this study conducted by Islam and Jahjah, 2001, aspects of stereotypes, perceived threat, affect as well as relative deprivation were used to predict how people perceive some minority groups such as the Asians, Aboriginals and the Arabs. The study found out that there were positive attitudes towards Aboriginals whereas for the other two, the attitudes were negative. Also, stereotypes were relatively positive when compared to the other two minority groups. The study concluded that emotional stakes were crucial components when determining emotional stakes within Australia (Islam &Jahjah, 2001). Purpose The purpose of this study was to basically predict the attitudes of young Australians to certain minority groups living in Australia, majorly the Aboriginals, Arabs and the Asians. The theories related to this study were based on the purpose of the study as indicated. This means that the study covered various aspects of attitudes, including stereotypes, affect, perceived threat as well as relative deprivation. Aims and hypothesis The study’s hypothesis was to test whether the aspects of stereotypes, affect, perceived threat as well as relative deprivation could be used in predicting attitudes of young Australians to the Aboriginals, Asians and Arabs, who are the major minority groups within the country. Since the aims and the purpose of the study were based on this hypothesis, then we can state clearly that they are relevant to the study (Islam &Jahjah, 2001). Experimental methodology The experimental methodology was based on collecting data from university students who volunteered so as to give their affect, perceived threat as well as relative deprivation towards the three minority groups. After data was collected, it was analyzed using the multiple regression so as to come up with findings and conclusions and help test the hypothesis. Data was collected from a total of 139 participants who were mainly Anglo-Saxon university students. The method used in collecting and analyzing data was appropriate for the study as it clearly identified the characteristics of the participants in terms of gender, whether affect, perceived threat or relative deprivation, among other aspects. I also think that the methodology used was very appropriate in testing the study’s hypothesis and also relevant as per the study’s aims and purpose. Multiple regression helps in predicting one variable using other variables and tis was appropriate for this study whereby aspects affect, perceived threat and relative deprivation were used to predict another variable, attitudes towards certain minority groups in Australia (Islam &Jahjah, 2001). Results interpretation In terms of results interpretation, it was reasonable to state that there were positive attitudes towards Aboriginals than when compared to the other minority groups. It was also reasonable to state that there were relatively positive when compared to the other two minority groups. The study concluded that emotional stakes were crucial components when determining emotional stakes within Australia. Summary of findings This also formed the basis of the findings, summarized as above. I can state that these findings were adequately described and can form the basis of future research on the same. Study conclusions The study conclusions stated that emotional stakes were crucial components when determining emotional stakes within Australia. I agree with this major conclusion for the study. Whether study was conducted ethically Finally, I can state that the study was conducted ethically as aspects of privacy and confidentiality were taken care of. People who participated in the online survey were assured of the privacy and that no personal information would be made available to the public. The participants were volunteers who agreed to mutually give their emotions and stereotypes towards the minority groups and no one was coerced to participate (Islam &Jahjah, 2001). Article 3 Aldridge, L. J. & Islam, M. R. (2012). Cultural differences in athleteattributions for success and failure: The sports pages revisited.International Journal of Psychology. 47(1), 67-75. Overview This study was conducted by Aldridge and Islam, 2012 to study the effect of cultural differences on the success or failure of athletes from Japan and Australia. After the study was conducted, it was found out that both Japanese and Australian men attributed their wins to causes that are more internal than those to which they attributed losses. For women, both loses and wins were attributed to causes that did not differ much in terms if locus. Also, the results suggested that all athletes, both male and female, attributed wins to caused that could be easily controlled that for the other side of the losses. However, these results were found to be inconsistent with various past research which most of them suggested that the Japanese do not have self-serving bias when it comes to attribution (Aldridge & Islam, 2012). Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate how cultural differences affect the success or failures of athletes. Literature reviewed The literature reviewed was not adequate as this is a very wide topic that needs to have a lot of data, information and previous research. Much could be done in terms of literature review as the study consider several variables among two major nationalities and this calls for more literature to be reviewed. Aims and hypothesis The hypothesis of the study stated that the Australians, but not Japanese athletes would show self-serving biases and that they attribute wins to causes that are more internal as well aseasily controlled that the causes that attribute loses. This was basically the main hypothesis that was being tested by the study and forms the basis of the aims and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of cultural differences on the success or failure of athletes from Japan and Australia (Aldridge & Islam, 2012). Experimental methodology and results interpretation For the experimental methodology, data was collected in the form of attributions, which were obtained from sports pages from both Japan and Australian newspapers and then forwarded to Australian judges for analysis, which was done in the form of controllability and locus. For such a study, this methodology was appropriate as analysis involved analyzing the attributions so as to determine the effect of cultural differences on the success or failure of athletes from Japan and Australia. Summary of findings The findings were summarized as: both Japanese and Australian men attributed their wins to causes that are more internal than those to which they attributed losses. For women, both loses and wins were attributed to causes that did not differ much in terms if locus. Also, all athletes, both male and female, attributed wins to caused that could be easily controlled that for the other side of the losses. These results were adequately described and can form the basis for future research on the same. Conclusions The study concluded that all athletes tend to attribute wins to causes that are more controllable that causes to which losses are attributed to. I may not agree with this conclusion as it differs with the hypothesis as well as with a large body of research which suggests that the Japanese do not show self-serving bias in attribution. Whether study was conducted ethically In terms of ethics, I can state that the study was not conducted ethically as data was collected from newspapers without seeking for informed consent from the athletes involved. Also, cases of bias could arise as data was analyzed by judges who could as well add or deduct some aspects of the study (Aldridge & Islam, 2012). References Aldridge, L. J. & Islam, M. R. (2012). Cultural differences in athleteattributions for success and failure: The sports pages revisited.International Journal of Psychology. 47(1), 67-75. Islam, M. R. &Jahjah, M. (2001). Predictors of young Australians’attitudes toward aboriginals, Asians and Arabs. Social Behavior andPersonality, 29(6), 569 -580 Page, S. L. & Islam, M. R. (2015). The role of personality variablesin predicting attitudes toward people with intellectual disability: AnAustralian perspective. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,59 (8), 741-745. Read More

