Evolution of Policing and Investigation - Research Paper Example

Chapter Evolution of Policing and Investigation Metropolitan Police Department MDP is the law enforcement agency of Washington, D.C under a municipal government while operating under Federal Authority. MDP also serves as a local police department performing state, county and Federal roles. 2. Sir Robert Peel Robert is known as the father of the todays policing framework as he spearheaded the formation of MPD. The initial Scotland police are affectionately called Bobbies after Roberts name and Peelers (unaffectionate). 3. August Vollmer He developed the first American full forensic lab at Los Angeles. He also supported John Larson to establish the workable polygraph. 4. Forensic Include interdisciplinary such as physics, chemistry, mathematics and geology that aid in the analysis of physical evidence of a criminal act. It is relevant during investigations where one dies of poisoning. 5. Hans Gross Hans (judge and prosecutor) contributed to the Forensic investigation as he wrote a book on applicability of scientific discipline to criminal acts interrogations. 6. Mathieu Orifila Referred to as the inventor of forensic toxicology as he studied asphyxiation, exhumation as well as bodies decomposition. He designed reliable techniques to enhance his treatise to detect arsenic poison. 7. Alphonse Bertillon He developed Anthropometry between 1893 and 1914 hence referred to as the father of criminal identification. He used the principle of distinctness of individuals exact measurement of their body, and that such sum of measurement leads to characteristic formula of a particular individual 8. Francis Galton He produced the first distinctive dactylography book which classified fingerprints. He contributed to the identification of criminals via the use of distinctness of fingerprints. 9. Albert S. Osborn Contributed to forensic investigation and evolution of the investigation by his book Questioned Documents. 10. Edmond Locard He designed the first forensic lab at Lyon. He contributed to the criminal investigation as Locards exchange principle aids in crime scene search. 11. Leone Lattes Contributed to forensic serology. He developed a dried blood typing procedure. 12. Calvin Goddard He was a physician that participated in world war one as an army officer. Calvin is responsible for the discovery of bullet comparison microscope perfection as well as firearm identification. 13. Alec Jeffreys Established mechanisms for DNA profiling and fingerprinting currently used in forensic science for detective activities. Chapter 2 Rules of evidence and arrest 1. Search Warrants The court order is authorizing the police to execute a search on a person or his property or place for criminal exhibit. It is not applicable for civil crimes. 2. Evidence Testimony or exhibit use in prosecuting of an arrestee. 3. 4th Amendment An act in the Bill of Rights protects arrestees by providing only for reasonable searches. It was legislated following the abuse of the writ of assistance. 4. Probable Cause The premise upon which US police get a warrant for as well as exception to the requirement of a warrant for executing arrest or property or persons search. 5. Judge of Magistrate Responsible for district court jurisdictions. His selections are by many votes garnered from active judges of district courts. Consent to Search Free check based on an acceptance by an individual. The suspect waives his Fourth Amendment Provision allowing the officer to check him. 7. Incident to a lawful arrest A provision is permitting officer to conduct a check with no warrant on an arrestee (Mena 76). Conducted in arrestees jurisdictional area on polices security, interference with evident and preventing hiding. 8. Plain view The provision permits police to take properties with no court order authorizing to do so. 9. Open fields Provides that executing warrantless search outside a property holders curtilage is in line with 4th Amendment. Only contravened The Fourth Amendment if leaned on other legal grounds. 10. Stop and Frisk This act is done in New York where police face and interrogate pedestrian to confiscate found weapons and contraband. 11. Curtilage A cartilage is the immediate land circumventing a structure under search for evidence and its adjacently linked buildings. 12. Terry v. Ohio A significant Supreme Court ruling that police was not restricted by Fourth Amendment to stop and frisk a person even there is no probable cause to arrest so long as the police is satisfied with a probable cause. 13. Motor Vehicles Any carriage pushed through mechanical power. Entails commercial carriages on highways for passengers transportation, passenger and property as well as property or cargo transportation. 14. Exigent Circumstances Permits law enforcement to get into a building with no search warrant upon knocking and announcing without waiting for a refusal. 15. Exclusionary rule Prohibits admissibility of testimonies gathered conflicting The 4th Amendment. 16. "Fruit of the Poisonous Tree" Doctrine Provides for inadmissibility of evidence gathered through illegal arrest, coercive interrogation and unreasonable search. 17. Consensual stop Provides for police to stop and ask a person their identity but arrest them if they do not. 18. Investigative Detention Provided police to detain a person under probable cause and question him for a particular crime under probable suspicion. 19. Arrest Depriving a criminally suspected individual his liberty to investigate and prevent crime and handle him to the procedure. Chapter 3 The Crime scene 1. Criminal Scene A place of crime occurrence or location for obtaining evidence of a criminal act. 2. Safety Being protected and secured from harmful criminal acts. 3. Medical Attention Occurs after victims of crime are taken to hospitals such as rape cases to be examined or when an individual under arrest seems insane. 4. 3 Basic elements of an infestation 5. Searches Refers to looking for evidence from a person, his building or other structures based on probable cause and warrant issuance. 6. Evidence Testimonies about a criminal act. 7. Chain of custody Arranging criminal document chronologically showcasing every detail of a particular crime and progress of the investigation. 8. Field notes Shorthand police record in criminal investigation procedure. Chapter 4: Circumstantial Evidence 1. Physical evidence Tangible article such as hair that aid in the collection of premises to prosecute or defend a criminal case. 2. Class evidence An exhibit connected to the collection of suspect cohort. 3. Individual evidence An evidence only Linkable to a particular individual and not group. 4. Ballistics Ballistic analysis is used to measure the gunshot angular which aid in determining the location of the suspect at gunshot. 5. Gunshot residue (GSR) Gunshot residue is physical evidence obtained from the victim to help determine the cause of death. 6. Hydrodynamics of drop drops It helps in the analysis of bloodstains to showcases how long the victim stayed before dying after a shot. 7. Imprints Imprints are footwear impressions categorized as visible, plastic or latent prints. Its analysis help identified the suspect and brought to book by forensic detectives. 8. Impressions Marks and prints and other forms notable in criminal act occurrence site. 9. Latent fingerprints Marks left at where crime has occurred detectable by forensic investigation. 10. Tool marks Marks of tools left at crime scene and analysis help link a particular tool confiscated or not to marks found to determine the weapons used. 11. DNA Used to obtain evidence from the crime scene as each person has unique DNA in his entire life. Check the presence of blood or fingernails to obtain evidence. 12. Glass Physical evidence used to determine the direction of the gunshot based on the direction of fracturing, inward or outward. 13. Radial fracture Used to determine the direction from which glass-pane was struck to identify the criminal as they travel along less resistance path. 14. Concentric fracture It moves on the same direction as the impact with fractures spraying back towards the shooter and can be searched to identify the criminal in his clothes and footwear fibers Chapter 5: Laboratory and Technical Services 1. Combine DNA Index System (CODIS) A databank for identifying the possible suspect based on DNA matching. Assist worldwide forensic labs in identifying criminals hence solving crimes. 2. National integrated ballistic information network (NIBIN) A database is containing the previously used and recovered digitalized photos. Help detectives if recovered ballistic originated from earlier used firearm to arrest suspects. 3. International Forensic Automotive Paint data Query (PDQ) A database used to identify the possible vehicle involved in crime based on the matching of the unknown vehicle. Shoe print Capture and Retrieval system (SICAR) A database is containing shoeprint images and help forensic detectives to obtain latent evidence of footwear impressions. Work Cited Mena, Jesus. Investigative Data Mining for Security and Criminal Detection. Burlington: Elsevier, 2002. Internet resource. Read More