Exercise, Sports, Nutrition, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Diet - Assignment Example

Running Header: Assessment Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course Code: Date of Submission: Workout 5.2 1. They are structural changes occurring within the cardiovascular system in response to cardiovascular training. The role of cardiovascular system is to pump blood rich in nutrient and oxygen to the body tissues. The “cardio” in cardiovascular refers to the heart while “vascular” refers to the blood vessels that carry the blood from and to the heart. The structural changes in cardiovascular system include changes in heart volume and size of vessels. Increased cardiovascular training results to increased blood flow or cardiac hence increase of heart beat rate. This results in increased volume of the cardiac output in order to receive as much blood as possible to be pumped to the body. The heart volume and mass increase and cardiac muscle undergo hypertrophy during the exercises. The chamber size increases because of training while myocardial wall thickness increases as well. The increase of stroke volume means increased size of arteries to accommodate the increased blood volumes (Alan 43). 2. There is a relationship between the intensity – duration with reference to energy systems. Aerobic energy system use proteins, carbohydrate (glycogen), and fats for re-synthesizing ATP. The energy system is developed with various runs of intensity. The type of intensity is continuous Tempo; long slow runs at 50 to 70% of maximum heart rate with demand on muscle and liver glycogen. The other tempo run or intensity is extensive tempo; continuous runs at a 60 to 80% of maximum heart rate placing demand on the system to cope with production of lactate. This level assists the lactate’s removal and turn over and the ability of body to generate lactate levels. Intensive tempo; continuous runs at 80 to 90% of maximum heart rate with lactate levels becoming high as the runs boarder on both speed and special endurance. The sessions for developing this system of energy include 4 to 6×2 to 5 minute runs – 2 to 5 minutes recovery, 20×200m – 30 seconds recovery, 10×400m – 60 to 90 seconds recovery, and 5 to 10 Km runs. With the duration of 240 to 600 seconds, the energy supplied by aerobic energy system is muscle glycogen and fatty acids. 3. They are various effects of cardiovascular exercise on cardiac output. There is increased flow of blood to active tissues and muscles due to exercises. The level of cardiac output is determined by the level and intensity of exercise. Low impact exercise like walking increases cardiac output slightly while intense exercise like weight training or running results to higher demand of oxygen through the blood resulting to increased cardiac output significantly. Engaging in exercise involves contracting and moving of muscles hence increased blood pumping. This is due to higher demand of oxygen resulting to higher volume of blood travelling through the blood. Increase of blood flow during exercise increases heart rate and volume of stroke consequently increasing cardiac output. The effect of exercise on the heart can be measured by counting the pulse for six seconds and add a zero in order to get the approximate heart rate. It can also be carried out through a trial exercise. This is through measuring the pulse rate after an exercise for 15 seconds; the person rests to wait for the heart beat return back to normal. After rest, the pulse rate is then measured, the person then starts the exercise again and the pulse rate is then measured again to determine the heart rate which is a good measure of the exercise effect on heart rate. The change of heart rate is a good measure of exercise effect. Workout 11.2 1. They are various ways of minimizing low blood glucose levels. Such ways include eating enough amounts of energy foods as per the body requirements. One should also exercise moderately avoiding over exercising. Over exercising may result to low blood levels hence plenty of good quality sleep is important. Gaining normal weight is also a better way of minimizing blood glucose levels; underweight is an increases the chances of low blood glucose levels. Avoiding alcohol is also good as a way of minimizing low blood glucose levels. Chewing up of a glucose tablet as well as a piece of hard candy, sugared gum or drinking a single serving juice assists greatly in minimizing low blood glucose levels. Eating complex carbohydrates (crackers or bread) also increases the blood sugar levels. 