The Impact of Information Technology on Transportation System - Research Paper Example

The impact of Information Technology on Transportation system and technology Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 INTRODUCTION 3 TRANSPORTATION AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES 4 IMPACT ON TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY 5 DEVELOPMENTS AND IMPACT IN ICT (INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY) 6 IMPACT OF IT ON AIR TRANSPORTATION 7 IMPACT OF IT ON MOTOR CARRIER 8 IMPACT OF IT ON ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION 9 THE IMPACT OF IT ON LOGISTICS SYSTEMS 9 ELECTRONIC FLEET MANAGEMENT 11 CONCLUSION 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 12 INTRODUCTION At present the new and innovative trend of information technology and information systems application to the business are influencing all the sectors of life as well as the businesses. Considering the scenario this research and analysis based paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the influence as well as impact on the travel business normally comprising the varying requirements of the customers (like that awareness in foreign destinations, or move through superiors), augmented opportunities in terms of value and ease, and more and more well-informed customers who are themselves competent enough to use information technology. So the transportation business and system is being basically changed through new evolutionary information systems and information technology. In the past airlines as well as big hotel chains, for instance, have been the untimely implementers of innovative and new technologies like that CRSs (Computer Reservations Systems). It is observed that new evolutionarily network system are offering sharing of data in addition to information being employed through the Transportation business and industry is in a lot of modes, depending upon 3rd parties like that Computer Reservations Systems dealers or else travel representatives who have customarily warranted their subsistence in the course of a dedicated technology arrangement as well as precise acquaintance (Ira, Semeijn, Talalayevsky, & Alexander, 1998; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005) & (Nijkamp & Blaas, 1994; YOSHIMOTO & Toshinori NEMOTO, 2005 ). The main intention behind this research is to assess and analyze some of the main areas and impacts which have been brought by the innovative implementation of IT and IS technology at the transportation business industry. A generally mentioned influence of information technology is that the appearance of electronic marketplaces will encourage the evasion of mediators. The idea of this influence is mainly formed on the capability of IT to considerably decrease the costs of dealings. The technology also supported and facilitated the customers to have an easy access and competence to enjoy simple system that we reserve and manage for their travelling requirements (Ray, 2004; Laudon & Laudon, 1999). TRANSPORTATION AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES The arrival of the World Wide Web, Internet and other online operational management services, unified by extensive implementation of personal computers through businesses as well as customers, had directed to an increasing job planned for electronic commerce in the worldwide financial system. Here Ecommerce (Electronic-Commerce) is the trading and selling of diverse products, information and various services using computer and telecommunications structures jointly connected all through the world and build a huge network. Electronic commerce markets of emergent nature are likely to hold up the entire corporate services that are usually reliant upon the paper-based or in other words manual business dealings. Corporations generally opt for transactions that cut down on the costs of management. Also these expenses comprise the expenditure of the information processing crucial to organize the effort of people as well as technology that carry out a key development like that making a product or offering a service. In this regard IT is letting traders and purchasers to correspond straightly through the communication network with accessible as well as data-rich information control. The innovative emerging travelling industry is offering enhanced support and competence for the customers to have better support in case of reserving and handling of the travelling transactions from any corner of world. The internet and web support has offered enhanced capability regarding better handling plus management of destination, highway and air routes administration (Ira, Semeijn, Talalayevsky, & Alexander, 1998; YOSHIMOTO & Toshinori NEMOTO, 2005 )& (Transportation Research Board, 1997). IMPACT ON TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY At the present age the entire transportation is reliant on the information technology and information systems, whether it is the aircraft engine, the wheel or else the chip of a computer. Presently the Transportation business and industry is not simply composed of system and technology; however it is based on the arrangement of people, technology, wealth, power and much further. Though, progresses in the technology performed a main function in determining