Foundational Philosophies of Management - Literature review Example

Foundational philosophies of Management Introduction Foundational philosopher deals with theories of knowledge that is based on justified beliefs. According to foundationalism philosophy, every proposition needs justification to support it. Foundationalism illustrates that there are basic issues which act as justifications to our other beliefs (Simon, 2005). Journal article analysis entails demonstration of understanding and comprehension of the article, and critical evaluation of its content; ideas and information (Lemos, 2007). This analysis comprises several sections; the introduction, which offers a brief, overview of the topic, the thesis statement, that analyzes and evaluates the foundational philosopher his/her work, and the conclusion. In the reference list the foundation philosopher that will be analyzed is Sharpe, C. This is because his 2011 work, Online Resources for Senior Citizens, provide techniques for ensuring effective use of communication technologies like the internet, by the senior citizens worldwide. The analysis will also look at the philosophy described by Zain et al. (2011) and Nejmej (2012). Sharpe C.: Online Resource for Senior Citizens Sharpe explains that communication technology improves service delivery to the senior citizens, and enables them effectively and efficiently access information. For instance, a lot of government services are currently provided through the internet. The senior citizens must therefore, understand how to use the internet and access the online resources properly. One important online resource for the senior citizens is the ElderWeb. This is a website which is very effective in research on older people, families and professionals, seeking information concerning elderly care or long term care (Bandura, 2003). Tourism websites like Exploritas is helpful to the senior citizens because, it arranges for learning and travel adventures of the senior citizens. Social security administration is also conducted online. The senior citizen can therefore know their social security status through the internet, instead of visiting the actual offices. This ensures efficiency in service delivery because minimal costs are involved, and also ensure effectiveness because many people can be served at almost the same time. The government also illustrates the laws and regulations affecting the seniors through the internet. This ensures adequate publicity, because many people use the internet for getting information. Most of these legislations protect the interests of the elderly citizens; for instance, prohibition of age discrimination in public service delivery. In this discussion, the philosophical perspective ensures that the senior citizens of the society access the best services offered by both public and private organizations, without discrimination (Sharpe, 2011). Zain et al.: Software engineering and computer systems The author illustrates that it is computer systems which can solve the problems affecting the society. This is because the computer systems apply the use of software which assists in effectiveness and efficiency in decision making process. Currently, technology is being applied in all aspects of the society, from education to service delivery (Emery & Trist, 1960). In organizations, computer systems are applied in all the three management levels; high level, middle level, and operational level. Most organizations have automated their operations to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. The computer increases the processing speed of transactions and the accuracy of the transactions. The computer systems can also be change continuously, depending on the transaction requirements (Zain et al., 2011). Computer engineering is used to design and develop the computer systems used in operations processing and decision making in organizations. The middle management utilizes computer systems in decision making process and problem solving. The managers make better decisions because of precise data produced effectively by the computer system. In many institutions, the top management uses a special type of computer system called executive information system. The executive information systems are structured and automated, to enhance effectiveness and efficiency. The system gives the top level management timely access to information. This system gives the management adequate updates on the changes in organization’s conditions, and happenings in major organizational areas. Najmei: Service-learning in information sciences The philosophical perspective of Najmei is the creation of partnerships of information sciences and institutions like nonprofit organizations. Service learning is a well developed education technique for combining community service with learning experiences. Also currently, service learning concept is being applied in computer and information sciences. Najmei puts in place a global perspective of service learning in Computer and Information science. The other goes ahead to address the opportunities and challenges of this technique to all the stakeholders. Service learning in the field of Computer and Information sciences illustrates several successful programs globally, presenting an appropriate working model for performing joint projects between the academia and nonprofit organizations. Service learning equips the faculty members with important insights of coordinating projects together with community partners, gives the students actual problem solving skills in the non-profit sector, and gives the nonprofit organizations adequate expertise of utilizing information technology in improving overall service delivery. The author explains that nonprofit and other organizations can effectively use technology in different areas like communications, marketing and fundraising. The author further explains that academics can effectively interact with organizations for mutually significant project partnerships. Service learning equips students with practical work experience through service learning, hence preparing them for the actual work environment. The author also discusses the various service learning options in Computer and Information Science, for instance project based courses or capstone courses (Nejmeh, 2012). Flow Chart The references that I followed to get to the author are: Peterka, D. (2011). The senior sleuth's guide to technology for seniors. Morrison, CO: Conifer Books. Sharpe, C. (2011). Online resources for senior citizens. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co. Zain et al. (2011). Software engineering and computer systems. Springer-Verlag, New York Inc. Bandura, A. (2003). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Emery, F. and Trist, T. (1960). Socio-technical Systems. NY: Pergamon. Finally; Nejmeh, B. A. (2012). Service-learning in information sciences: Practical applications in engineering education. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. I found the articles through doing research on the general technology topic in the internet. The four sources handle several technology discussions, for instance: Technology use by senior citizens, software engineering, computer systems, and service learning. I identified the foundational philosopher in the technology field through identification of the challenges that face senior citizens when using technology. It is Sharpe that clearly described how the senior citizens can effectively use communication technology like internet, hence the foundational philosopher. The articles that I used led me to other sources of foundational philosopher, for instance: Lemos, N. (2007). An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. And, Simon, B. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). The utilized articles are very useful. This is because they equip me with adequate knowledge of information technology; for instance; using the internet to get government services like social security and security. The service learning article has also made me understand its importance to students. This is because service learning equips students with the actual practical knowhow of the work environment; for instance enabling students to actually design software programs for companies. The credibility of the articles was determined through analyzing the reputation of the publishers. All the publishers of the articles have high global reputations, for example, oxford university Press and Conifer Books. Reliability of the article was ensured through analyzing book reviews in the internet. All the articles had adequate reviews from people who have used it. Validity of the article was ensured through analyzing its relevance to the discussion topic. The discussion topic entailed computer technology; and all the articles had related contents. Conclusion Philosophical foundation of management illustrates that life involves conflict, and the task of managers should continuously be directed at solving or harmonizing the conflicts that appear inside or outside the organization, instead of aggravating them. Philosophical foundation of management guides the executives in the challenging policy and operational decisions. The science and art of management is currently at its sophisticated levels. Models, theories and concepts of management have been established to guide the managers in an important human activity, managing scarce resources efficiently and effectively so as to realize the group and society goals. References Bandura, A. (2003). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. NJ: Prentice-Hall. Emery, F. and Trist, T. (1960). Socio-technical Systems. NY: Pergamon. Lemos, N. (2007). An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nejmeh, B. (2012). Service-learning in information sciences: Practical applications in engineering education. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Peterka, D. (2011). The senior sleuth's guide to technology for seniors. Morrison, CO: Conifer Books. Sharpe, C. (2011). Online resources for senior citizens. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co. Simon, B. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press. Zain, et al. (2011). Software engineering and computer systems. Springer-Verlag, New York Inc. Read More