2. The suitable exercises for a client with type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure and who has been cleared to exercise by their doctor is proper warm-up and cool-down period. A warm-up should take 5-10 minutes of aerobic activity like cycling and walking at a low-intensity level. This is towards preparing skeletal muscles, lungs, and heart for a progressive increase in intensity of exercise. A gentle stretching of 5-10 minutes then follows. Then the active warm-up takes place either before or after stretching. A cool-down exercise should then be undertaken in the same procedure lasting for 5-10 minutes gradually slowing the heart rate down to its level of pre-exercise. Aerobic exercises (cycling, walking, swimming, rowing, running, and hiking) are recommendable while taking precaution measures for exercises involving the feet (Charles and Anne 89). 3. Signs and symptoms of Hyperglycemia The common symptoms include frequency in urination, thirst, dry mouth, drowsiness or fatigue, urination at night, loss of weight, blurriness in vision, dry and itchy skin, increase in appetite, and slow healing of wounds. Signs and symptoms of Hypoglycemia Cold, clammy or sweaty skin, pallor, shakiness, lack of coordination, irritability, hostility, and poor behavior, fatigue, a staggering gait, nervousness, excessive hunger, headache, fainting and unconsciousness, abdominal pain or nausea, and blurred vision and dizziness (Canadian Diabetes Association). Workout 11.3 Overweight The BMI for an overweight person is 25-30. Risk of exercise Failure to exercise leads obesity. Therefore, exercise is recommended in order to decrease the weight considerably. However, exercise should be moderate to avoid other side effects like heart attack or heart failure. Appropriate exercise suggestions Walking, cycling, swimming, and running are among the suitable exercises for an overweight person. Long-term health risks They include heart attack, high blood pressure, fertility problems, coronary artery disease, stroke, cirrhosis of the liver, and diabetes are among the health risks. Obese The BMI value of a person with obese is above 30 with that above 35 considered as severely obese. Risks of exercise Careful exercise is required in order to reduce undue strains on ligaments or joints on an obese person. An obese person puts himself at risk for exercising intensively for the first place. Appropriate exercise suggestions Moderate exercise is suggested such as swimming, walking at a faster pace and circuit training. Long-term health risks Obesity leads to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, high blood cholesterol, osteoarthritis, as well as reducing life expectancy. Mental and physical conditions risks or chances become higher (Judith and Alexandra 56). Workout 11.5 1. They are various risks, to the mother of the foetus, of exercise during pregnancy. Exercises result to decrease in blood flow to the uterus, which means deprivation of blood to the foetus. It also leads to reduced supply of glucose to the foetus that is crucial for a growing baby hence inhibiting the growth of a baby. Exercise in some occasions may result to increased body core temperature that is risky to the unborn baby especially on the neural tube (Susan and Terri 34). 2. Benefits of exercise to the mother and foetus during pregnancy include reduced cases of nausea, leg cramps, and heartburn among others. It also prevents constipation, varicose veins, and hemorrhoids. It also averts back pain through the strengthening of muscles supporting the back. It also results to shorter labor with fewer medical interventions. 3. changes that occur to the musculoskeletal system of a pregnant woman Body part Changes to the mother’s body during pregnancy Possible implications e.g. Joints Increased hormone (relaxin) causing joint laxity Joint laxity, pain and injury Upper spine Extension of upper spine, shift of gravity to forward Lower back pain Connective tissues Changes in hormone causing relaxation of feet Discomfort, aching Abdominal muscle or rectii diastasis Low back strain and change of hormonal levels Back ache Workout 11. 6 Signs and symptoms Systematic/ not systematic (choose correct answer) Commonly affected joints Possible suitable exercises Factors inhibiting exercise participation Rheumatoid arthritis Inflammation of joints, swelling of joints, joints become stiff and tender, a subcutaneous rheumatoid nodule, muscle and joint aches It is a systematic inflammatory disorder Small joints of hands, feet, and cervical spine Proper regular exercise like swimming, finger and wrist splints e.g. hands are often affected which may make holding heavy weights difficult Osteoarthritis Joint pain and reduced motion, swelling of joints, locking It is systematic Hands, feet, spine, finger, and large weight bearing joints like knees and hips. Moderate exercises like walking and finger splints Legs are affected which may causing movements difficult, hands may be unable to hold objects Workout 11.7 Osteoporosis is a condition with a characteristic of declining bone density that decreases the strength resulting into fragile bones due to lack of enough calcium. It makes the bones become compressible like sponge resulting to frequent bone fractures (Robert 90). They are benefits of exercise for clients