transportation systems that consecutively facilitate to outline our lives, backgrounds, as well as our society. For the reason that transportation business is so significant to commerce, plus accurately and characteristically, it is therefore a great deal of reliant on it, it has too been the spotlight of a huge number of economic and resourceful actions. Businesses have spent billions of dollars in enhanced technology implementation projects. Individuals have wanted their chances in advances large as well as small. The business of Transportation as well as inductor comprises a lot of areas which are associated. In this scenario motivation supremacy, certainly, is the one prime technology. Customary and historical means of transportation were pulled through the power of an individual or an animal. After the advent of the steam engines the new steam engines equipped and motorized train as well as ships were introduced in the in the 19th century. After that another new technology known as the internal-combustion was introduced that has invented the internal combustion engines that were formed in the 1880s plus employed nearly right away in vehicles as well as various trucks. After that the new technology of the Jet engine was introduced in 1940s. Taking into account the above stated development a huge improvement was observed through thousands of further linked areas. However little observable technologies as well established transportation business in quicker plus inexpensive manners. The new technology based manufacturing modernizations as of Baldwin Locomotive Works’ record-keeping systems and new technology based structures to Henry Ford’s regarding effective management of the assemblage outline and new technology by the Toyota system for the timely inventory, has made it possible to made individual and local transportation inexpensive and accessible. The new technology based modernisms in control systems were as well necessary. In this scenario Railroads invented innovative transportation supervision methods plus switching as well as transportation arrangements to carry on the trains on the way as well as on the schedule. The new technology of the highway engineers urbanized interchanges, traffic signals as well as a thousand of other means and arrangements to effectively control transportation systems to keep the traffic on the way (Oppapers, 2008; YOSHIMOTO & Toshinori NEMOTO, 2005 ) & (Clark & Richards, 2010). DEVELOPMENTS AND IMPACT IN ICT (INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY) For an industry and business of the transport, we are presently having newly developed ITSs or (Intelligent Transportation Systems) similar to truck or car routing structure as well as Vehicle Information and Communication System (VICS), which competently offers details to the drivers regarding route and travel information, encompass facilities to discover their way into new regions and in private automobiles. In case of business vehicles it is fairly simple to follow the position of vehicles as well as shipment by means of Global Positioning System (GPS), plus establish similar information to the optimization of freight entrance times and journey paths. As well, enormous assurance is as well observed proposed for utilization of RFID (electronic labels) plus DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication) systems like that the ETC system employed to gather public road taxes. With the extensive use of the internet connected and accessible mobile phones we have enjoyed fast communication as well as commonplace, in cooperation by means of their capability as well to utilize messaging services like e-mail, are employed to locate road travel data and related details. Companies employs similar phones contain everything as of administration of a salesperson’s timetable to information plus resourceful systems that we call logistics systems similar to taking a picture within the shipping container through the inside digital camera as well as transferring the picture abroad to demonstrate how competently a thing was parceled. Actually, the number of clients who have been using mobile phone had arrived at 89 million by the end of year 2004. The entire number of GPS-supported mobile phones vended in the course of year 2003 is expected to have been approximately 12 million (YOSHIMOTO & Toshinori NEMOTO, 2005 ). IMPACT OF IT ON AIR TRANSPORTATION ITs (Information Technologies) have had a considerable function in mounting and enhancing the security, affordability, prospective and efficiency of the air transportation system and competently controlling the customer requirements of air transportation. The air transportation system is experiencing challenges in scenario of system financial constancy, capacity as well as environmental influence however it is as well facing significant prospects in developing novel markets as well as environmentally pleasant operational policies. Information Technologies will encompass a prime responsibility in these rising prospects mainly in the developing areas of the world where air transportation is a main factor to financial changes and wireless and satellite supported IT that encompass the potential to permit those areas by means of undeveloped air transportation arrangements to quickly arrive at uniformity