Computed Tomography in Image Guided Brain Surgery - Report Example

CT in image guided brain surgery Name Institution Instructor Subject Date Abstract The operation of a CT imaging involves the incorporation of the image display, CT scanner and the control computer. It has a rotating framework known as the gantry that enables the patient to move during the acquisition of the required data. This houses the slip rings, the calumniators the x ray tube and generator. The photons are emitted by the x-ray tube whereas, the filters eliminate any low energy x-rays. The slice thickness is ascertained by the calumniators whereas the x rays photons are captured by the light emitting diode cameras detectors where it is converted to digital acquisition system. This paper elucidates the CT imaging as used in the medical field and its principles. Introduction This is a technology that finds its application since 1970s. It was discovered by Hounsfield Geoffrey. At the start, during a single rotation, only one image emanated giving a poor quality image. The development of the CT has led to the development of the spiral CT that has led to the introduction of CT scanners that are dual sliced. Multi sliced scanners have also been developed that are able to give approximately, 16, 64 and 128 slices at a given rotation as noted by Dusick, Esposito & Kelly (2005). The surgical tool used channels with the nature in which the revolution takes place. The imaging operates with algorithm in which the volume representation of the 2-D MRI is performed. His ensures the brain is reached with minimal damages and avoiding any unnecessary calculation of the paths. Straight paths are more desirable so as to locate the given paths. After the required paths are identified, they are translated to the robot where the required extraction could be performed. The matrix I take the function in which the segmentation may be obtained. The value of I is minimized at given (x,y,z). Apparently, the need for use of precise and complex surgery has called for more advanced technology in the surgery process. This has called for use of computer application systems that would enhance the use of human tools. The use of optimization plans have been employed by the use of surgical systems such as the CAD and CAMs (Goldberg, 2001). The use of the robots and the images gives a better hand in the interventions of the plans that have to be executed. All these equipments enhance the support of the decisions that have to made The Ct enables the comparison of images before the surgery and after the surgery So as to compare the intra-operative activities. The exposure of the radiation is subjected to both the CT scan that takes place internally and externally. This happens in a range of dose of 25mSv. The dosimetry property enables that dose index to be indicated in a given console. This gives the number of the dose in a given volume of scan in a standard (computer Tomography Dose in (mGv) CTDI. Advantages of CT imaging They enhance the quality of operation that has to be performed. They also save time as it would take a short period performing a given operation hence minimize on the cost required. These equipments are also less invasive hence do not cause much damage during the operation process. Additionally, due to the technology systems the Cr give real time information about the activity that takes place during the operation process. They indicate the specific position of the tools used in the operation. The Ct operations enables the image to obtained at real time that gives an assurity that a given tumor has completely been resected Disadvantage The use of the CTDI vol doesn’t give a representation on the mean number of the dose that occurs in various sizes. It only considers the CTDI phantom. The design of the dose radiation is affected by the external and internal factors. These include the geometric factors and the patient does parameters. The reduction of the dose affects the image quality. The dose fourfold may be increased so as to reduce the amount of noise with regards to the thickness of the slice and the spatial resolution. Lower voltages may be required more so when the procedure does not involve heavy processes Intra-Operative MRI These has been advanced by advancements in acquisition resources, techniques of imaging, software’s for visualization are advancing medicine into surgeries with image guidance that guides surgeons arm to mid-operation (Koos, Roessler, & Matula,1998). Tumor localization (lessions), their extents, and a path that’s optimal have been presented in today’s operations (Dusick, Esposito & Kelly,2005). Manipulation in surgery is done with direct visualization of brain to both eyes and the MRI volumetric images. Here surgical tools are tracked with LED optical based tracking. This is done under a 1.5 T (Bourbakis, 2003). Tracking localizes the instrument tip in relation to anatomic body of images from MRI. Surgeon can analyze progress, modify preplanned path during operation. This accounts for tool instance and path also patient or her brain shift that’s a problem too. 3-D Representation of Tumorst This relies on extraction of 2-D accurate shapes of a tumor from their relative images of MRI. To extract tumor shape, segmented MRI images are searched to get the particular tumor value (Guthart & Salisbury, 2000). Tumors pixel positions are stored then a marching cube