with osteoporosis. Exercises assist in building and maintaining remaining bone density or tissue. It also helps in reducing bone loss as well as improving muscle and physical strength and fitness. Exercises increases muscle strength as well as increasing mobility. They are various risks that someone with osteoporosis faces because of exercises. Due to low density of bones, this may lead to fracture or breaking of bones. Workout 11.8 The common causes of low back pain include injury or overuse of sacroiliac joints, facet joints, muscles, and ligaments. Other include pressure on nerve roots in spinal canal, osteoarthritis, spinal stenosis, fractures and spinal deformities. Spinal conditions like bacterial infections, spinal tumors, scheuermann’s, and ankylosing spondylitis are other causes of low back pain (David Breakstone Harvard Medical School Ann Marie Dadoly 126). Low back problems-signs and symptoms include muscle spasms, stiffness, cramping, pain at the buttocks and in the back. Possible benefit of training transverse abdominus, internal oblique and lumbar multifidus muscles for a client with history of back problems include stabilization of spine, pelvis and shoulder while providing a solid foundation for extremes movement. It also helps in controlling movements and the shift of body weight that assists in stabilization of spine. Training provides posterior stability to maintain erect posture and control forward flexion. Rectus abdominus and external oblique muscles play a great role in protecting the spine. This is because muscles are the core that gives proper posture to the body; they support the spine maintaining their most favorable position that in turn assists in spine protection. This is because maintaining a proper posture for spine is the best protection. Therefore, abdominal and oblique muscles must assist in protecting the spine. Rectus abdominus moves the body between the pelvis and ribcage while external oblique muscles allow the twisting of trunk. Workout 11.9 The signs and symptoms of anxiety include excessive ongoing worry and tension, irritability, sweating, tiredness, unrealistic views of problems, restlessness, muscle tension, headaches, difficulty concentrating, trouble falling or staying asleep, and trembling. Others include fatigue, insomnia, feeling like mind gone blank, anticipating the worst, and pounding heart. The signs and symptoms of hearing impairment include loss of hearing, distorted hearing, muffled hearing, and ringing in the ear. Other signs include balance problems, sensitivity to sound, and language impairment. The signs and symptoms of visual impairment include blurry vision, difficulty focusing on near or far objects, inability to see some colors, double vision or seeing double of everything, cloudy vision, and seeing so-called floaters. Others include inability to see peripheral objects either in side, up or down, total loss of vision, ability of distinguishing dark from light, and loss of depth perception. The signs and symptoms of intellectual impairment include mental retardation, disability to learn, poor growth, unstable movement, inability to differentiate things, unreasonable thinking, ineffective use of common sense, and speaking on oneself. The signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include loss of abstract thinking as well as drawing conclusions and solving problems. Others include disorientation by not knowing where he lives or how to go there. Lack of initiative i.e. becoming passive or unmotivated, language problems through forgetting simple words, misplacing items like keys, mood swings, personality changes, poor judgment among others are also symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Providing Nutritional Advice to Clients The nutritional information is given by industry standards that include professional associations, government legislation, and fitness industry regulations. The recommended dietary include government organizations, health organizations, nutrition peak bodies (nutrition Australia), dietician peak bodies. The industry standards for giving nutritional information have 5 main elements. The first element involves explaining the relationship between nutrition, health, and fitness to clients. This is through discussing with clients on the adverse effects of poor nutrition on health and identifies chronic disease as well as features of balanced nutrition to clients. The second element involves providing basic advice to clients on the fundamental principles of healthy eating. The third element involves providing nutritional information to clients regarding body composition management. The fourth element is supporting fitness clients with image of body issues through implementing strategies to promote satisfaction of the body when providing exercise advice on exercise, nutrition, and fitness testing. The fifth element involves referring to clients to allied health professionals