through established systems (Hansman, 2005). United States and global Air Transportation Systems have established extraordinary amplification and improved performance over the last few decades. Well-built developments are proficient to be perceived in North America and Europe that carry on controlling the traveler traffic. As well, unusual expansion is able to be observed in Asia/Pacific that has conquered the shipment traffic as the early 1990’s. This enlargement in traffic has been convoyed through an augment in safety as well as cost competence. The global profitable jet aircraft hull or fatal loss accident rate reduced through a factor of 5 as of year 1972 to year 2002 plus through more than 25 as of the entry of business jet airplane in the next to the beginning 1960’s. The augmentation in the Cost competence has been observed. The standard CASM (Cost per Available Seat Mile) proposed for United States Airlines has reduced through over 40 percent as the late 1970’s. It is gorgeous to recognize that that this era of powerful plus gallant air transportation efficiency by means of equalizing the enlargement in Information systems and Information Technologies as well as deregulation of the United States Airline business in 1978 (Hansman, 2005). IMPACT OF IT ON MOTOR CARRIER It is significantly observed that rising trucking efficiency is a considerable intention for the whole business and for the United States motor carrier business. The gauge of efficiency employed here is the non-parametric Malmquist efficiency Index that is decomposed into 2 mechanisms: financial competence transformation and technical competence alteration. Outcome of lot of researches have stated that marketing policy does not come into view to encompass an important influence on the general Malmquist Index proposed for these business. Nonetheless, there exists an optimistic as well as important association among augments in technical efficiency as well as the corporate preference of a little shipment rate promotion policy. The utilization of EDI is revealed to encompass an optimistic regarding financial efficiency. Economic competence is as well found to be considerably bigger for business that is extra greatly unionized. Utilization of proprietor-operator, size of the corporate, as well as exploitation of satellite communications do not comes into view to be certainly or else negatively associated to gains of the efficiency or effectiveness (McMullen, 2004). IMPACT OF IT ON ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION IT especially information and communication technology establishes an enhanced influence on the road shipment carrying inductor through the development of new technology based e-logistics, e-commerce and e-fleet administration and handling systems. We have observed huge impacts of the ICT’s technology and its influence on the road freight transportation. This impacts are creating a huge influence through the role of government and also establish trends which have been previously happening, calculating road freight transportation in ton-km, plenty, inner-city automobile-km as well as automobile-km. In a broad sense, it can easily be comprehended that augment in freight transportation size in tons as well as ton-km are focused by augments in vehicle-km and city vehicle-km. On the other hand private- sector endeavors like that combined deliverance as well as government preamble of road charges can operate to restrain augments in vehicle-km as well as city vehicle-km (YOSHIMOTO & Toshinori NEMOTO, 2005 ). THE IMPACT OF IT ON LOGISTICS SYSTEMS Information and communication technologies are the main reason of expansion of the Internet as well as Its and encompassing a multiplicity of influences on logistics systems. The results can be separated into 3 groups. The first is the web based business and technology has augmented Business to Consumer and Business to Business operations, thus taking toward the better transport need that is e-commerce. The second main impact is about the Internet as well as ITs established more refined marketplaces proposed for L2S as well as L2L transactions plus encourages shipment consolidation (or electronic-logistics). The third key influence states that the ITs encourages making optimal the party administration formed on the traffic as well as other instantaneous data and business information, so taking toward the enhanced transportation competence (for example that is known as the electronic-fleet administration) (YOSHIMOTO & Toshinori NEMOTO, 2005 ). Electronic Commerce transforms the supply sequence; it facilitates wholesalers, producers and traders to carry out business dealings explicitly with their customers. As an effect small and middle dimension businesses in remote areas are competent to sell their products abroad straight to customers. The influence of this transformation is not simply Business to Consumer however as well Business to Business dealings. The web and information technology presents a ways of dealing by a small as well as middle dimension corporation at the similar time presenting a ways to discover the small-cost supplier of goods manufactured in bulks. Electronic Logistics, that is, electronic commerce in logistics services marketplaces is anticipated to augment effort through adding