Results interpretation In terms of results interpretation, it was reasonable to state that there were positive attitudes towards Aboriginals than when compared to the other minority groups. It was also reasonable to state that there were relatively positive when compared to the other two minority groups. The study concluded that emotional stakes were crucial components when determining emotional stakes within Australia. Summary of findings This also formed the basis of the findings, summarized as above.

I can state that these findings were adequately described and can form the basis of future research on the same. Study conclusions The study conclusions stated that emotional stakes were crucial components when determining emotional stakes within Australia. I agree with this major conclusion for the study. Whether study was conducted ethically Finally, I can state that the study was conducted ethically as aspects of privacy and confidentiality were taken care of. People who participated in the online survey were assured of the privacy and that no personal information would be made available to the public.

The participants were volunteers who agreed to mutually give their emotions and stereotypes towards the minority groups and no one was coerced to participate (Islam &Jahjah, 2001). Article 3 Aldridge, L. J. & Islam, M. R. (2012). Cultural differences in athleteattributions for success and failure: The sports pages revisited.International Journal of Psychology. 47(1), 67-75. Overview This study was conducted by Aldridge and Islam, 2012 to study the effect of cultural differences on the success or failure of athletes from Japan and Australia.

After the study was conducted, it was found out that both Japanese and Australian men attributed their wins to causes that are more internal than those to which they attributed losses. For women, both loses and wins were attributed to causes that did not differ much in terms if locus. Also, the results suggested that all athletes, both male and female, attributed wins to caused that could be easily controlled that for the other side of the losses. However, these results were found to be inconsistent with various past research which most of them suggested that the Japanese do not have self-serving bias when it comes to attribution (Aldridge & Islam, 2012).

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate how cultural differences affect the success or failures of athletes. Literature reviewed The literature reviewed was not adequate as this is a very wide topic that needs to have a lot of data, information and previous research. Much could be done in terms of literature review as the study consider several variables among two major nationalities and this calls for more literature to be reviewed. Aims and hypothesis The hypothesis of the study stated that the Australians, but not Japanese athletes would show self-serving biases and that they attribute wins to causes that are more internal as well aseasily controlled that the causes that attribute loses.

This was basically the main hypothesis that was being tested by the study and forms the basis of the aims and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of cultural differences on the success or failure of athletes from Japan and Australia (Aldridge & Islam, 2012). Experimental methodology and results interpretation For the experimental methodology, data was collected in the form of attributions, which were obtained from sports pages from both Japan and Australian newspapers and then forwarded to Australian judges for analysis, which was done in the form of controllability and locus.

For such a study, this methodology was appropriate as analysis involved analyzing the attributions so as to determine the effect of cultural differences on the success or failure of athletes from Japan and Australia. Summary of findings The findings were summarized as: both Japanese and Australian men attributed their wins to causes that are more internal than those to which they attributed losses.

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