or medical professional for more consultation. They are various conditions under which one can refer a client to a dietician/nutritionist. Such circumstances includes when a client is under special medication thus requiring special diet. It also includes when a client is experiencing certain body problems because of nutrition deficiency (Artemis 68). The undesirable consequences of poor nutrition on health are in terms of growth and development. In most occasions, it leads to increased risk for serious diseases in life. A bad diet increases the risk of conditions like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, osteoporosis, bowel cancer, and obesity. It is also harmful to emotional and physical well-being. It may also lead to chronic diseases. They are various chronic diseases that are associated with poor nutrition; such include scurvy, rickets, goiter, anemia, appetite disorders, loss of night vision, and kwashiorkor. Physical activities demands high amounts of energy foods and proteins. Vitamins are also crucial in ensuring the body has enough strength to overcome body activities. The body expenditure increases with increase of body activities hence the need for higher balanced nutrition intake. Body involved in extensive activities demands high amounts of nutrition that is well balanced although with higher amounts of energy to cater for high energy requirements. An exercising individual requires additional nutritional requirements in order to meet the high body requirements of extra energy. An exercising individual requires some extra amounts of energy hence extra amounts of carbohydrates and proteins as well as vitamins. The general features of a balanced nutrition include presence of vitamins, water, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fruits, macromolecules among others. Cholesterol and saturated fats should also be minimized with moderate intake of alcohol and refined sugars. Nutrition includes balance of diet and process of metabolism. It also emphasizes on the role of nutrients within the body functions. The Basic dietary recommendations to improve overall health include taking the appropriate balanced diet. This includes having vitamins, proteins, minerals, fats, and carbohydrates in the diet, water, and plenty of fruits. However, they should be balanced according to the body requirements without taking excess of any one of them. This should as well be accompanied by some exercises and some health care supplements in ensuring balanced energy intake and energy expenditure. This is towards ensuring the body gets enough calories that the body requires. There is an affiliation between body composition management and diet. Food substrates are usually changed into body composition. This is through changing it to body fats, these are then changed to muscle gain and other body components. Proper body mass index and girth ratios should be maintained. Proper diet is essential towards ensuring there is good management of body functions. It makes sure that the body is capable of functioning properly towards the growth and functioning of body organs. Balanced diet ensures there is excellent body grow with sustained normal functioning of the body towards sustaining life. There is need for good diet in order to ensure the body is able to build and repair cells, organs, and tissues. It also crucial towards ensuring the body is able to generate enough energy to keep it active as well as maintaining crucial functions like breathing, circulation, among others. The body energy system has a role of storing and utilizing energy substrates for production of energy. Body changes the foot taken into fats and other energy components. The energy is also stored in terms of body muscles. The energy systems include alactic, lactic, and aerobic, they ensures that the body is capable of utilizing the energy reserves towards production. They are various disadvantages and advantages on current dietary trends emerging in the current famous press with clients. Its advantages include its ability to inform people on the importance of various diets. It is also informing press on various including fad diets and popular diets. The trends are in some ways important to the nutritional value of the clients. It is also providing information regarding nutritional supplementation and nutritional ergogenic aids. However, there are some disadvantages in that the current dietary trends do not take into consideration the various cultures of people. They do not also take into consideration the availability of some diets or food in some regions of the world. They are various strategies of promoting body images satisfaction. Such include encouraging the importance of dieting and reducing its risk as well on the body. Decreasing unplanned and unhealthy eating is a good strategy of promoting body images satisfaction. Other strategies include promotion of life skills such as stress management, peer