Principles of Electromagnetic Radiation - Assignment Example

Task Learning Outcome 2 Principles of electromagnetic radiation When electromagnetic radiation is incident on underlying matter the energy is transferred into the matter. The induced energy within the matter might be reflected thus scattering in a diverse direction or rather transmitted forward into the material (Potylit︠s︡yn, pp 112-245). During the reflection and transmission of the electromagnetic radiation, the prevailing electromagnetic waves normally transfer energy to the electrons of the material. This subsequently causes the electrons of the underlying material to vibrate. In case the material is transparent the vibrations of the electrons passes on to the corresponding neighboring atoms via bulk of the material and then reflected on the opposite side of the object. Opaque objects makes the electrons to vibrate for a short duration then reflected as light wave. Explanation of the principles of the radiation of electric and magnetic waves and how this is used in radio frequency communication systems. Electromagnetic wavelengths normally travel perpendicularly to the corresponding visible propagates its underlying companion wave concurrently and at 90 degrees. The wave consists of dual fluctuating fields namely electric field and corresponding magnetic wave. Electric field and magnetic field are normally orthogonal to the direction of their travel (Oetheimer, pp234-279). Electric and magnetic fields normally oscillates with frequency. Frequency is normally defined as the number of times in every second that any wave waves oscillate. Frequency of oscillation of the electric and magnetic waves is normally known as carrier wave, which is corresponding produced the transmitter in the form of the sine wave (Potylit︠s︡yn, pp 112-245). The frequencies resulting from oscillation of electric and magnetic waves is normally amidst 30 kHz and corresponding 300 GHz that is commonly utilized radio communication systems. Electromagnetic radiation mainly consists of waves of the electric and magnetic energy that mainly moves together via space at a speed equivalent to speed of light. Radio waves are emitted by the corresponding antennas thus utilized in RF energy. Task 2 – Learning Outcome 2.2 Elaboration of the electromagnetic spectrum in regard to their frequency and wavelength Electromagnetic spectrum mainly include a continuous range of frequencies and corresponding wavelength of the electromagnetic radiations, which normally ranges from the long wavelength that is the low energy radio waves to corresponding short wavelength. I t also encompasses high energy gamma rays (Oetheimer, pp234-279). Electromagnetic spectrum is segregated into appropriate regions of radio waves to the microwaves then followed by infrared rays. Infrared radiation is followed by visible light that is normally subsequent by ultraviolet rays then x-rays and corresponding gamma rays. Question 1 Light is normally emitted solely at particular frequencies characteristics of each atom and molecule. Thus, atoms and corresponding molecules normally absorb solely a limited range of frequencies and wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum hence reflecting the entire frequencies and wavelengths of the prevailing light. The reflection of frequencies and wavelengths are frequently the real observed light and colors related within any object. The underlying region of the electromagnetic spectrum mainly contain light at a particular frequencies and wavelengths that normally stimulate the rod cones within the human eye thus termed as visible region of the prevailing electromagnetic spectrum. The color is the main relationship the eye normally makes with specific portions of the visible regions. Wavelength is mainly characterized by the visible light whose length is nanometer long. Application of the unit of visible section of the electromagnetic spectrum is normally situated amidst 380nm to corresponding 750nm and the prevailing component color regions of the existing visible spectrum are mainly Red with wavelength that ranges from 670nm to 770nm. Orange possess wavelength that ranges between 592nm to 620nm, Yellow color has wavelength that ranges from 578nm to 592nm and green has wavelength that ranges from 500nm to corresponding 578nm. Blue wavelength ranges from 464nm to 500nm, indigo wavelength is normally amidst 444nm to 464nm whilst violet wavelength has wavelength that ranges from 400nm to 446nm within the electromagnetic spectrum. Since the underlying energy of the electromagnetic radiations is depicted to be inversely proportional to the wavelength of the corresponding red light that possess the longest wavelength possesses the lowest energy (Potylit︠s︡yn, pp 112-245). As the underlying wavelength diminish towards the corresponding blue end of the prevailing visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the corresponding frequencies and energies of the colors progressively escalates (Oetheimer, pp234-279). Question 2 To clearly understand the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves between VLF and EHF frequency bands a tabular approach is important as shown below. BAND WAVELENTH RANGE APPLICATION Very low frequency (VLF) 30,000m to 10,000m Used in navigation, time signals, submarine communication, wireless heart rate monitors and geophysics. Low frequency (LF) 10,000 to 1,000m Navigation, time signals AM long wave broadcasting. Medium frequency ( MF) 1000 TO 100m AM broadcasts, amateur radio and avalanche beacons. High frequency (HF) 100 to 10m Shortwave broadcasts, citizens radio and over the aviation communications, RFID, marine and mobile radio telephony. Very High frequency(VHF) 10 to 1m FM, line-of-sight ground to corresponding aircraft communications