algorithm used to acquire a 3-D representation of the surface. Surgical Tool and Optimal path for Tumors Extraction To design safe and useful equipment has to meet standards set in the medical industry, with considerations to a surgeons and needs of patients. Testing of numerous prototypes carried out to use their feedback reports in guiding safer and quicker results. Robotics will replace the physical process of a human. The material widely employed is titanium as its light. For straight method tumor reaching surgery, aluminum is used. The development of a tool known as ‘’snake’’ according to Bourbakis (2003), this will be more effective, it’s snake walk avoid important blood vessels and cells, gets to needed coordinates exactly. It would be with allergy free materials, flexible and resistant. Made hollow, having cylinders that are concentric and extend when needed to. Pressure being a function of progressing depth, extending parts also has non-similar strength in relation to depth advancement. Results To obtain the angle of incision, the dot product is performed where the ellipse could be translated into its initial angle. This is generally obtained from the equation X’=X*cos(’)-Y*sin(’), Y’=Y*cos (’+ X*sin(’)). The initial generator of the path has to be tracked carefully so as to avoid the confusion that may arise when backtracking (De Salles, Frighetto, Behnke, 2004). In order to ascertain the intersection of the 3 D space, the angle of the cone is determined by the equation, The shape of the elippse is seen to shift from the given projection towardsthe point of T-1. The results give the indication that, despite the costly nature, the procure becomes more effective at different paths which are localized. The technique that used the computational time obtained from the point where the main axis of agiven ellipse is joined with the other points with aid of a regular polygon. This takes the approach of (84,39);(83,40); (67,68); (69,70); (76,56) (Joskowicz, 1999)..The intersection depends in the number of tools flexibility. This approach is the most suitable method in that, more points enclosed at the various levels of T-1 making it easier to select cheaper paths. The results also indicate that various approaches depend on the location of the tumor. Total cost for a path doesn’t favor one process over the other. Tumor location dictates the supremacy of one method over another. The patient safety and tool flexibility are key considerations to pursuing a particular approach out of the example three (Guthart & Salisbury, 2000). In Pedicle, fiducially marker screws have better accuracy but one sacrifices large muscle tissue. Cervical spine, C1 and C2, their inter-fixation, lateral stabilization of cervical spine also spinal stabilization after intraspinal tumor surgeries. In conclusion, the decisions and planning made during surgeries are key to all successful surgeries. Using image guiding surgery, with a workstation such as a computers far image loading of patient brain before and during surgery has become an effective tool in the medical field. This is joined to a position sensor. Surgeon decides on way of tumor resecting. Information on anatomy, position of vessel, cell type, functionality; all coded in an MRI part and translated by an algorithm with stated tool constraints, we get all paths possible plus costs of each. Algorithm picks path basing on experts decision making and rules. These perform better than a surgeon’s decision compromised by fatigue and individual problems that bias his decision. Above minimizes hospital stays and craniotomies and serves to confirm in instances of motor cortex tumors. In the future, work is to be done on real data of segmented MRI sets plus inclusion of 3-D visualizing paths to corresponding anatomy of the brain. Also brain shift modeling is to be included, solved using ultra sound hence path readjustment. Tomoscan system makes possibility of inserting fiducial marker screws at start of operation. There’s much more accuracy here than with anatomical landmarks. Out of 49 procedures with 224 placement of pedicle screw s only 7 had perforation of the lateral cortex. References Bourbakis, N. (2003). A 3-D Visualization Method for Image-Guided Brain Surgery 33(5), Cybernetics. De Salles A., Frighetto, L. Behnke, E. (2004). Functional Neurosurgery in the MRI Environment, Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery,47(5), pp.284–9. Dusick,R., Esposito, F. & Kelly, F. (2005). The extended direct endonasal transsphenoidal approach for nonadenomatous suprasellar tumors, J Neurosurg,102(5), pp.832–41. Goldberg, R. (2001). A Modular Robotic System for Ultrasound Image Acquisition, master’s thesis, Mechanical Eng. Dept., John Hopkins Univ., Baltimore. Guthart, G & Salisbury, J. (2000). “The Intuitive Telesurgery System: Overview and Application,” Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. Robotics and Automation (ICRA2000), IEEE Press, Piscataway, N.J., 2000, pp. 355–360. Haberland,N., Ebmeier, K., Hliscs, R., Grunewald, J.& Kalff, J. (1999). Intraoperative CT in image-guided surgery of the spine.43(4), Medica mundi. Joskowicz, L. (1999). “FRACAS: A System for Computer-Aided Image- Guided Long Bone Fracture Surgery,” J. Computer Assisted Surgery, 3 (6), 1999, pp. 271–288. Koos, W, Roessler, K & Matula, C. (1998). Image-guided neurosurgery with intra-operative CT ,42(1), Medicamundi. Read More