relations skills, and self-enhancement strategies. Other strategies include the use of media on informing about the dangers of thinness idealization as well as viewing exercises as fulfilling and not punishing. Some indicators of poor body images include dissatisfaction with the body shape of a person. Other signs include grossly overweight or underweight and frequent comparison with everyone. Anatomy, Physiology and Functions of the Human Body 1. They are several components of fitness that include strength, power, agility, and balance. Strength is the degree to which muscles can exert force through contracting against resistance like restraining a person or object. Power is the capability to exert maximum muscular contraction right away in an explosive burst of movements. Two major components of power are speed and strength like jumping or sprint start. Agility is the capacity to carry out a sequence of explosive power actions in a quick succession in opposite directions like zigzag running. Balance is the capability of controlling the position of body either moving like gymnastic stunt or stationery like handstand. 2. Cardio respiratory system comprises of respiratory system (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs), heart, blood, and blood vessels. Cardio respiratory system has the main role of oxygen uptake from the air, oxygen transport around the body, and removal of waste products from muscles and other parts. The lungs have main role of ensuring there is uptake of oxygen by the blood and removal of carbohydrates from the blood to be exhaled. Heart has a role of pumping oxygenated blood all over the body. The blood is responsible of carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products to supply to the various parts of the body. It is also responsible of maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance as well as regulating body temperature when exercising. Blood vessels such as arteries, veins, and capillaries are responsible for the transport of blood throughout the body. 3. There are various adaptations of the cardio-respiratory system to exercise. The resting heart rate and sub maximal heart rate decreases. There is also slight increase in total lung capacity with decrease in residual lung volume. There is also increased tidal volume at maximal exercise levels with decreased respiratory rate and pulmonary ventilation at rest as well as sub-maximal exercise. There is also increased pulmonary diffusion at the time of maximum exercise or training. There is also decreased respiratory exchange ratio (ratio of carbon dioxide removed to oxygen consumed). There is also increase of heart weight, chamber size, and volume, this result to increase in stroke volume. 4. They are several effects of exercise intensity on type of energy system being used. Three energy systems include ATP-PCr system, glycolytic system, and oxidative system. Every energy system can produce power to varying levels and varies within individuals. It is suggested that ATP-PCR system can generate energy at approximately 36kcal/minute. Glycolysis can generate energy at a rate of 16kcal/minute. The oxidative system has lowest rate of power production at 10kcal/minute. All three systems of energy contribute to the body. They do dependently of one another; they all contribute with one dominating over the others. Creatine phosphate energy system produces very intense burst of energy like splints. Aerobic system provides energy provides energy for a lengthy duration and it is vital for long races and practice sessions. Glycolysis energy system is extremely fast releasing quick energy for exercise. 5. They are three basic class lever systems in the body. The first class lever system has fulcrum located between the resistance and the force. Hand joint between wrist and biceps acts as the fulcrum while the load is at the fingers with bicep being the effort. Class 2-lever system is also called second-class lever system. It has resistance located between fulcrum and load. In the body, foot and ankle act as a class 2 lever system. Class 3 lever system also called third class lever system has force located between fulcrum and resistance. In the body, action of biceps muscle (load generator) puling on the forearm that act as the lever with elbow acting as the fulcrum and load being hand elevate (John and Peter 67). 6. They are various ways in which forces can be altered as well as joints through manipulation of levers. This can be done through the change of distances between the fulcrum and force or resistance. Altering the position of fulcrum can also alter the forces. The change of force direction also alters the forces. This is through the manipulation of force direction in such as way that it may pull or push in different directions. Muscle’s force can be resolved into two components. The rotary component affects segment rotation while compressive component affects stability of joint through compressive force alteration at the joint. 