Fundamental Policy Practices - Assignment Example

Political Science Short answers Ontology The term ontology was first introduced during the 17th century. Political and religious leaders referred to the term when addressing their audience. Fundamentally, the term implies the philosophical study of existence. Apparently, most people refer to ontology as the existence of man. Man has been existing for many years. As man exists, they exist either in a peaceful environment or in a conflicting environment. The existence of peace or conflict is due to the difference in human characteristics. Different people co-exist differently, one man may find an aspect as peaceful the other might disagree with the aspect as they find it as illogical for. If both parties fail to understand each other, they will introduce a conflict existence. If they agree then, the ontology will be a peaceful ontology. For this reason, ontology depends on how man agrees with what they think is right or wrong. In simpler terms, ontology depends on the decision made by man. Methodenstreit Apparently, German is an icon when it comes to thinking about the two world wars. For this reason, they have a clear record in history. Due to their existence in both world war, their historical ontology explains the disagreement between them and other leaders from other countries. The countries that come into light when it comes to methodenstreit when including Germany is Australia. The two countries were foes. Their disagreement was due to the Germany harsh treatment before and after the holocaust. For this reason, the methodenstreit is defined as the economic controversy that commenced in the 1880. The term introduces the word economy due to the economic conflict between Germany and Australia. Apparently, the economy was not the only reason the two countries collides another reason the controversy rose is due to the different language between the two countries. Positivism Different people have different beliefs; however, the common belief that man has is the existence of a supreme being. People believe that they exist because of the existence of the Supreme Being that man exist. Apparently, other feels different. Such people believe that other factors are responsible for the existence of man or another phenomenon that other people beliefs comes from the Supreme Being. Of this reason, the lack of belief of a supreme being brings to light positivism. Apparently, in order for positivism to be true, the people disagreeing with the existence of a Supreme Being or natural existence of natural phenomenon should come up with evidence that proof their principle. One of the famous positivism ideas in the Charles Darwin theory, the theory, explain that man came from a monkey. Darwin develops proof of the theory and turns out to influence many people across the globe. For this reason, positivism castoffs theism Methodological individualism Different activities happen in the society. In most cases, human beings are responsible for all actions that take place in the society. Humans execute the activities in order to satisfy their needs. Therefore, their needs play a key role in forcing a human to execute activities. The activities are both a benefit to the society and the humans. It is through the activities that the society I able to grow; it is also through the activities that operate lives better life. The factors that cause a man to execute activities to the society have a direct link to methodological individualism. The term comes from three different words; method, logic, and individual. Therefore, the method is how and why the individual executes the activities. However, the methods that man uses to execute the activities must be logical. In order for a method, man applies to be logical it is important to assess the causal factors that evoke man to execute or develop the need to engage in certain activities. Labor theory of value The labor theory of value refers to employees, employers and those who engage in business activities. In business, every executive needs profits. In most cases, it is hard to determine the profit for a certain service or good. In whatever, case the selling price must be more than the buying price. The difference between the selling price and the buying price is the profit that executive term as profit. Apparently, it becomes hard to determine the profit from raw material that occurs naturally. In such cases, the executive, in relevance to the labor theory of value, must determine the labor cost used to extract the raw material from its source. The executives will then add the labor used to turn the products into a finished product that consumers can use. The executive will then add the labor prices then determine the best selling prices that will cover up for the labor and profit. Laissez fare Some events occur naturally. It becomes hard or impossible for humans to avoid the situation from happening. Regardless of the impact of the situation, man has to let the action take the course. Laissez fare is, therefore, a situation where man has to let some phenomenon to tackle course since it has proved hard or impossible to avoid. The phenomenon might be natural or caused by human activity. An example of a natural occurrence is earthquakes or rainfall. Human activities that may be hard to avoid from happening occur in instances where societal leaders or dictators decide to execute a certain activity that might negatively affect people in the society. In such a situation society, members will let the laws take course John Maynard Keynes British is one of the oldest economies in the world. One of the famous economists in British was John Maynard Keynes. Keynes ideas and concepts helped in establishing molding the Britain economy. Up-to-date the economy still applies ideas from the man. Keynes ideas affected the current macroeconomics. The ideas helped in providing the Britain economy the rules that would help in governing their government in terms of satisfying both the economy and the political field. It is due to Keynes that currently, Britain can balance between the ever-growing economy and the dynamic political system Clientelism The first word to note in the word Clientelism is the word client. Therefore, the word involves the client and anything affecting clients. Clients in a simpler situation can be a person in the society. Every cliental owns at least one asset in the society. Apparently, another client might be unaware of the owners of particular assets that belong to another client. In order to avoid the other clients from stealing or buying the assets, the society introduces Clientelism. For this reason, Clientelism is more of a societal order. The order is to show that human are clients of the society. For this reason, they at least own assets of the society. Regardless of the amount of assets own by an individual, the societal order must protect them. Spontaneous order Spontaneous order is similar to Laissez fare. However, the Spontaneous order is more of natural phenomena that may affect the society without the society being able to resist. Spontaneous order, in most cases, happens in the large organization. The term large organization implies that activities that happen in the organization are more complex. A main factor that makes the activities complex is the availability of many people. The