the possible business associates as well as facilitating extensive searches planned for getting information about the cost. Since contest rises fiercer, suppliers of feeble logistics services will be removed or modernized. Simultaneously, the propensity to lessen costs through outsourcing domestic logistics processes to external suppliers is supposed to continue. While competition explodes, transportation and logistics services suppliers will have to make effort to restraint costs yet like they work to convene shipper requirements proposed for services like that in time delivery as well as managing the temperature (YOSHIMOTO & Toshinori NEMOTO, 2005 ). ELECTRONIC FLEET MANAGEMENT Electronic fleet management is new way that is facilitated by the IT supported system for the better transportation management. In this scenario of IT supported electronic fleet management we have electronic systems which are capable to supply to better transportation competence. The best instance is Global Positioning system (or GPS) technology supported vehicle furnishing and tracking systems. So additional competence is capable to be imagined as of the utilization of vehicle plus shipment-related data gathered as of DSRC (or Dedicated Short Range Communication) systems plus electronic labels (RFID) in grouping by means of route planning which is supported on digital highway map as well as road traffic details (YOSHIMOTO & Toshinori NEMOTO, 2005 ). CONCLUSION Information Technologies and information systems have a huge influence on the road and transportation systems. This paper has presented a comprehensive analysis of some of the prime aspects and related areas for the analysis of IT impacts on the transportation business and systems. The wide impact of IT on transportation business and systems has united a tendency in the direction of growing business and effective transportation management. The need of new technology is really needed in case of global business areas and financial system. In scenario of present development in the global economy and e-commerce, we are going toward the greater trends of the online dealings. This idea leads toward the in time delivery of products through distant areas. In this situation all global businesses and organizations are more reliant on the electronic management and handling of transportation and delivery services. The new trend of air travel is also getting a prominent place. In this scenario approximately all the air services offer web based booking and reservation which are reducing work burden and offering enhanced management and also these services are efficiently serving the customers. There also exist great trends which are competently observed in travelling and tourism areas. These businesses are offering web supported systems for the route management and resorts booking and effective travelling. All of these examples show that IT has established effective and extensive impact on the transportation business and systems. The IT based transportation systems are more effective and superior is case of enhanced management of travelling and transportations. BIBLIOGRAPHY Clark, J. M., & Richards, M. J. (2010). Impact of information technology on public transport fares data. Journal of Advanced Transportation Volume 29, Issue 1, , 3–11. Hansman, R. J. (2005). The Impact of Information Technologies on Air Transportation. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . Ira, L., Semeijn, J., Talalayevsky, & Alexander. (1998). The impact of information technology on travel agents. Retrieved 11 15, 2010, from http://www.allbusiness.com/technology/695794-1.html Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (1999). Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall . McMullen, B. S. (2004). The Impact of Information Technology on Motor Carrier Productivity. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum Volume: 43 Publisher: Transportation Research Forum ISSN: 1046-1469 , 7-23. Nijkamp, P., & Blaas, E. (1994). Impact assessment and evaluation in transportation planning. Springer. Copyright. . Oppapers. (2008). Impact on Transportation Technology. Retrieved 11 21, 2010, from http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Impact-Transportation-Technology-Globalisation/137922 Ray, R. (2004). Technology Solutions for Growing Businesses. New York: American Management Association (AMACOM). Transportation Research Board. (1997). The future highway transportation system and society: suggested research on By Research and Technology Coordinating Committee (U.S.), National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. Page 108: http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=qciQ0LvpCwoC&pg=PA108&dq=it+impact+on+transportation&hl=en#v=onepage&q=it%20impact%20on%20transportation&f=false. Turban, E., Leidner, D., McLean, E., & Wetherbe, J. (2005). Information Technology for Management: Transforming Organizations in the Digital Economy . New York: Wiley. YOSHIMOTO, R., & Toshinori NEMOTO, P. (2005 ). THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION. IATSS RESEARCH Vol.29 No.1, THE COMPUTERIZATION OF TRANSPORTATION: Sophisticated Systems Incorporating IT in the Mobility of People and Goods , http://www.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/29/29-1-03.pdf. Read More