7. The fitness programs can be discontinued due to failure by the body to handle the excess energy demand. This is due to deprivation of available energy reserves within the body because of hunger or poor balanced diet. The fitness programs can also be discontinued because of body problems such as diseases and other ailments that may affect the body capability to supply required energy for exercise. The barriers can be overcome by providing the body with balanced diet. Treatment of ailments and other diseases that may affect the body is also vital. This will enable one to continue with fitness programs. 8. The bones are made of minerals. It is extremely stiff and it has both non-living and living substances. Compact bone and spongy bone are two types of bone tissue. Compact bone is the hard material; it makes up the long bones shaft and other bones outside surface. Bone development starts when it arises from membranes that are fibrous as well as hyaline cartilage during initial month of embryo development. The tissues are substituted with bones by two dissimilar bone building or ossification process. In the first process referred to as intramembranous ossification takes place when bone tissues are replaces fibrous membranes. Spongy tissue starts to develop at sites with centers of ossification membranes. In the bone tissue, there is formation of red bone marrow that is followed by compact bone formation on the outside. The second process is referred to as endochondral ossification whereby hyaline cartilage replaces the bone tissue. In bone growth, bones elongate as chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate divide. They produce new cartilage within the plate of epiphyseal bordering epiphyses. Older cartilage is broken through osteoclasts invasion eventually being replaced by expanding medullary cavity. 9. Joints can be categorized depending on their range of movement. They include immovable/fibrous joints that do not move, partially movable or cartilaginous joints that move a little, and feely movable or synovial joints that move in many directions. The freely movable joints include hinge joints that allow movement in all directions like knees and elbows. Pivot joint allows twisting or rotating motion like in the case of head moving side to side. The third is ball and socket that allow greatest freedom of movement like in case of hips and shoulders. Overstretching weakens the integrity of joints increasing its risk of injury. Integrity of joints is also weakened by excessive increase of body weight. This as well increases the risk of injury on the joints (Brian, Phillip and Alan 87). 10. Skeletal muscle is made of cylindrical muscles fibers running from origin to insertion. The fibers are connected together by connective tissues; this is where blood vessels and nerves go through. A skeletal muscle is attached at its origin to a large part of bone. At the other end is insertion where it narrows into a shiny white tendon. Muscles are in bundles having more number of fibres with each having 10-100 microns in diameter and 1-20mm in length. Muscle fibres have 4-20 myobrils and they are thread like being parallel to each other. Central nervous system initiates contraction process; this activates a motor neuron in the ventral horn of spinal cord with an action potential being conveyed to a motor end plate on every muscle fiber. There is release of acetylcholine quanta into synaptic clefts on muscle fiber surface. This is due to action potential at the motor end plate. Electrical resting potential under the motor end plate changes due to acetylcholine resulting to initiation of action potential that passes in both sides along muscle fiber surface. At each transverse tubule opening onto muscle fiber, the action potential spreads in the muscle fiber. At the point where sarcoplasmic reticulum is touched by transverse tubule, Ca++ ions are released by sarcoplasmic reticulum. This Causes tropomyosin and troponin movement on their thin filaments enabling myosin molecule grab and swivel their way down the thin filament. This generates muscle contraction driving force. 11. Type I fibres also called slow oxidative fibres split ATP at a slow rate with slow contraction velocity. They have high capability of generating ATP through oxidative metabolic processes. Type II A fibres are also called fast oxidative fibres and they generate ATP through oxidative metabolic processes. They split at a very rapid rate. Type III B fibres is also called fast glycolytic fibres. They generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes. They are not capable of supplying skeletal fibres continuously with ATP. They split ATP at a faster rate. 12. Ideal posture alignment is a balanced posture whereby positioning is centered and relaxed for all body joints. Muscles relax while unnecessary tension is released when joints are in non-awkward positions. It