many people have different thoughts, therefore, when the thoughts untie the result is complex situation referred to as Spontaneous order. Long question The African Civil Society International (ACSI) is an organization made up of African members from different nations and residing in Australia. The ACSI members continue supporting the development of Africa despite their distance from the motherland. However, the African Renaissance is not a new term; it is the most highly supported movement to be initiated in Africa. The ACSI struggles to eradicate sources of conflict, restoring the African self-esteem and developing the continent where, peace, love, and stability dominate. The best way to rebirth a continent is by ensuring there is a political stability and terminates all aspects, extreme poverty, obscene wealth, and situations of instability. However, the major challenges facing African Renaissance is failing to realize the vision of peace co-existence and political stability, which is the foundation of developing Africa. Different history and cultural background among countries in Africa are other challenges facing the continent as well as historical conflicts between the nations. People in Africa differ in the language they speak this is a communication barrier. Therefore, the countries end up failing to understand one another in order to agree on approaches for future development. Many African nations emerge from their colonial masters; however, the countries have not yet attained political stability. The ACSI believes that developing an opportunity for people to unite and work together (Doh, 2009). Their unity will enable them in building a promising and sustainable political, economic, and social future progress. The ACSI also believes that creating forums for discussing imperative issues by the leaders and representatives of different nations and come to a consensus agreement towards building a sustainable future for the continent. The ACSI has many objectives towards making the African continent a developed continent. Men in Africa usually subject women and children to discrimination and abuse. Moreover, there is a rise in gender inequality where the male species considers itself more superior than the female species. The male tend to oppress the women due to their vulnerability (Doh, 2009). The ACSI is developing a strategy for protecting women and children from their oppressors. The strategies include making laws and policies, which consists of rights that protect women and children from all forms of discrimination, as well as eradicating any form of gender violence. There are many ethnic groups in Africa. Chances of ethnic conflicts are high because of differing linguistics. Tribal conflicts are a factor, which hinders African nations from developing. Therefore, the ACSI is developing strategies on how to deal with this hatred and conflicts, which bring negative effects to the development of many countries. Tribalism and ethnicity between the nations have resulted in civil wars, which many nations have experienced. Previously, the leadership in the African communities did not allow people to speak their voices. Furthermore, the leadership system did not allow people to question the government. People suffered a lot because they could not fight for what belonged to them. Killing people, grabbing land and stealing other people property was common. Therefore, the nation could not progress (Doh, 2009). Consequently, the ASCI is developing institutions where legal systems and policies will ensure equal treatment of citizens, transparency in the justice system and resolving conflict issues through peaceful methodologies. There are also instances where the African nations fought with each other due to factors such as natural resources. Moreover, the country’s fight for territorial boundaries expansion where one nation considers extending land towards another nation, this may result in a bloody fight between the two nations. To prevent the territorial and boundaries conflict, the ASCI aims to create forums where leaders from all countries should observe in order to respect national borders as well as the cultural diversity. For a country to develop, it must have enough infrastructures for instance roads in order to promote the efficient transportation of raw material to industries and finished goods to consumers. Many African countries have a poor infrastructure that hinders them from developing (Doh, 2009). Developing policies ensure the development and maintenance of infrastructure. The ACSI is developing the policies which ensure constructions of infrastructure, for instance, roads, railways and air transportation which ere the foundation of development. The ASCI aims to stop all forms of insecurities among people in the African nations. The insecurities lead to insecurity and human fear. To stop the insecurity issues, the ASCI should illustrate the causes of insecurity among the nation. The ASCI illustrates that civil wars among the nations lead to human insecurity. The increase in unemployment rates causes food insecurity since many cannot afford to buy food; therefore, the conference aims to provide more job opportunities (Doh, 2009). The conference, furthermore, aims at controlling health crises through research, for instance, the spread of Ebola and HIV/AIDS. In some countries, political leaders cause tribal conflicts and politically dividing the country, therefore, the conference aims at controlling political crisis. The conference also aims at promoting peace between the government and their citizens (Doh, 2009). The ACSI encourages citizens to unite while working, taking responsibility and respecting the government and other citizens in the country. The conference, additionally, has a vision, which motivates them in working hard towards achieving their aims. The conference visualizes identifying with the United African Nations, which is the saving module of Africa. The conference further visualizes in influencing stakeholders such as the African government, African Union to join them in implementing measures, which will lead to the development of the conference strategy. Moreover, the conference vision is to ensure gender equality dominates in the continent. The conference ensures the participants in the conference observe gender equality, therefore, securing the rights of the affected by gender inequality. The ACSI requires financial assistance in order to promote its development strategies. Furthermore, the ACSI proposes a meeting in Kampala, Uganda to promote peace and reconciliation among the African countries. The ACSI believes it is their responsibility to promote and maintain development and sustainability in Africa. The financial assistance caters for expenses such as traveling and accommodation when delegating from different countries, as well as other countries in the world. The rest of the world also plays a crucial part in achieving African Renaissance (Doh, 2009). The Diaspora in Australia also follows the responsibility of supporting the African Renaissance. The Diaspora has a duty to provide workforce in helping at the information desk as well as preparing the venue of the conference. Reference Doh, E. F. (2009). Stereotyping Africa: Surprising answers to surprising questions. Mankon Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa. Read More