and telephone broadcasts. They are also applicable in land mobile and corresponding maritime mobile communications and weather radio. Ultra high frequency( UHF) 100 to 10cm Television broadcasts, microwave oven, microwave devices, radio space science, handsets, wireless LAN, GPS and two way radios such as land mobile, FRS and GMRS radios, amateur radio. Super High frequency (SHF) 10 to 1 cm Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern radars, communication satellites, satellite television broadcasting, DBS, amateur radio. Task 3 – Learning Outcome 2.3 & 2.4 Explaining the underlying modes of transmission of radio waves of diverse frequencies I. Surface modes Lower frequencies (between 30 and 3000 kHz) possess vital property that normally the underlying curvature of the universe through ground wave propagation in the majority of occurrences. In this mode the radio waves propagate by interacting with semi conductive surface of the earth. II. Direct mode(line of sight) This is the propagation of radio waves between antennas that are visible to each other. It is used in the propagation of VHF and HF frequencies. A good example is propagation between a satellite and a ground antenna. III. Ionospheric mode(sky wave) This rely on the refraction of radio waves in the ionosphere.F2 layer is the most important ionospheric layer for long distance multiple HF propagation. Question one Influence of ionosphere layers on propagation of radio waves F2 LAYER =100 miles F1 LAYER=50 miles E LAYER=30 miles D LAYER=40 miles Stratosphere D Layer It is located above the stratosphere. The prevailing intensity of ionization is normally higher within the D layer because it is composed of the heavier gases E Layer Located above the D-layer. Intensity of ionization is lesser in the E layer than in the D layer since it is mainly composed of less hefty gasses in relative to the corresponding to D layer. F1 Layer: Located above the E layer. Intensity of ionization is lessor here than in the E layer because it is composed of less heavy gasses than in the E layer. F2 Layer The layer is mainly situated on top of the F1 layer and normally ranges from 150 miles to corresponding 250 miles relative to the earth. Moreover, the concentration of ionization is smaller than corresponding F1 layer because it is composed of less heavy gases with respect to the F1 layer. The figure mainly represents a single layer of the ionosphere. Ray 1 mainly enters the underlying ionosphere at an angle thus making its path to change hence penetrating and proceeding outwards into the space (Oetheimer, pp234-279). When the underlying angle of the horizontal diminishes the corresponding critical value is attained as the prevailing Ray 2 is either bent or reflected to the universe. Therefore, the underlying critical radiation angle normally relies on the concentration of ionization and the corresponding frequency of the existing radio wave. The angle of the critical value decreases as the frequency escalates. The frequencies that are larger than 30 MHz the whole energy infiltrates via the ionosphere making them to be wholly absorbed. Question two How the modes of electromagnetic wave between a transmitter and a receiver influenced by ionosphere layers Sky wave propagation is commonly known as skip is the mode of propagation. It solely depends on the prevailing refraction of prevailing radio waves within the ionosphere. This subsequently make them to ionized layers within the underlying higher stratosphere (Oetheimer, pp234-279).F2 layer is the most important ionospheric layer for long distance multiple –hop propagation though F1 layer, E and D layers also play significant roles (Potylit︠s︡yn, pp 112-245). The D layer when present during sunlight periods causes significant amount of signal loss between the transmitter and the receiver. The E layer whose maximum usable frequency can rise to 4MHz and above can block higher frequency signals from reaching the F2 layer. During high intensity of solar radiation, there is increased ionization of the D region which results into increased absorption of the HF waves. Since the D region only occurs during the day, only communications between the transmitter and receiver which pass through the daylight will be affected. The absorption of the HF waves travelling via the atmosphere after a flare (huge explosion on the sun) has occurred is called short wave fade out. Fade outs affect lower frequencies the most. It is thus advisable to use transmitters of higher frequencies after fade outs for smooth communication to the receiver. Frequency too high IONOSPHERE high frequency Low frequency Elevation angle fixed Task 4 – Learning Outcome 3.1 Radio transmitters are broadly utilized in numerous businesses, broadcasting and corresponding leisure activities. They are normally utilized in the regulation that takes place via the underlying government agencies that mainly include Ofcom within the United Kingdom. Legal requirement for transmitter operations within United Kingdom is strictly undertaken under the government regulations (Potylit︠s︡yn, pp 112-245). The transmitter ought to be licensed by the government under variety of the prevailing license classes depending on the use. The use of the transmitter varies vastly on whether it is for the broadcasts, marine radio, Air band and Amateur radio. Transmitter ought to given a exclusive call sign that mainly consist of a string of letters and corresponding numbers, which ought to be employed as an identifier within the transmissions. The operator of the transmitter ought to hold a government license that entail general radiotelephone operator license and normally obtained proving the suitability of the operator by a test of establishing practical and corresponding legal awareness Read More