is among the most mechanically efficient positioning of the body. Common variance posture occurs when body mechanics are not used properly and that the posture is poor. This is commonly on the back where spine bends. Lordosis and kiphosis are two major postural deviations in the human body. 13. The structure and function of the digestive involves a complex system. The structure starts with mouth where digestive tract begins. The food breakdown starts here with saliva mixing with food. Esophagus is in the throat; it receives food from mouth to be swallowed and delivers it to the stomach. Stomach is hollow organ that holds food. It is mixed with enzymes that break it to usable form. It secrets acid and enzymes that breaks down the food. Small intestine is 22-foot long muscular tube. It breaks down food using enzymes from bile and pancreases. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum. The fats, protein, and carbohydrates are broken down by enzymes. Liver processes the nutrients absorbed from small intestine. Gallbladder stores bile releasing it into duodenum to assist fats. Large intestine (colon) is a 6-foot long muscular tube. It connects small intestine and rectum. It processes waste and it removes water from food. Rectum is an 8-inch chamber-connecting colon to anus. It plays a role of receiving stool and holding it up to release time. Anus is a 2-inch long canal with pelvic floor muscles and two anal sphincters. It releases the waste from the rectum. 14. Carbohydrates provide body with energy with chemical compounds found in them being in complex and simple forms. Carbohydrates are digested and absorbed in order to convert them into energy for body use. The enzyme amylase in saliva mixes with food breaking starch into smaller units. When it gets into acidic conditions of stomach, enzyme amylase is inactivated. Other main digestive enzymes are produced from the pancreas and small intestine where digestion and absorption occurs. Pancreas amylase breaks starch into disaccharides and small polysaccharides. The remaining disaccharides are broken down into monosaccharide components by enzymes from small intestine’s walls. Sugars like fructose, glucose, and galactose are produced after polysaccharides are broken down in absorptive intestinal walls. They are then transported to the liver after absorption where fructose and galactose are converted into glucose then released into bloodstream. Glucose moves direct to organs that require energy where it is converted into glycogen for liver or muscles or changed and stored as fats. 15. Nervous system initiates and coordinates a response through activation of muscles and glands by voluntary control of movement. It has specialized cells called neurons or nerve cells that are divided into three major parts that include cell body (soma), axon, and dendrites. Skeletal muscle contracts after receiving a signal from a motor neuron. The action potential in neuron leads to release of its neurotransmitter that acts as the signal to initiate contraction of muscle. Movement control is exerted by all sections of nervous system. 16. Sensory receptors are a protein that receives a signal from cell. Small molecules like hormones on outer side of cell bind tightly and specifically to their receptors. Binding is a vital element in cellular’s response effecting to a signal. It is influenced by the ability of a cell to express certain genes of receptor. Sensory receptor as a sensory nerve ending responds to stimulus in the external or internal environment of the body. In responding to stimuli, the sensory receptor starts a sensory transduction through the creation of graded potentials in the same cell or adjacent one. References Alan, Noble. The cardiovascular system. California: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2005. Artemis Simopoulos. Nutrition and Fitness Mental Health, Aging, And the Implementation of a Healthy Diet And Physical Activity Lifestyle: 5th International Conference on Nutrition And Fitness, Athens, June 2004.New York: Karger Publishers, 2005. Brian Macintosh, Phillip and Alan McComas. Skeletal muscle: form and function. New Delhi: Macmillan, 2006. Canadian Diabetes Association. Signs and symptoms of Hypoglycemia.17 Oct. 2004. 21 Nov. 2010. http://www.diabetes.ca/Files/kwd_signs.pdf Charles, Fox and Anne Kilvert. Type 2 Diabetes. Toronto, ON: Class Publishing Ltd. 2007. David Breakstone Harvard Medical School Ann Marie Dadoly. Harvard medical School. Low- Back Pain: Healing Aching Back. London: Harvard Medical School, 2001. John, McLester and Peter Pierre. Applied biomechanics: concepts and connections. Edmonton, AB: Cengage Learning, 2007. Judith Stern and Alexandra Kazaks. Obesity: A reference handbook. London: ABC- CLIO, 2009. Robert, Marcus. Oseoporosis, volume 1. Michigan: Elsevier, 2008. Susan, Jones and Terri Kiger. Maternity and Paediatric Nursing. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Read More