Additionally, due to the technology systems the Cr give real time information about the activity that takes place during the operation process. They indicate the specific position of the tools used in the operation. The Ct operations enables the image to obtained at real time that gives an assurity that a given tumor has completely been resected Disadvantage The use of the CTDI vol doesn’t give a representation on the mean number of the dose that occurs in various sizes. It only considers the CTDI phantom.

The design of the dose radiation is affected by the external and internal factors. These include the geometric factors and the patient does parameters. The reduction of the dose affects the image quality. The dose fourfold may be increased so as to reduce the amount of noise with regards to the thickness of the slice and the spatial resolution. Lower voltages may be required more so when the procedure does not involve heavy processes Intra-Operative MRI These has been advanced by advancements in acquisition resources, techniques of imaging, software’s for visualization are advancing medicine into surgeries with image guidance that guides surgeons arm to mid-operation (Koos, Roessler, & Matula,1998).

Tumor localization (lessions), their extents, and a path that’s optimal have been presented in today’s operations (Dusick, Esposito & Kelly,2005). Manipulation in surgery is done with direct visualization of brain to both eyes and the MRI volumetric images. Here surgical tools are tracked with LED optical based tracking. This is done under a 1.5 T (Bourbakis, 2003). Tracking localizes the instrument tip in relation to anatomic body of images from MRI. Surgeon can analyze progress, modify preplanned path during operation.

This accounts for tool instance and path also patient or her brain shift that’s a problem too. 3-D Representation of Tumorst This relies on extraction of 2-D accurate shapes of a tumor from their relative images of MRI. To extract tumor shape, segmented MRI images are searched to get the particular tumor value (Guthart & Salisbury, 2000). Tumors pixel positions are stored then a marching cube algorithm used to acquire a 3-D representation of the surface. Surgical Tool and Optimal path for Tumors Extraction To design safe and useful equipment has to meet standards set in the medical industry, with considerations to a surgeons and needs of patients.

Testing of numerous prototypes carried out to use their feedback reports in guiding safer and quicker results. Robotics will replace the physical process of a human. The material widely employed is titanium as its light. For straight method tumor reaching surgery, aluminum is used. The development of a tool known as ‘’snake’’ according to Bourbakis (2003), this will be more effective, it’s snake walk avoid important blood vessels and cells, gets to needed coordinates exactly. It would be with allergy free materials, flexible and resistant.

Made hollow, having cylinders that are concentric and extend when needed to. Pressure being a function of progressing depth, extending parts also has non-similar strength in relation to depth advancement. Results To obtain the angle of incision, the dot product is performed where the ellipse could be translated into its initial angle. This is generally obtained from the equation X’=X*cos(’)-Y*sin(’), Y’=Y*cos (’+ X*sin(’)). The initial generator of the path has to be tracked carefully so as to avoid the confusion that may arise when backtracking (De Salles, Frighetto, Behnke, 2004).

In order to ascertain the intersection of the 3 D space, the angle of the cone is determined by the equation, The shape of the elippse is seen to shift from the given projection towardsthe point of T-1. The results give the indication that, despite the costly nature, the procure becomes more effective at different paths which are localized. The technique that used the computational time obtained from the point where the main axis of agiven ellipse is joined with the other points with aid of a regular polygon.

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