The Concepts of Divide and Conquer and Trial and Error - Assignment Example

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Question 1 a. Divide and Conquer: According to (Posner, et al., 2010, 418) it is the process where one divides large sources of power such as stable groups by making them distrust each other, or fighting them against each other where they are left with the trust of all parties. Such groups if together have more power and can harm the one dividing them. Consequently, they have the power of the groups, showing how their division strategy allowed them to conquer. Divide and conquer is described differently in different fields, but all agree that through dividing a problem, or group, one gains power over the probles/ group and conquers the whole problem. Klein, (2005, 4) presents the divide and conquer strategy as the approach used to split a problem into numerous problems where they can be solved easily as minor problems. Consequently, one effectively handles the larger problem through solving it in bits, which leads to the conquring of the problem straight head. Paz, et al., (2008, 1113) demostrates the divide and conquer strategy through an arithmetic process. The process shows that in order to solve a mathematics problem, one must divide the arithmetic and solve it bits by bits untill you solve the entire problem. You cannot solve or conquer the problem, without dividing it into different parts. Divide and conquer means dividing problems into sub-problems until a solution is found. That is; when there is a major problem between a groups, then one divides the group by making the people fight each other, based on the problem division, the one dividing is left with all the power to control the entire group. Thus, they have conquered the group or the problem. Example: As a politician, several people with different kinds of information could bring you down if they came together. Thus, to ensure they do not come together and overpower you, you divide them by making them fight each other maybe through twisting something someone said among other strategies. While they fight each other, you have conquered by ensuring they cannot join forces and win over you. b. Trial and Error Sosna, et al., (2010, 390) exhibits that businesses improve their business models through trial where the new and innvative business models are placed in the market for a period of timeas the business evaluates the success of the strategy. That is; the strategy is reliant on how its trial period in the market is perceived. At some occasions, the strategies fail, and new ones are introduced untill the perfect strategy is presented. That is; the process of trying and making errors leads to the process of finding the right answer or solution to the problem. (Rerup & Feldman, 2011) presents that trial is included in the organizational schemes where the routine changes include trying ut new approaches untill the perfect approach is attained. Thus, the routines include engaging the individual in a trial and error process where they learn from the strategy and developbetter approaches. (Berman, et al., 2007), presents that the criminal justice has applied the strategy of trial and error through using similar or advanced processes to distill lessons and replicate the past success. It presents how proffessionals learn from failure where they employ their learned lessons to develop better results in the industry. The criminal justice presents that the application of trial and error in the implementation of hypotheses, designs and other power dynamics has through failure been the best teacher at improving the standards (7)). Thus, trial and error is the best application process where through the error, the apropriate strategy to deal with a solution is attained. Trial and Error is the process of trying several solutions through making mistakes (errors) untill the right strategy or solution is attained. It is the process of solving problems using a strategy of using approaches that are not evidenced to give the right solution untill the right approach to deal with the problem is attained. Trial and error is the process where people learn or solvin problems through making errors and repeating trials over and over untill a solution is gained. For instance, all over the world when pandemics occur, scientists engage in a process of finding a cure through the trial and error strategy. That is; the aids pandemic in the world is handled by scientists through trying drugs and other strategies on volunteers or animals where they test different drugs while making errors. The process goes on untill the right drug to cure the disease is attained. Question 2 Type Text Claim Victoria is a respected force throughout Australia Issue It has a problem in a key modern policing area Statement It is handcuffed to pens and papers and thus cannot go forward with modern technology Argument: Premise / Conclusion The crime fighting database LEAP has not been replaced in over 30 years, showing its systems are outdated and should be replaced. Victoria police needs to update its systems and train its police officers to use modern technology Issue Police officers need to be able to access real time information when making arrests Statement Will Smartphones and Apps therefore be at the top of its list? Question 3: Symbolic form of the argument below If Harry won’t get out of bed then either he does not need to work or he is sick. Today is Sunday and Harry does not need to work. Thus, today, either Harry will get out of bed or he will stay in bed because he is sick (Jackson & Newberry, 2015, 182) Translating the argument to symbols p = Harry won’t get out of bed q = either he does not need to work or he is sick r = Today is Sunday and Harry does not need to work 1. 2. q ~ r 3. r 4. Given: Today is Sunday and Harry does not need to work Claim: Harry will get out of bed or he will stay in bed because he is sick Conclusion: Harry will get out of bed or he will stay in bed because he is sick (According to equation 3 (Contrapositive of equation number 2) (Contrapositive of equation 1) (from equation 5) Thus, the equation forms presents that the argument is valid. Using the long truth table method, the validity of the argument will be presented. Long truth table method P THEN Q ^ ~ q THEN ~ P T T T F F T F T F F F T T F F T T F F T T F T F T T T T The table also supports that the statement is true. Question 4 Draw a short truth table to determine the validity of the following argument and clearly explain the steps and provide reasons why the argument is valid or invalid: ~ N M ● P N (P v ~P) ----------------------- ~ Q Key ~ not and if if N is true ~ N is false then if N is false ~ N is true M * P is a conjunction, which is true when both conjuncts (that is M and P) are true, but false in all cases P v ~P = is also false if the disjoints used are also false, but true otherwise. This equation simply represents a disjunction. The short truth table of the above equation can be presented as the following M N P Q V ~ N M P N ( P v ~ P ) ~ Q F F F F F T F F F F FFTF TF F F F T T T F F F F FTTF TF F F T F F T F F F F FFTF FT F F T T T T F F F F FTTF FT ~ Q is the conclusion, and it concludes that the equation above is valid based on the fact that the last conclusive statement is true. The truth value of the premises given in the equation above show that the propositions provided are true, where ~Q is false within the first and second line but true within the third and fourth lines. References Berman, G., Bowen, P. & Mansky, A., 2007. Trial and Error: FAILURE AND INNOVATION IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORM. Summer, pp. 7 - 11. Jackson, D. & Newberry, P., 2015. Critical Thinking: A Users Manual. 2 ed. New York : Cengage Learning. Klein, A., 2005. DIVIDE AND CONQUER: HTTP Respnse Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics. Watchfire, pp. 1-28. Paz, M. L., Tardos, D. J. & Neira, J., 2008. Divide and Conquer: EKF SLAM in Math Processing Error. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 24(5), pp. 1107 - 1120. Posner, A. E., Spier, E. K. & Vermeule, A., 2010. Divide and Conquer. Journal of Legal Analysis, 2(2), pp. 417 - 471. Rerup, C. & Feldman, S. M., 2011. Routines as a Source of Change in Organizational Schemata: The Role of Trial and Error Learning. Journal of Academy of Management, 54(3), pp. 577- 610. Sosna, M., Trevinyo-Rodriguez, R. N. & Velamuri, R. S., 2010. Business Model Innovation Through Trial and Error Learning: The Naturhouse Case. Long Range Planning, 43(2-3), pp. 383 -407. Read More